白花蛇舌草化学成分的研究

采用聚酰胺、Sepphadex LH-20、硅胶等多种色谱柱对白花蛇舌草的化学成分进行分离纯化,并根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据鉴定其结构为：去乙酰车叶草甙（1）、车叶草甙（2）、鸡屎藤甙甲酯（3）、车叶草酸（4）、去乙酰车叶草酸甲酯（5）和dapbylloside（6）。其中化合物6为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物1,5、6为首次从该种植物中得到。     

药用植物彩叶草的研究进展

彩叶草属于唇形科草本植物,是一类观赏价值较高的观叶花卉,其五彩斑斓的叶片深受人们的喜爱.彩叶草凭借易栽培、繁殖快、观赏期长、具备一定耐胁迫等优点被广泛用于我国的城市美化.近年来,对彩叶草的生理和药用等方面的研究已逐渐成为该领域的热点.本文综述了彩叶草的色素研究、胁迫应答、遗传转化和药用价值,重点探讨了国内外研究的侧重点...     

天然酚类色素的研究与应用进展

植物花色素的研究已经非常广泛和深入,多酚类化合物作为重要的天然食用色素越来越受到人们的重视.本文结合近年来的最新研究成果,从酚类色素的种类与结构、理化性质、提纯与鉴定、稳定性及影响因素、生物功能和应用价值等方面进行了综述,并对酚类的研究热点进行了展望,对人们全面认识和开发利用酚类色素具有一定的参考文献:价值.     

太白山北坡光资源斑块与独叶草种群分布的耦合关系

独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora)是我国稀有濒危植物,在其分布区内呈斑块状分布。本研究采用数字影像技术、地理信息系统和数字冠层分析系统对太白山北坡独叶草分布地段林下光资源斑块、林冠结构特征、土壤理化性质进行了分析。结果显示:有独叶草分布的样方中光斑数量、光斑面积及光斑指数值均显著低于无独叶草分布的样方;有、无独叶草样方上层林冠结构差异显著,有独叶草分布地段的冠层散射透过系数、直射透过系数和林冠空隙面积均显著小于无独叶草分布地段,而叶面积指数与之相反;两类样方土壤理化性质均无显著差异。因此,推测在太白山北坡林下光斑可能是决定独叶草斑块状分布的主导因子之一。     

萝卜色素的分离、纯化及其性质研究

“心里美”萝卜酒精提取物,经薄层层析、高压液相层析纯化后可得到天然色素为粉红色针状结晶。该色素性质稳定、耐温、耐光,颜色随pH值的不同而变化。经红外光谱分析和质谱鉴定,初步推导其结构可能为报春花色素。     

龙胆草地上部分的化学成分

为研究龙胆草（Gentiana scabra Bunge）地上部分的化学成分,利用硅胶柱色谱对其乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱方法鉴定了化合物的结构。分离得到β-香树脂醇（1）、β-谷甾醇（2）、β-香树脂醇乙酸酯（3）、乌苏醇（4）、齐墩果酸（5）、6-去甲氧基-7-甲基茵陈色原酮（6）。其中化合物6为首次从龙胆科植物中分离得到的具有2-苯氧基色原酮骨架的天然酚类成分,本文对其1D和2DNMR谱的特征及EI质谱主要碎片的可能裂解方式进行了讨论,利用单晶X-射线衍射方法对其晶体结构进行了分析,为该类天然产物的结构表征提供了依据。     

蜀葵紫红色素及其理化性质研究

研究了蜀葵（Althaen rosea L.Cavan.）紫红色素的提取纯化工艺、理化性质。实验以蜀葵紫红色花瓣为材料,采用溶剂浸提法、硅胶柱层析法对色素进行提取纯化,效果较好。利用光谱扫描对该色素进行理化性质鉴定时发现：该色素属于花色苷类色素;色素耐光性好;耐氧化性、耐还原性较差;对热有一定的耐受性;防腐剂及多数金属离子对色素的稳定性无不良影响;但Fe^3＋、Fe^2＋、Cu^2＋、Pb^2＋、Sn^2＋对色素具有不利影响。     

适于中学生扦插实习的选材及方法

目前,扦插仍然是林业及花卉生产中的主要繁殖方法,学生也很乐意动手操作。下面是本人在教学中摸索出的适合中学生扦插实习的做法。１）选择生根比较快的植物　彩叶草（洋紫苏Ｃｏｌｅｕｓｂｌｕｏｎｅｉ）和何氏凤仙（玻璃翠Ｉｍｐａｔｉｅｎｓｈｏｌｓｔｉｉ）是容易生根的常见观赏植物,它们的插条,生根率近１００％,而且生根较快,在２０℃室温条件下,彩叶草约５ｄ即生出根,玻璃翠约需１０ｄ。２）采用水插法　剪取约１０ｃｍ长、带３～５片叶的１年生枝条作为插枝,将其下端插入盛满清水的２５０ｍｌ烧杯或玻璃瓶中,置于教室内可…     

植物甜菜色素的研究进展

天然植物色素的存在使植物呈现出缤纷的色彩。甜菜色素是四大类天然植物色素之一,主要存在于石竹目某些科属植物中,使植物呈现出红色至黄色的多种色彩。作为一种重要的次生代谢产物,甜菜色素在植物中不仅起呈色的作用,同时也是一种重要的渗透调节物质,在植物适应逆境的过程中发挥着重要作用。在实际应用中,甜菜色素既可作为食品、药品的着色剂,同时因其良好的抗氧化能力,还具有一定的药用功效。从甜菜色素的理化性质、生物合成、提取工艺、应用前景等方面对其研究进展进行了综述。     

EDDS处理对硒胁迫下彩叶草根系FTIR—ATR、SEM—EDXS特征及生理特性的影响

为了解乙二胺二琥珀酸（EDDS）诱导植物耐受硒（Se）胁迫的生理机制, 以彩叶草（Coleus blumei）为材料,采用营养液培养的方法、借助傅里叶变换-衰减全反射红外光谱（FTIR-ATR）和扫描电子显微镜-X-射线能量色散谱（SEM-EDXS）分析方法及生理指标的变化,研究1.0 mg/L Se胁迫条件下添加0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.5、5.0 mmol/L EDDS 对彩叶草根系化学成分变化的影响。利用FTIR-ATR图谱分析发现,随着EDDS处理浓度的提高,彩叶草根系透射峰所对应峰形基本不变,而参与Se吸附的基团如羟基、酰胺基和指纹区等的透射峰发生了不同程度的位移。FTIR-ATR的特征峰与彩叶草根系响应Se胁迫的各生理指标变化趋势基本一致,且FTIR-ATR比传统的生理指标测定更敏感、便捷。SEM-EDXS扫描还发现随着EDDS处理浓度的升高,根系中K、Mg、Fe、Si 等元素的含量升高,而营养元素Ca含量降低。该研究结果可为深入了解EDDS处理下彩叶草对Se胁迫的响应机理提供科学依据。     

锦鲤总色素及色素组分的比较研究

用光谱和色谱两种方法对锦鲤的总色素和色素组分进行了研究。研究结果表明,红色锦鲤、乌鲤和绯写锦鲤总色素光谱在可见光区(448nm和470nm)有两个完全相同的吸收峰,黄写锦鲤和昭和三色锦鲤总色素光谱在可见光区(445nm和472nm附近)有两个相近的吸收峰,锦鲤所含色素组分均以杏黄色或橙色为主,其他色素组分为辅。锦鲤黑色色斑是由于黑色素存在时,其他各色素组分的颜色被黑色所掩盖;锦鲤其他色斑的形成则是由于其体内各色素组分以不同比例相互搭配组合的结果。亲缘关系越近的锦鲤其总色素组分就越相似,红色锦鲤和乌鲤均含有六种相同的色素组分,绯写锦鲤除杏黄色和橙色色素组分与前二者的同色色素组分Rf值不同外,其余四种同色色素组分的Rf值均相近;黄写锦鲤与昭和三色锦鲤分别含有三种和四种色素组分且Rf值差异显著。据此推测,红色锦鲤、乌鲤和绯写锦鲤可能具有较近的亲缘关系,而黄写锦鲤、昭和三色锦鲤与前三者之间可能具有较远的亲缘关系。该研究有望为锦鲤增色饵料的研制与开发提供理论依据,使锦鲤的观赏价值和经济价值得到进一步提高。       

金鱼总色素及色素组分的比较研究

用色谱和光谱两种方法对金鱼总色素和色素组分进行了研究。研究结果表明,红鲫、草金鱼和红龙睛等红色金鱼总色素光谱在可见光区(472nm附近)有一个吸收峰,黑鲫和黑龙睛等黑色金鱼在可见光区(450nm和472nm附近)有两个吸收峰出现,且红色金鱼所含色素组分以红色(虾青素)为主,黑色金鱼所含色素组分以杏黄色和橙色为主,其他色素组分为辅。金鱼黑色色斑形成是由于黑色素存在时,其他各色素组分的颜色被掩盖的结果;金鱼其他各种色斑的形成则是由于其体内各色素组分以不同比例相互搭配组合的结果。亲缘关系越近的金鱼其总色素组成就越相似,红鲫和黑鲫均含有四种近乎相同的色素组分,红龙睛和黑龙睛均含有六种近乎相同的色素组分,草金鱼虽也含有四种与红鲫和黑鲫相近的色素组分,但Rf值略有差异。据此推测,红鲫和黑鲫、红龙睛和黑龙睛可能分别具有较近的亲缘关系,而草金鱼则可能是介于黑鲫和龙睛鱼之间,且与黑鲫具有较近的亲缘关系。该研究有望为金鱼增色饵料的研制与开发提供理论依据,使金鱼的观赏价值和经济价值得到进一步提高。     

散囊菌黄色素的提取及稳定性研究

为寻找优质黄色素生产资源及研究其在不同条件下的稳定性,以冠突散囊菌（Eurotium cristatum）为材料,利用有机溶剂辅助超声波破碎等方法从固体平板和液体培养的菌丝体中提取黄色素,并分别研究了光、温度等理化因子对该色素的影响。结果表明,采用有机溶剂辅助超声波等方法成功提取出黄色素;该色素耐受日光灯光、室内散射光,不耐阳光和紫外光;耐酸,不耐碱;对温度敏感。各种金属离子对该色素有不同程度的影响;磷酸的破坏性显著;H2O2、NaHSO3对该色素有较强的破坏力;柠檬酸有一定的破坏作用;同等条件下,苯甲酸钠的破坏大于山梨酸钾;EDTA-Na2和Vc有一定的护色作用;糖类、NaCl、草酸和乳酸几乎无影响。     

In vitro reconstitution of fish melanophore pigment aggregation

Movement and positioning of melanophore pigment organelles depend on microtubule- and actin-dependent motors, but the regulation of these forces are poorly understood. Here, we describe a cell free and fixed time motility assay for the study of the regulation of microtubule-dependent pigment organelle positioning in vitro. The assay involves introduction of microtubule-asters assembled in clam oocyte lysates into lysates prepared from Fundulus heteroclitus melanophores with either aggregated or dispersed pigment. When asters were introduced in lysates prepared from melanophores with dispersed pigment, pigment organelles bound astral microtubules and were evenly distributed throughout the aster. In contrast, when asters were introduced into lysates prepared from melanophores with aggregated pigment, pigment organelles accumulated around the centrosome, mimicking a pigment aggregate. The addition of anti-dynein intermediate chain antibody (m74-1), previously shown to interfere with binding of dynactin to dynein and thereby causing detachment of dynein from organelles, blocked the ATP-dependent aggregation of pigment in vitro and induced a depletion of pigment from the centrosomal area. The results show that dynein is essential for pigment aggregation and involved in maintenance of evenly dispersed pigment in vitro, analogous to cellular evidence, and suggest a possible role for dynactin in these processes as well.     

Morphological Characterization of Three Phenotypes of the Isopod Armadillidium vulgare

The morphological characteristics and ommochrome quantity in the integument of red, white, and wild type (black-grey) Armadillidium vulgare were studied. The red phenotype was found to possess two kinds of immature ommochrome pigment granules within its pigment cells, in addition to mature pigment granules. The immature granules seemed to contain uniformly distributed fibrilles, or to have an electron-dense central region surrounded by an electron-lucent outer edge. Since these immature pigment granules were typically observed to be distributed along with the mature ones, and were also more easily extractable than the wild type's, it is hypothesized that ommochrome granule maturation in the red phenotype may occur slowly due to a defect in the pigment granule internal process which combines pigments with matrix proteins. Regarding the white phenotype, although its pigment cells were undeveloped, several large-sized vesicles containing a small amount of electron-dense material appeared in the pigment cell cytoplasm. The wild and red type males of A. vulgare were found to have an ommochrome content twice as large as that of the corresponding females, with no ommochrome pigment being detected in the white phenotype. The genetic relationship between the white and red phenotypes was discussed using as a basis the observed pigment granule structure.     

Residual bodies resulting from photosensory membrane degradation are taken up by pigment cells in the eyes of the flyLucilia sp.

Retinae of blowflies (Lucilia sp.) were exposed to light for 12 h and then investigated by routine electron microscopy. Residual bodies and multi-vesicular bodies containing electron-dense structures were found in the photoreceptor cells. These structures appeared indistinguishable from material inside the pigment granules of secondary pigment cells. The residual bodies were found in interdigitations between photoreceptor and pigment cells and were often in close contact with mitochondria. Lamellar bodies and pigment granules were also found in the extracellular space between photoreceptor and pigment cells. In a second set of experiments, a membrane-impermeable reagent [sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido) hexanoate] that should covalently biotinylate the surface of the photosensory membrane was introduced into the ommatidial cavity. The marker was detected, 4 h after application, inside the ommatidial cavity, on the rhabdomeric microvilli, and on residual bodies inside the photoreceptor cells, by streptavidin-gold binding on ultrathin sections. After 6 h of exposure to the reagent, pigment granules of the adjacent pigment cells were also labeled. The results suggest that the photosensory membrane is taken up and degraded together with the marker. Residual bodies resulting from this degradative process may thus be transported into the pigment cells; eventually material originating from photosensory membrane degradation may then be involved in pigment granule synthesis.     

产色素海洋放线菌 H-109理化性质研究

对海洋放线菌 H-109 菌株产生的桃红色色素的理化性质进行了研究.结果表明,丙酮为最佳浸提剂,浸提时间为 1 h;最大吸收波长为 530 nm;对自然光和紫外光有较好的稳定性;温度对不同浓度色素的影响不同,相对低浓度时(A530 值 0.1 )较稳定;相对高浓度(A530 值大于 0.24)时,随着温度升高,有胶状沉淀析出;pH 值对色素稳定性有影响,pH值7~8 时较稳定,pH值小于 3 时,为亮黄色;pH值大于 10 时,有紫红色沉淀析出,该沉淀可以重溶于丙酮.     

Isolation from urine of two Serratia marcescens strains excreting a diffusible yellow pigment

Two bacterial strains excreting a yellow pigment were isolated from human urine and identified as Serratia marcescens. The pigment was produced in the late exponential and early stationary phases of growth. Minimal media supplemented with tyrosine, phenylalanine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate or tryptophan, as well as complex media, induced pigment production. UV-visible spectra of the extracted pigment had peaks characteristic of 2-hydroxy-5-carboxymethylmuconate semialdehyde, produced from meta-cleavage of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate by the enzyme 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.15). This enzyme was active when the bacteria were grown under conditions promoting pigment production. The kinetics and factors affecting pigment production are also reported.     

链霉菌-ZLT产生的蓝色素性质研究

报道了一株链霉菌产生的蓝色素的性质。研究表明,该色素水溶性好,具有较高的热稳定性;低pH条件下,抗氧化还原能力较强。大多数所测试的金属离子基本不影响色素的性质。中性条件下色素耐日光,碱性条件下耐紫外光。     

桑椹红色素纯化的动态吸附条件研究

桑椹红色素是一种安伞、无毒的食用天然色素。本实验埘8种大孔吸附树脂进行筛选,然后通过单因素试验、正交试验和方差分析确定了吸附桑椹红色素的最佳操作条件。结果表明,LSA-21树脂对桑椹红色素的吸附和解吸性能较好;确定的最佳吸附条件为：料液浓度(以吸光度计)为0．425Abs,上柱速度3．5BV／h,料液pH1．57。