南京市栖霞区3～5岁儿童乳牙患龋现状调查及其影响因素分析

目的:调查南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋现状,并分析患龋的影响因素。方法:于2020年1月到2020年12月,采用整群随机抽样法,抽取南京市栖霞区8所幼儿园中符合3~5周岁年龄段的儿童。观察入选对象的乳牙患龋现状,对入选对象的照顾者进行问卷调查,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋的影响因素。结果:每所幼儿园抽取3、4、5岁儿童各42人,合计1008人。实际完成调查1000人,响应率99.21%,1000人中有573人乳牙患龋,患龋率为57.30%。不同性别、年龄的儿童其患龋率对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素分析结果显示,南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋与糖摄入频率、照顾者学历、家庭人均月收入、使用含氟牙膏情况、睡前进食、大人帮助下刷牙、每天刷牙次数、开始刷牙年龄、近半年有无口腔检查有关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄>4岁、糖摄入频率≥2次/d、睡前进食、家庭人均月收入<2000元、照顾者学历初中及以下是南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋的危险因素,而开始刷牙年龄≤2岁、每天刷牙次数≥2次、使用含氟牙膏是南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论:南京市栖霞区3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋率较高,且受到年龄、糖摄入频率、睡前进食等多种因素影响,可考虑针对相关因素加强口腔健康教育和龋病预防控制工作。     

维生素A、E水平与儿童反复呼吸道感染的相关性和危险因素研究

摘要 目的：研究维生素A（VA）、维生素E（VE）水平与儿童反复呼吸道感染（RRI）的相关性和危险因素。方法：选择本院2017年1月~2019年10月诊治的318例RRI患儿,同期选择285例健康体检儿童作为对照组,比较各组VA、VE表达情况,并分析儿童RRI发生的危险因素。结果：RRI组VA及VE水平低于对照组,VA及VE缺乏率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。1~3岁患儿VA及VE水平高于3~6岁组且高于>6岁组（P<0.05）。对照组和RRI组性别、出生时体重比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）;RRI组自然分娩、母乳喂养率低于对照组,偏食、过敏体质、抗生素滥用、人均居住面积<13 m²、母亲文化高中及以下率高于对照组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,早产、偏食、过敏体质、被动吸烟、抗生素滥用、人均居住面积<13 m²是RRI发生的独立危险因素,VA、VE、自然分娩、母乳喂养、母亲文化程度是RRI发生的保护因素。结论：RRI儿童VA、VE水平较低,且RRI的发生和多种危险因素相关,临床应针对性的进行预防干预。     

蚌埠市蚌山区老年人群骨质疏松症流行病学调查及对跌倒风险和认知功能的影响

摘要 目的：对蚌埠市蚌山区老年人群骨质疏松症进行流行病学调查,并探讨骨质疏松症对跌倒风险和认知功能的影响。方法：于2019年11月~2021年4月采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,抽取蚌埠市蚌山区的常住居民,调查老年人群骨质疏松症发生率,共发放960份调查问卷,回收941份,回收率为98.02%。根据有无骨质疏松症分为骨质疏松症组和无骨质疏松症组,观察两组跌倒风险和认知功能状况。应用多因素logistic回归分析老年人群发生骨质疏松症的危险因素和保护因素。结果：941例研究对象中,检查出存在骨质疏松症者325人,发病率为34.54%。根据有无骨质疏松症分为骨质疏松症组（n=325）和无骨质疏松症组（n=616）。单因素分析结果显示,老年人群发生骨质疏松症与乳制品和钙片摄入情况、年龄、连续服用类固醇激素超过3个月情况、骨折史、性别、其他慢性病患病情况、体质量指数、婚姻状况、饮茶情况、每天运动情况有关（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归性分析,结果显示：年龄≥70岁、性别为女性、连续服用类固醇激素超过3个月情况是老年人群发生骨质疏松症的危险因素,而每天运动情况≥30 min、有乳制品和钙片摄入情况、体质量指数≥24 kg/m²是老年人群发生骨质疏松症的保护因素（P<0.05）。骨质疏松症组的跌倒风险评估工具（FROP-Com）评分高于无骨质疏松症组,跌倒效能量表（MFES）评分低于无骨质疏松症组（P<0.05）。骨质疏松症组的简明精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评分低于无骨质疏松症组,画钟试验（CDT）评分高于无骨质疏松症组（P<0.05）。结论：蚌埠市蚌山区老年人群骨质疏松症患病率较高,且受到年龄、性别、连续服用类固醇激素超过3个月情况等因素的影响,而每天运动情况≥30 min、乳制品和钙片摄入情况、体质量指数≥24 kg/m²可减少骨质疏松症患病率,同时存在骨质疏松症的患者其跌倒风险升高,认知功能下降。     

重症急性胰腺炎肠内营养喂养不耐受的影响因素分析及腹内压的预测价值探讨

摘要 目的：分析重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的影响因素,并探讨腹内压对其的预测价值。方法：选取2018年1月～2021年1月江苏省人民医院ICU收治的80例SAP患者,均经三腔鼻空肠管实施肠内营养治疗,统计肠内营养不耐受发生情况。收集所有患者的临床资料,多因素Logistic回归分析SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析腹内压对SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的预测价值。结果：80例SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受发生率为53.75%（43/80）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁（OR=4.679,95%CI：1.549～23.078,P=0.026）、肠内营养开始时间≥72 h（OR=7.069,95%CI：1.700～29.395,P=0.007）、腹内压≥15 mmHg（OR=4.495,95%CI：1.137～17.770,P=0.032）为SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的危险因素,而白蛋白≥3 5 g/L（OR=0.264,95%CI：0.073～0.956,P=0.042）、添加膳食纤维（OR=0.178,95%CI：0.048～0.662,P=0.010）是SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的保护因素。ROC曲线分析结果显示,腹内压预测SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的曲线下面积为0.809（95%CI：0.706～0.888）,敏感性为79.07%,特异性为72.97%。结论：SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受与年龄、肠内营养开始时间、腹内压、白蛋白水平、是否添加膳食纤维有关,腹内压对SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受具有一定预测价值。     

儿童先天性白内障发病的影响因素分析及人工晶状体植入术后屈光状态的变化研究

摘要 目的：探讨儿童先天性白内障发病的影响因素,并研究人工晶状体植入（IOL）术后屈光状态的变化。方法：选择2017年4月~2019年2月期间我院收治的先天性白内障患儿98例作为病例组,选取同期来我院小儿眼科体检的健康儿童80例作为对照组。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析先天性白内障发病的影响因素。病例组患儿均进行先天性白内障摘除联合IOL植入术。术后病例组患儿均随访3年,比较术后1、2、3年屈光度、眼轴长度的变化量。结果：单因素分析结果显示,先天性白内障发病与性别、孕期先兆流产、并发妊娠期高血压、并发妊娠期糖尿病、并发甲亢或甲减、贫血无关（P>0.05）。先天性白内障发病与胎龄、出生体重、先天性白内障家族史、孕前2个月或孕期是否存在感染、缺血缺氧脑病有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,胎龄<37周、出生体重<2500 g、有先天性白内障家族史、孕前2个月或孕期存在感染是导致先天性白内障发病的危险因素（P<0.05）。同一时间点比较,＜2岁组术后眼轴长度增长量、屈光度变化大于2~6岁组和7~12岁组,且2~6岁组大于7~12岁组（P<0.05）。结论：胎龄<37周、出生体重<2500 g、有先天性白内障家族史、孕前2个月或孕期存在感染是导致先天性白内障发病的危险因素,此外,先天性白内障患儿接受IOL治疗后,IOL对患儿眼球发育影响较为轻微。     

瘦素受体与载脂蛋白E基因型对肥胖儿童血脂的影响

摘要 目的：探讨瘦素受体（LEP-R）外显子突变与载脂蛋白E（ApoE）基因型对肥胖患儿血脂的影响。方法：选择肥胖儿童（肥胖组）115例和非肥胖的健康儿童（健康组）84例为研究对象,空腹12 h后抽取患儿静脉血,测定血清甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平。采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段多态性（PCR-RFLP）方法及聚丙烯凝胶电泳分析LEP-R第20外显子的基因型及突变频率、ApoE基因型。结果：LEP-R基因共发现3种基因型,即G/G、G/A、A/A型。与健康组儿童相比,肥胖组患儿LEP-R基因第20外显子G A突变概率上升。与G/G基因型比较,A/A基因型肥胖儿童血清TG、LDL-C水平升高和HDL-C水平下降 （P<0.05）,G/A基因型肥胖儿童的HDL-C水平下降（P<0.05）;肥胖组及健康组儿童ApoE等位基因以ε3型常见,肥胖组儿童ε4基因检出率高于健康组儿童（P<0.05）。与ApoE基因型ε3型肥胖儿童比较,ε2型肥胖儿童血清中的TC、LDL-C水平下降,HDL-C水平升高（P<0.05）,ε4型肥胖儿童血清TC、TG、LDL-C水平升高（P<0.05）;在G/A型肥胖儿童中,携带ε4型的肥胖儿童血清中TG、LDL-C水平高于非ε4型（P<0.05）;在A/A型肥胖儿童中,携带ε4型ApoE基因的肥胖儿童血清中TC、TG、LDL-C水平高于非 4型,血清HDL-C水平低于非ε4型（P<0.05）。结论：LEP-R基因型可影响肥胖儿童血脂水平,A/A型LPE-R基因儿童更易发生血脂异常。肥胖儿童ApoE基因型多变,ε4基因频率升高,且影响肥胖儿童脂类代谢,A/A型LEP-R基因同时携带ApoE ε4等位基因的肥胖儿童更容易发生血脂异常。     

3—12岁儿童膳食补充剂摄入现状及影响因素分析

目的：通过横断面调查,描述中国3—12岁儿童膳食补充剂的摄入现状,并讨论其相关因素。方法：采用多阶段随机整群抽样抽取中国7城市2农村3—12岁儿童1 806名,通过问卷调查获得其一般情况,通过膳食补充剂频率调查获得其摄入情况。 结果：家庭人均月经济收入高（P=0.001）、喂养人认为孩子体重偏低（P=0.024）、认为孩子营养状况不好（P=0.023）、每周外出就餐多（P<0.001）、父亲文化程度高（P＜0.001）、母亲文化程度高（P＜0.001）的儿童更容易使用补充剂。 结论：补充剂使用与儿童年龄、父母文化程度、家庭经济状况,生活习惯和喂养人对儿童健康的认知有关。应加强健康教育,建立对儿童健康和对营养素补充剂的正确认识。     

维生素D水平与牛奶蛋白过敏患儿的相关性研究

摘要 目的：探究维生素D水平与牛奶蛋白过敏（CMPA）患儿的相关性。方法：选取2018年6月~2020年6月就诊于我院的50例CMPA患儿作为观察组,根据其病情严重程度分为轻度组18例、中度组27例和重度组5例,另选取同期于本院进行健康体检的50例健康婴幼儿作为对照组。检测并比较各组血清25-羟基维生素D [25（OH）D]水平,收集婴幼儿的临床资料,采用单因素和多因素 Logistic 回归分析CMPA的相关影响因素。结果：观察组患儿血清25（OH）D水平显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;重度组和中度组患儿血清25（OH）D水平显著低于轻度组,而重度组又显著低于中度组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;单因素分析显示,CMPA与血清牛奶蛋白总免疫球蛋白E（IgE）检查结果、血嗜酸性粒细胞检查结果、家族过敏史、维生素D缺乏、喂养方式、生产方式有关（P<0.05）,多因素 Logistic 回归分析显示,血清牛奶蛋白总IgE为阳性、血嗜酸性粒细胞增多、家族过敏史、维生素D缺乏、人工喂养、剖宫产是CMPA的独立影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：CMPA患儿血清25（OH）D水平显著降低,且病情越严重,其水平越低,血清牛奶蛋白总IgE检查结果、血嗜酸性粒细胞检查结果、家族过敏史、维生素D缺乏、喂养方式、生产方式是CMPA的危险因素。     

肠内营养不同递增输注速度对重症急性胰腺炎患者喂养耐受性、生存质量和胃肠功能恢复的影响

摘要 目的：观察肠内营养不同递增输注速度对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者喂养耐受性、生存质量和胃肠功能恢复的影响。方法：选取2019年3月~2021年2月期间我院收治的SAP患者120例，按照随机数字表法分为低速组、中速组和高速组，各为40例，输注速度递增幅度由低到高给予肠内营养。对比三组患者的腹内压、喂养耐受性、生存质量和胃肠功能恢复情况。结果：干预8 h后、干预16 h后、干预20 h后低速组腹内压低于高速组、中速组，而中速组低于高速组（P<0.05）。低速组排气排便恢复时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、经口进食时间、腹胀缓解时间短于中速组、高速组，中速组则短于高速组（P<0.05）。低速组干预7 d后世界卫生组织生存质量简明量表（WHO-QOL-BREF）各维度评分高于中速组、高速组，中速组则高于高速组（P<0.05）。低速组喂养不耐受发生率低于中速组、高速组，中速组则低于高速组（P<0.05）。结论：肠内营养低速递增输注有利于防止腹内压升高，提高SAP患者喂养耐受性，促进胃肠功能恢复，进而提高患者生存质量。     

5岁以下哮喘患儿血清过敏原病例对照研究及相关性分析

摘要 目的：探讨5岁以下哮喘儿童与血清特异性过敏原（specific IgE,sIgE）的分布情况。方法：本研究采用免疫印迹法对 2019 年1月至 2019 年12月在西安交通大学第二附属医院住院的5岁以下62例哮喘患儿和49例喘息患儿的行血清特异性过敏原检测,对比分析5岁以下哮喘和喘息儿童过敏原分布情况及与哮喘的发病关系。结果：户尘螨、猫毛皮屑、狗毛皮屑、蒿草、葎草、桤杨柳山毛榉橡胡桃、烟曲霉、念珠菌点青霉分枝孢霉交链孢霉黑曲霉吸入过敏原和花生黄豆、腰果开心果榛子杏仁核桃、虾蟹、桃苹果芒果荔枝草莓食物过敏原这12类过敏原在哮喘组与喘息组有显著差异（P<0.05）,与哮喘发病有关。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示户尘螨、猫毛皮屑、坚果类、霉菌、水果类是哮喘发病的危险因素（P<0.05）。户尘螨、猫毛皮屑和虾蟹是男性哮喘患儿发病的危险因素,念珠菌点青霉分枝孢霉交链孢霉黑曲霉是女性哮喘患儿发病的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：血清特异性（sIgE）过敏原在哮喘与喘息患儿中分布不同,同时发现过敏原在哮喘患儿中存在性别差异,故对哮喘患儿进行过敏性检测可以作为回避过敏原的依据。     

Effect of heat stress on development in vitro and in vivo and on synthesis of heat shock proteins in porcine embryos

The present study was conducted (1) to examine the effect of an acute increase in ambient temperature on the development of porcine day 6 embryos in culture and after transfer to recipient gilts, and (2) to analyze intracellular production of heat shock proteins (hsps). The viability of porcine day 6 embryos following a temporary acute elevation in ambient temperature (at 42°–45.5°C and for 10–180 min) was examined. Synthesis of 70 kDa hsp (hsp 70) and 90 kDa hsp (hsp90) was determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis in porcine day 6 embryos subjected to heat stresses. Nonheat-stressed embryos were considered as control. Significantly higher numbers of viable nuclei were observed in treatment groups of 42°C-10 min (236.6 ± 71.4; P < 0.05) and 43°C-30 min (276.8 ± 89.4; P < 0.005) compared to control (173.9 ± 53.9). The 42°C-180 min group (158.0 ± 27.1 μm) had a greater increase in diameter after 24 hr in culture following heat stress compared to control (82.5 ± 47.3 μm), while heat stress with 43°C for ≧60 min, 44°–44.5°C for ≧30 min, or 45°-45.5°C for ≧10 min impaired their survival, as assessed by differences in number of viable nuclei. The embryos subjected to heat stresses under the conditions of 42°C-180 min, 43°C-10 min, 43°C-30 min, 44°C-10 min, or 45°C-10 min developed to normal piglets after transfer to recipient gilts. Overall pregnancy rate was 75% (6/8), and farrowing rate 62.5% (5/8). Of heat-stressed embryos transferred, 59% (36/61) developed to normal piglets. Heat-stress conditions of 42°C for 180 min, 43°C for 30 min, 44°C for 10 min, and 45°C for 10 min were determined as critical with respect to the in vitro and in vivo survival of porcine embryos. Porcine day 6 embryos constitutively synthesized hsp70 even without heat stress, while hsp90 was detected only at trace level. Neither hsp70 nor hsp90 levels increased in the embryos subjected to heat stresses. In conclusion, porcine day 6 embryos could continue to develop in vivo or during in vitro culture after exposure to acute and temporary rise in temperature. However, no increase of hsp70 and hsp90 was observed in the heat-stressed porcine embryos, while hsp70 was detected in the nonheat-stressed porcine embryos. The precise mechanism of the thermotolerance was unclear. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effects of tetcyclacis on growth and on sterol and sapogenin content in fenugreek

Tetcyclacis, a norbornanodiazetine plant growth retardant, used at 10 mg · L^–1 (36 m), caused greater growth inhibition in the shoots of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seedlings (60%) than in the roots (30%), compared with control. This greater retardation was reversed by a supplement of gibberellin (200 mg · L^–1). The total sterol composition of control and treated seedlings was analyzed and quantified. In the roots especially, treatment of seedlings with tetcyclacis resulted in a modification of the sterol profile, leading to an accumulation of 14-methyl sterols, presumably as a consequence of the inhibition of cytochrome P-450-dependent obtusifoliol 14-demethylase. In addition, tetcyclacis caused a significant increase in the cholesterol content of the roots: 38.1% of total sterols against 3.7% in the control roots. However, tetcyclacis was shown to be an ineffective inhibitor of the S-adenosyl-l-methionine (Adomet): cycloartenol-C24-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.41) in fenugreek microsomes indicating that cholesterol accumulation does not result from the inhibition of the sterol side chain-alkylating enzyme. Moreover, this accumulation was shown to be concomitant with a significant decrease of the sapogenin content in the treated roots. This last result is discussed with respect to the current proposed pathway by which cholesterol is metabolized to saponins.Abbreviations GA gibberellin - PGR plant growth regulator - GA₃ gibberellin acid - FW fresh weight(s) - DW dry weight(s) - Adomet-CMT S-adenosylmethionine-cycloartenol-C24-methyltransferase - GC gas chromatography - TLC thin layer chromatography - MS mass spectroscopy - FS free sterol(s) - SE steryl ester(s) - SG steryl glycoside(s) - ASG acylated steryl glycosides - SAM S-adenosylmethionine     

Studies on the effects of insulin and acetylcholine on activation of glycogen synthase and on glycogenesis in hepatocytes

The addition of insulin (4.0 × 10^?11 M) or acetylcholine (10^?6 M) to isolated hepatocytes stimulated glycogen accumulation and this stimulation was more pronounced when the medium glucose was raised from 50 to 300 mg percent. Studies with [¹⁴C]-glucose showed a two-fold stimulation in glycogen synthesis by the addition of insulin (4.0 × 10^?11 M) or acetylcholine (10^?6 M). A sixteen percent increase in the activity of glycogen synthase was observed in cells incubated for 10 minutes with insulin (4.0 × 10^?11 M) or acetylcholine (10^?6 M), whereas at one hour incubation a 40 percent increase in activity was observed with the same concentration of insulin or acetylcholine. The effects of insulin and acetylcholine were not additive.     

The growth of Pseudomonas putida on m-toluic acid and on toluene in batch and in chemostat cultures

Summary The present study describes the growth of Pseudomonas putida cells (ATCC 33015) in batch and continuous cultures on two toxic substrates; toluene and m-toluic acid as sole carbon and energy sources. In fed-batch cultures on m-toluic acid up to 3.55 g cell dry weight/1 were achieved with a maximal specific growth rate (_max) of 0.1 h^-1. The average cellular yield was 1.42 g cell dry weight/g m-toluic acid utilized. When liquid toluene was added to shake-flask cultures in the presence of 0.7 g/1 m-toluic acid, the average cellular yield obtained was 1.3 g cell dry weight/g toluene utilized and the _max was 0.13 h^-1. Growth on toluene vapour in the presence of 0.7 g/l m-toluic acid in batch cultures resulted in a cellular yield of 1.28 g cell dry weight/g toluene utilized, with growth kinetics almost identical to those with liquid toluene (_max liquid=0.13 h^-1, _max vapour=0.12 h^-1). The maximal biomass concentration was 3.8 g cell dry weight/l, obtained in both cases after 100 h of incubation. Pseudomonas putida was grown in a chemostat initially on 0.7 g/l m-toluic acid and vapour toluene and then in the steady state on toluene as the sole source of carbon and energy. Toluene was added continuously to the culture as vapour with the inflowing airstream. Chemostat cultures could be maintained at steady state for several months on toluene. The maximal biomass concentration obtained in the chemostat culture was 3.2 g cell dry weight/l. The maximum specific growth rate was 0.13 h^-1, with a cellular yield of 1.05 g cell dry weight/g toluene utilized. Approximately 70% of the toluene consumed was converted into biomass, and the remainder was converted to CO₂ and unidentified byproducts.     

中国野生植物保护管理的政策、法律制度分析和建议

中国是全球生物多样性最丰富的国家之一.最近40年,中国的植物多样性保护取得了巨大成就,实施了多项政策和法律,尤其是《野生植物保护条例》和《国家重点保护野生植物名录》先后颁布,奠定了中国植物保护的法律和政策框架,就地保护和迁地保护网络基本形成.但与生态文明建设的要求相比,野生植物保护依然存在许多不足.本文系统回顾了中国野...     

Ecology and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing microorganisms on and in plants

Polyhydroxyalkanoates are energy reserve polymers produced by bacteria to survive periods of starvation in natural habitats. Little is known about the ecology of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacteria. To analyse the occurrence of this specific group on/in seven different plant species, a combined strategy containing culture-dependent and -independent methods was applied. Using microbial fingerprint techniques (single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis with specific primers for phaC gene encoding the key enzyme of the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis), a high number of bands were especially found for the rhizosphere. Furthermore, cluster analysis revealed plant species-specific communities. Isolation of bacteria, recognition of brightly refractile cytoplasmatic inclusions, lipophilic stainings and a PCR strategy targeted on the phaC gene were used as a culture-dependent strategy for the detection of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacteria. Results again represent a high degree of plant specificity: the rhizosphere of sugar beet contained the highest number of positive strains. This was confirmed by quantitative PCR: the relative copy number of phaC was statistically and significantly enhanced in all rhizospheres in comparison with bulk soil. New polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacterial species were detected: for example, Burkholderia terricola, Lysobacter gummosus, Pseudomonas extremaustralis, Pseudomonas brassicacearum and Pseudomonas orientalis . Our results confirm the hypothesis that the rhizosphere is an interesting hidden reservoir for polyhydroxyalkanoate producers.