Evaluation of the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of the genus Amycolatopsis and description of Amycolatopsis circi sp. nov., Amycolatopsis equina sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis hippodromi sp. nov

Aims: To describe three new Amycolatopsis strains and assess the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of the genus. Methods and Results: Three strains, designated S1·3^T, S3·6^T and SE(8)3^T, belonging to the genus Amycolatopsis were isolated and found to cluster together by 16S rRNA and gyrB gene‐based phylogenetic analysis. Genetic distance values, based on the gyrB gene, were calculated between the strains and their closest relatives and were all above the threshold value of 0·02 that has been proposed to distinguish Amycolatopsis type strains. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments against related type strains confirmed that strain S3·6^T represents a unique genomic species. Strain S3·6^T was also found to be distinct from strains S1·3^T and SE(8)3^T, the latter two of which were also shown to be distinct from each other. Antibiotic biosynthetic genes were identified from multiple Amycolatopsis strains, and their presence was found to be phylogenetically associated. Conclusions: The data presented in this study indicate that strains S1·3^T, SE(8)3^T and S3·6^T belong to three novel species, for which the names Amycolatopsis circi sp. nov. (= DSM 45561^T = NRRL B‐24841^T), Amycolatopsis equina sp. nov. (= DSM 45563^T = NRRL B‐24842^T) and Amycolatopsis hippodromi sp. nov. (= DSM 45562^T = NRRL B‐24843^T) are proposed. Significance and Impact of the Study: Three new species of Amycolatopsis are described, and the knowledge of the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of the genus has been extended.     

Eight new species of the genus Micromonospora, Micromonospora citrea sp. nov., Micromonospora echinaurantiaca sp. nov., Micromonospora echinofusca sp. nov. Micromonospora fulviviridis sp. nov., Micromonospora inyonensis sp. nov., Micromonospora peucetia sp. nov., Micromonospora sagamiensis sp. nov., and Micromonospora viridifaciens sp. nov

A previous phylogenetic study on type strains of the genus Micromonospora and Micromonospora species bearing non-validly published names has pointed towards the species status of several of latter strains. Subsequent studies on morphological, cultural, chemotaxonomic, metabolic, and genomic properties, and on whole cell mass spectrometric analyses by matrix adsorbed laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) confirmed the species status, leading to the proposal of eight new Micromonospora species: Micromonospora citrea sp. nov., type strain DSM 43903T, Micromonospora echinaurantiaca sp. nov., type strain DSM 43904T, Micromonospora echinofusca sp. nov., type strain DSM 43913T, Micromonospora fulviviridis sp. nov., type strain DSM 43906T, Micromonospora inyonensis sp. nov., type strain DSM 46123T, Micromonospora peucetia sp. nov., type strain DSM 43363T, Micromonospora sagamiensis sp. nov., type strain DSM 43912T and Micromonospora viridifaciens sp. nov., type strain DSM 43909T.     

Amycolatopsis bartoniae sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis bullii sp. nov., mesophilic actinomycetes isolated from arid Australian soils

The status of two mesophilic filamentous actinomycetes isolated from an arid Australian soil sample was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The isolates had chemical and morphological properties consistent with their classification in the genus Amycolatopsis, assignments that were supported by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence data. Isolate SF26^T formed a distinct phyletic line and hence was sharply separated from its nearest phylogenetic neighbour, Amycolatopsis sacchari DSM 44468^T. In contrast, isolate SF27^T formed a subclade in the Amycolatopsis tree with Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina DSM 44592^T but was separated readily from the latter by DNA:DNA pairing data. The two isolates were distinguished from one another and from their respective nearest phylogenetic neighbours using a range of phenotypic properties. These data indicate that the two isolates should be recognized as new species in the genus Amycolatopsis. The names proposed for these new taxa are Amycolatopsis bartoniae sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis bullii sp. nov. with isolates SF26^T (=NCIMB 14706^T = NRRL B-2846^T) and SF27^T (=NCIMB 14707^T = NRRL B-24847^T) as the respective type strains.     

Amycolatopsis camponoti sp. nov., new tetracenomycin-producing actinomycete isolated from carpenter ant Camponotus vagus

An actinobacterial strain A23^T, isolated from adult ant Camponotus vagus collected in Ryazan region (Russia) and established as tetracenomycin X producer, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Morphological characteristics of this strain included well-branched substrate mycelium and aerial hyphae fragmented into rod-shaped elements. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences showed that strain A23^T was most closely related to Amycolatopsis pretoriensis DSM 44654^T. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between the genome sequences of isolate A23^T and its closest relative, Amycolatopsis pretoriensis DSM 44654^T, were 39.5% and 88.6%, which were below the 70% and 95–96% cut-off point recommended for bacterial species demarcation, respectively. The genome size of the isolate A23^T was 10,560,374 bp with a DNA G?+?C content of 71.2%. The whole-cell hydrolysate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinose and galactose as main diagnostic sugars as well as ribose and rhamnose. It contained MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and C_16:0 as the major cellular fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine prevailed among phospholipids. Mycolic acids were not detected. Based on the phenotypic, genomic and phylogenetic data, isolate A23^T represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis, for which the name Amycolatopsis camponoti sp. nov. is proposed, and the type strain is A23^T (=?DSM 111725^T?=?VKM Ac-2882^T).

     

Two new subspecies of Photorhabdus luminescens, isolated from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae): Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii subsp. nov. and Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. thracensis subsp. nov

Bacterial isolates from nematodes from Turkish soil samples were initially characterized by molecular methods and seven members of the genus Photorhabdus identified to the species level, using riboprint analyses and metabolic properties. Strain 07-5 (DSM 15195) was highly related to the type strain of Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii DSM 15139T, and was regarded a strain of this subspecies. Strains 1121T (DSM 15194T), 68-3 (DSM 15198) and 47-10 (DSM 15197) formed one, strain 39-8T (DSM 15199T), 39-7 (DSM 15196) and 01-12 (DSM 15193) formed a second cluster that branched intermediate the three subspecies of Photorhabdus luminescens. Based upon moderate 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and differences in metabolic properties among themselves and with type strains of the three subspecies we consider the two clusters to represent two new subspecies of Photorhabdus luminescens for which the names Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii, type strain 1121T (DSM 15194T, NCIMB 13951T), and Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. thracensis subsp. nov., type strain 39-8T (DSM 15199T, NCIMB 13952T) are proposed.     

PCR screening reveals unexpected antibiotic biosynthetic potential in Amycolatopsis sp. strain UM16

AIMS: To assess the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of Amycolatopsis sp. strain UM16 and eight other Amycolatopsis species. METHODS AND RESULTS: Amycolatopsis genomic DNA was screened by PCR for the glycopeptide, Type-II (aromatic) polyketide and ansamycin biosynthetic gene clusters. Amycolatopsis sp. strain UM16, which exhibits weak antitubercular activity, was shown to have the glycopeptide oxyB gene and the Type-II (aromatic) polyketide-synthase KSalpha-KSbeta tandem gene pair, but not the AHBA synthase gene. The ristocetin (glycopeptide) producer, Amycolatopsis lurida NRRL 2430(T), was shown to have the oxyB gene and the Type-II polyketide-synthase KSalpha-KSbeta tandem gene pair. Amycolatopsis alba NRRL 18532(T) was shown to have the glycopeptide oxyB gene and the AHBA synthase gene. Phylogenetic analyses using Amycolatopsis oxyB and KSalpha-KSbeta gene sequences were conducted. CONCLUSIONS: Amycolatopsis sp. strain UM16 appears to have the biosynthetic potential to produce glycopeptide and Type-II polyketide antibiotics, but not ansamycins. The potential to synthesize aromatic polyketides may be more widely distributed in Amycolatopsis than is currently recognized. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: PCR screening is a very useful tool for rapidly identifying the biosynthetic potential of an antibiotic-producing actinomycete isolate. Advanced knowledge of the type of antibiotic(s) produced will allow appropriate methods to be selected for antibiotic purification.     

Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. methylbutyratica subsp. nov., and assignment of Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. saponavida to Syntrophomonas saponavida sp. nov. comb. nov

A spore-forming bacterium strain 4J5(T) was isolated from rice field mud. When co-cultured with Methanobacterium formicicum DSM 1535(T), strain 4J5(T) could syntrophically degrade saturated fatty acids with 4-8 carbon atoms, including 2-methylbutyrate. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene similarity showed that strain 4J5(T) was most closely related to Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. wolfei DSM 2245(T) (98.9% sequence similarity); however, it differed from the latter in the substrates utilized and its genetic characteristics. Therefore, a new subspecies Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. methylbutyratica is proposed. The type strain is 4J5(T) (=CGMCC 1.5051(T)=JCM 14075(T)). Furthermore, based on 16S rRNA sequence divergence and substrate utilization, we propose the assignment of Syntrophomonas wolfei subsp. saponavida DSM 4212(T) to Syntrophomonas saponavida sp. nov. comb. nov.     

Staphylococcus equorum subsp. linens,subsp. nov., a starter culture component for surface ripened semi-hard cheeses

Two staphylococcal strains, RP29T and RP33, were isolated from the main microflora of a surface ripened Swiss mountain cheese made from raw milk. These two strains were differentiated from the most closely related species Staphylococcus equorum on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridisation and phenotypic characteristics and are proposed as Staphylococcus equorum subsp. linens subsp. nov. They could be distinguished phenotypically from S. equorum by their sensitivity to all 14 tested antibiotics, especially to novobiocin, their incapability to ferment alpha-D-lactose, maltose, sucrose, D-trehalose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, salicin, D-ribose, D-raffinose, D-mannitol, and D-alanine. The GenBank accession numbers for the reference sequences of the 16S rDNA and the hsp60 gene used in this study are AF527483 and AF527484, respectively. 30 tons of a semi-hard Swiss cheese were produced with Staphylococcus equorum subsp. linens DSM 15097T as starter culture component in addition to Debaryomyces hansenii, Geotrichum candidum, Brevibacterium linens, Corynebacterium casei for surface ripened cheeses. The products were sensorically and hygienically perfect. Therefore, Staphylococcus equorum subsp. linens DSM 15097T can be proposed as starter culture component for surface ripened cheeses without any detected antibiotic resistances. The type strain of Staphylococcus equorum subsp. linens is DSM 15097T (CIP 107656T).     

Bifidobacterium reuteri sp. nov., Bifidobacterium callitrichos sp. nov., Bifidobacterium saguini sp. nov., Bifidobacterium stellenboschense sp. nov. and Bifidobacterium biavatii sp. nov. isolated from faeces of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas)

Five strains of bifidobacteria were isolated from faeces of a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and a red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas). The five isolates clustered inside the phylogenetic group of the genus Bifidobacterium but did not show high sequence similarities between the isolates and to known species in the genus by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Sequence analyses of dnaJ1 and hsp60 also indicated their independent phylogenetic positions to each other in the Bifidobacterium cluster. DNA G+C contents of the species ranged from 57.3 to 66.3 mol%, which is within the values recorded for Bifidobacterium species. All isolates showed fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase activity. Based on the data provided, the five isolates represent five novel species, for which the names Bifidobacterium reuteri sp. nov. (type strain: AFB22-1(T) = JCM 17295(T) = DSM 23975(T)), Bifidobacterium callitrichos sp. nov. (type strain: AFB22-5(T) = JCM 17296(T) = DSM 23973(T)), Bifidobacterium saguini sp. nov. (type strain: AFB23-1(T) = JCM 17297(T) = DSM 23967(T)), Bifidobacterium stellenboschense sp. nov. (type strain: AFB23-3(T) = JCM 17298(T) = DSM 23968(T)) and Bifidobacterium biavatii sp. nov. (type strain: AFB23-4(T) = JCM 17299(T) = DSM 23969(T)) are proposed.     

Increase in eremomycin production by regeneration and UV-irradiation of Amycolatopsis orientalis subsp. eremomycini protoplasts]

Protoplast regeneration of Amycolatopsis orientalis subsp. eremomycini producing eremomycin leads to the change of cultural and morphological properties as well as synthesis of secondary metabolites. Formation of plus-variants with enchanced antibiotic production was promoted by UV-irradiation of protoplasts. These plus-variants can be successfully used for repeating protoplasting--UV-irradiation of protoplasts with further increasing of the strain productivity. Finally activity of the initial A. orientalis culture was increased 7-8 times. Proposed method is recommended for the improvement of actinomycetes strains producing antibiotics especially in the case of cultures with poor sporulation.     

Marine star-shaped-aggregate-forming bacteria: Agrobacterium atlanticum sp. nov.; Agrobacterium meteori sp. nov.; Agrobacterium ferrugineum sp. nov., nom. rev.; Agrobacterium gelatinovorum sp. nov., nom. rev.; and Agrobacterium stellulatum sp. nov., nom. rev.

Two new species of aerobic, gram-negative, peritrichously flagellated or nonmotile marine bacteria usually forming star-shaped aggregates were isolated from northeastern Atlantic Ocean bottom sediments. These organisms resembled eight star-shaped-aggregate-forming bacterial species from the Baltic Sea originally ascribed to the genus Agrobacterium but not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names because of their questionable relationships to true agrobacteria. These two sets of star-shaped-aggregate-forming bacteria were compared by means of phenotypic data, DNA base compositions, DNA-DNA relatedness, and one-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of low-molecular-weight RNAs (5S rRNA and tRNA). According to the results of genotyping, the northeastern Atlantic Ocean isolates and three of the Baltic Sea species formed a group of closely related bacteria that could not be excluded from the genus Agrobacterium with certainty. Until more genotypic data are available, these five marine species are regarded as a distinct subdivision of the genus Agrobacterium consisting of Agrobacterium atlanticum sp. nov. (type strain, 1480T = DSM 5823T), A. meteori sp. nov. (type strain, 1513T = DSM 5824T), A. ferrugineum sp. nov. nom. rev. emend. (type strain, ATCC 25652T), A. gelatinovorum sp. nov. nom. rev. emend. (type strain, ATCC 25655T), and A. stellulatum sp. nov. nom. rev. emend. (type strain, ATCC 15215T). "A. aggregatum" proved to be a later subjective synonym of A. stellulatum, which had priority. The remaining four Baltic Sea species, "A. agile," "A. kieliense," "A. luteum," and "A. sanguineum," could not be placed in the new subdivision of Agrobacterium.     

Salinivibrio costicola subsp. alcaliphilus subsp. nov., a haloalkaliphilic aerobe from Campania Region (Italy)

Phenotypic and phylogenetic studies were performed on unidentified Gram-negative staining, haloalkaliphilic aerobe and protease producer Salinivibrio-like organism recovered from a saltish spring with algal mat in the “Pozzo del Sale” site (Salt's Well) in the Campania Region (South Italy). Phylogenetic analysis based on comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the isolate was related to species of Salinivibrio genus. The DNA–DNA hybridization of the type strain 18AG^T with the most related Salinivibrio costicola subsp. costicola showed a re-association value of 72%. Based on the phenotypic distinctiveness of 18AG^T strain and molecular, chemical and genetic evidence, it is proposed that strain 18AG^T can be classified as S. costicola subsp. alcaliphilus, subsp. nov. The type strain of S. costicola subsp. alcaliphilus, is ATCC BAA-952^T; DSM 16359^T.     

Amycolatopsis jiangsuensis sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinomycete isolated from a coastal plant in Jiangsu, China

A novel actinomycete, designated strain KLBMP 1262^T, was isolated from a coastal plant Dendranthema indicum (Linn.) Des Moul collected from the coastal region of Nantong, Jiangsu Province, in east China and was studied in detail for its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain KLBMP 1262^T is a member of the genus Amycolatopsis. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain KLBMP 1262^T is most closely related to Amycolatopsis sulphurea DSM 46092^T (97.96 %), Amycolatopsis ultiminotia RP-AC36^T (97.50 %) and Amycolatopsis jejuensis N7-3^T (97.44 %); similarity to other type strains of the genus Amycolatopsis was less than 97.0 %. The organism was determined to have chemical and morphological features consistent with its classification in the genus Amycolatopsis such as meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan and arabinose and galactose as the diagnostic sugars. The predominant menaquinone was determined to be MK-9 (H₄). The polar lipids detected were phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminophospholipid, two unknown glycolipids and several unknown lipids. The major fatty acids were found to be C_16:0, iso-C_16:0 and iso-C_15:0. DNA–DNA relatedness data, together with phenotypic differences, clearly distinguished the isolate from its closest relatives. On the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic data, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name A. jiangsuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KLBMP 1262^T (=KCTC 19885 ^T = NBRC 108679^T).     

Exiguobacterium mexicanum sp. nov. and Exiguobacterium artemiae sp. nov., isolated from the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana

Two Gram-positive strains isolated from cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison and composition of isoprenoid quinones, peptidoglycan and fatty acids, these organisms are members of the genus Exiguobacterium. Both strains showed 95.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to one another. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain 8N(T) and 9AN(T) were 97.5% and 98.9% similar to those of Exiguobacterium aurantiacum DSM 6208(T) and Exiguobacterium undae DSM 14481(T), respectively. Based on differences in chemotaxonomic and physiological characteristics, results of DNA-DNA hybridization and automated riboprinting, two novel species of the genus Exiguobacterium are proposed, Exiguobacterium mexicanum sp. nov. (type strain 8N(T)=DSM 16483(T)=CIP 108859(T)) and Exiguobacterium artemiae sp. nov. (type strain 9AN(T)=DSM 16484(T)=CIP 108858(T)).     

Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. parafaecalis subsp. nov., a bacterium accumulating poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate from acetone-butanol bioprocess residues

The authors have previously isolated a solvent tolerant bacterium, strain G(T), (T = type strain) capable to convert acetone-butanol bioprocess residues into poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Strain G(T) was initially identified as Alcaligenes spp by standard bacteriological tests. In this study the taxonomic position of the bacterium was investigated in detail. The 165 rDNA sequence analysis, the G + C content of DNA (56 mol%) and the presence of ubiquinone Q-8 confirmed strain G(T) as a representative of the genus Alcaligenes. In the polyamine pattern of the bacterium putrescine and cadaverine were detected, but only trace amounts of 2-hydroxyputrescine. The extremely low content of 2-hydroxyputrescine is remarkable, since this unique diamine is a common marker for beta-proteobacteria. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA demonstrated that Alcaligenes sp. G(T) is most closely related to the species Alcaligenes faecalis (99.6% sequence similarity to A. faecalis HR4 and 98.7% sequence similarity to A. faecalis [ATCC 8750T = DSM 30030T]. On the basis of DNA-DNA relatedness (56% similarity), the unique polyamine pattern, the physiological and biochemical differences strain G(T) could be distinguished from the species A. faecalis. Therefore, a new subspecies for the species Alcaligenes faecalis is proposed; Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. parafaecalis subsp. nov.     

Staphylococcus succinus subsp. casei subsp. nov., a dominant isolate from a surface ripened cheese

A new subspecies of the species Staphylococcus succinus, isolated from a Swiss surface ripened cheese, is described. This subspecies is differentiated from the species Staphylococcus succinus ATCC 700337T on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridisation, cell wall composition and phenotypic characteristics. Staphylococcus succinus subsp. casei could be distinguished among other things by its ability to reduce nitrate, form acid from D-mannose and D-melezitose, ferment adenosine, inosine, D-sorbitol, and 2,3-butanediol, but not D-alanine. The type strain of Staphylococcus succinus subsp. casei is DSM 15096 (CIP no. pending). The GenBank accession numbers for the reference sequences of the 16S rDNA and the hsp60 gene used in this study are AJ320272 and AF527482, respectively.     

Actinomadura mexicana sp. nov. and Actinomadura meyerii sp. nov., two novel soil sporoactinomycetes

The taxonomic position of two soil isolates, strains A288(T) and A290(T) [provisionally assigned to the genus Actinomadura] was clarified in a polyphasic study. The organisms showed a combination of chemotaxonomic and morphological properties typical of actinomadurae. They also formed distinct phyletic lines in the 16S rRNA Actinomadura gene tree; strain A288(T) was associated with A. nitritigenes whereas strain A290(T) was closely related to a group that consisted of A. citrea, A. coerulea, A. glauciflava, A. luteofluorescens and A. verrucosospora. Strains A288(T) and A290(T) showed key phenotypic features which readily distinguish them from one another and from representatives of related validly described species of Actinomadura. It is proposed that the two organisms be classified as new species of the genus Actinomadura. The names proposed for the new taxa are Actinomadura mexicana (A290(T) = DSM 44485(T) = NRRL B-24203(T)), and Actinomadura meyerii (A288(T) = DSM 44485(T) = NRRL B-24203(T)).     

Aeromonas tecta sp. nov., isolated from clinical and environmental sources

Five Aeromonas strains, isolated from both clinical and environmental sources and characterized by a polyphasic approach, including phylogenetic analysis derived from gyrB, rpoD, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization, extensive biochemical and antibiotic susceptibility tests, were recognized as members of an unknown, or undescribed, Aeromonas species. These "Aeromonas eucrenophila-like" strains were closely related to the species A. eucrenophila and Aeromonas encheleia, but they were negative for indole and acid from glycerol tests. Therefore, based on the results of the phylogenetic analyses and DNA-DNA pairing data of these strains, a novel species of the genus Aeromonas is described, for which the name Aeromonas tecta is proposed with isolate F518(T) (CECT7082(T), DSM17300(T), MDC91(T)) as the type strain.