中国野生稻资源考察、鉴定和保存概况

本综述了我国野生稻种质资源的考察收集、农艺性状鉴定、编目、繁种、入库保存等情况。到目前为止,我国收集了野生稻种资源近万份,编目7324份,种子入国家种质库长期保存5599份,种茎进国家野生稻圃长期保存8933份,显示出我国野生稻资源丰富的遗传多样性,并得到较完善的保存。介绍了鉴定选出的一批具有优良性状的种质资源。作还提出加强野生稻资源保护和研究的6点建议。     

五味子种质资源及其利用概况

五味子作为药用已有二千多年的历史 ,而将五味子用于制酒和饮料 ,则始于二十世纪五十年代。六十至七十年代 ,科学工作者对其有效成份及药理进行了大量的实验研究 ,用现代科学手段进一步确认了五味子的食疗价值 ,随着对五味子认识的逐步深入 ,它日益被受到重视。Ｚｙｋｌａ .Ｄ (196 9)和郝瑞(196 2、196 3、1982 )都曾指出 ,药食兼用的五味子更应该作为一种浆果资源进行开发利用。目前 ,五味子已同沙棘、越桔、刺梨等一批重要野生果树正在发展成为新兴的第三代果树 ,并始进入品种化 ,栽培化和综合开发的新阶段。1　五味子种质资源及其分布五…     

广东省蔬菜种质资源收集保存与鉴定利用

2002-2004年,广东省农业科学院蔬菜研究所引进收集蔬菜种质资源501份,对已有的1642份蔬菜种质进行了繁种和农艺性状鉴定,入广东省蔬菜种质资源库（GVG）保存蔬菜种质1400份,同时对182份蔬菜种质资源进行了抗病性鉴定或营养品质分析,从中鉴定出高抗资源8份,抗病资源16份;完成了广东省蔬菜种质资源数据库的构建,其中包含了1019份已入库保存蔬菜种质的植株或果实图片,实现了广东省蔬菜种质资源数据网上共享。2003-2005年,共有12个利用优异蔬菜种质资源育成的蔬菜新品种通过广东省或国家农作物品种审定。     

不同来源甜高粱种质资源的表型遗传多样性分析

通过对主要农艺性状的方差分析及聚类分析,对194份不同来源的甜高粱种质资源进行了表型性状的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,不同来源品种间的性状差异较大,与中国品种相比,国外品种具有植株高大、生物产量高及含糖量高等优异性状,可用于国内资源的种质创新及品种改良。遗传距离为0.66时将所有资源划分为6类,各类群主要按农艺性状进行了划分。研究结果将为杂交育种的亲本选择提供理论参考。     

中国黍稷种质资源研究与利用

历时22年,从全国23省(区)搜集黍稷种质资源8515份,并进行了16项农艺性状鉴定,编写中国黍稷品种资源目录,繁种入国家长期库贮存.对其中6000余份种质资源进行了蛋白质、脂肪、赖氨酸分析,耐盐鉴定和抗黑穗病鉴定,筛选出一批单一性状突出和综合性状优良的优异资源,有5份直接提供生产利用,其中3份被农业部评为1级和2级优异种质资源,在全国大面积推广种植.优异种质资源提供育种单位利用后在全国培育出43个优良品种,成为当地的主干品种,取得明显的经济和社会效益.     

我国水稻种质资源创新研究与利用进展

农业种质资源主要包括农作物、畜禽、农业微生物和药用植物等种质资源。截止到2023年,我国保存的作物种质资源有超过54万份,其中有8万多份是水稻种质资源,如何对这么庞大的水稻种质资源进行精确评价与利用,这将对今后水稻种质创新与育种具有重要意义。本文梳理了我国水稻种质资源收集、评价与精确鉴定、水稻新品系创制、水稻杂种优势利用、水稻种质创制新技术、新方法以及水稻优异基因资源的挖掘与利用等方面的进展,并归纳形成了水稻种质资源创制与利用的新模式。最后,本文就当前水稻核心种质构建、种质资源鉴定与挖掘以及种质资源共享共赢机制等方面的问题进行了探讨,并就如何加强专用型核心种资的构建、种质资源的精确鉴定、种质资源的创新研究、种质资源的共享机制以及种质资源的合作交流进行了分析与展望,以期为进一步深入开展水稻种质资源鉴定评价与创新利用提供一定的参考和帮助。     

沙枣种质资源特性及利用价值

沙枣属胡颓子科,胡颓子属落叶乔木,是西部地区的主要树种.综述了近20年来国内对沙枣品种资源、地理分布、生物学特性、经济价值及生态价值等方面的研究成果.     

茶梅品种资源的收集保存、鉴定评价及种质创新

综述了国内外茶梅品种的收集保存、鉴定评价及种质创新工作,其中上海市农业生物基因中心自2002年起,共收集国内外茶梅品种80余种,建立品种资源基地并对其进行了鉴定评价,筛选出3个适于上海地区的品种,并登录新品种1个。     

我国麻类作物种质资源保护与利用研究进展

总结了我国麻类种质资源在收集保存、繁殖更新、鉴定评价和分发利用等方面的最新进展.10年来,新增麻类种质697份,保存资源数量增至9764份,居世界第1位;繁殖更新麻类资源5343份次,基本解决了麻类资源安全保存和供种等问题;完成农艺性状、经济性状及特性鉴定6543份次,筛选出麻类优异种质296份;向全国50家单位分发种质4296份次,资源利用效率大幅提高.并针对当前存在的问题,提出了下一步工作的明确目标和任务.     

中国黍稷种质资源耐盐性鉴定

对来源于我国14省(区)的6518份黍稷种质资源,以苗期耐盐级别作为综合评价的标准,通过3次耐盐性鉴定,筛选出高度耐盐种质22份,占鉴定种质总数的0.34%,耐盐种质120份,占1.84%。这些种质在遗传育种和生产中具有极高的利用价值,是珍贵的耐盐育种材料。     

在甜高粱上利用杂种优势的探讨

从1978年起,配制了甜×甜、甜×不甜、不甜×甜的三种类型百余个杂交组合,观察高粱杂交种糖分含量的变化,以了解杂种优势在该性状上的表现。试验表明应用三系培育甜高粱杂交种,同粒用高梁一样具有明显的杂种优势,主要表现在生活力及生产力的提高。在与糖产量有关的三因素中,以单(株)秆重的优势最为显著;杂交种的含糖量,一般表现为介于双亲之间;茎秆汁液的多少,关键是选择实心、多汁、高糖的亲本及其组配方式。提高单位面积产糖量,主要是通过增加茎秆总收获量来实现。     

甜高粱茎秆糖锤度配合力的测定

经测定,本试验各参试甜高梁品种茎秆糖锤度性状的配合力效应及其相对效应值存在显著差别。在亲本不育系中以 Tx625A 为最高(4.44、45.16%);在亲本恢复系中以4035为最高(2.01、20.44%)。由于双亲的交互作用,各组合之特殊配合力相对效应值,以 Tx622A×4034最高,为28.99%,其次是 Tx625A×4008,为19.83%。说明在应用三系选育甜高粱杂交种时,为了获得高锤度的组合,特殊配合力相对效应值高是重要的指标,关键在于亲本的选择及其组配方式。     

Biorefinery of sweet sorghum stem

Sweet sorghum has been considered as a viable energy crop for alcohol fuel production. This review discloses a novel approach for the biorefining of sweet sorghum stem to produce multiple valuable products, such as ethanol, butanol and wood plastic composites. Sweet sorghum stem has a high concentration of soluble sugars in its juice, which can be fermented to produce ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In order to obtain high ethanol yield and fermentation rates, concentrated juice with an initial total sugar concentration of 300gL(-1) was fermented. The maximum ethanol concentration after 54h reached 140gL(-1) with a yield of 0.49g ethanol per g consumed sugar, which is 97% of the theoretical value. Sweet sorghum bagasse, obtained from juice squeezing, was pretreated by acetic acid to hydrolyze 80-90% of the contained hemicelluloses. Using this hydrolysate as raw material (total sugar 55gL(-1)), 19.21gL(-1) total solvent (butanol 9.34g, ethanol 2.5g, and acetone 7.36g) was produced by Clostridium acetobutylicum. The residual bagasse after pretreatment was extruded with PLA in a twin-screw extruder to produce a final product having a PLA: fiber ratio of 2:1, a tensile strength of 49.5M and a flexible strength of 65MPa. This product has potential use for applications where truly biodegradable materials are required. This strategy for sustainability is crucial for the industrialization of biofuels from sweet sorghum.     

The effects of four different pretreatments on enzymatic hydrolysis of sweet sorghum bagasse

Four pretreatment processes including ionic liquids, steam explosion, lime, and dilute acid were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of sweet sorghum bagasse. Compared with the other three pretreatment approaches, steam-explosion pretreatment showed the greatest improvement on enzymatic hydrolysis of the bagasse. The maximum conversion of cellulose and the concentration of glucose obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of steam explosion bagasse reached 70% and 25 g/L, respectively, which were both 2.5 times higher than those of the control (27% and 11 g/L). The results based on the analysis of SEM photos, FTIR, XRD and NMR detection suggested that both the reduction of crystallite size of cellulose and cellulose degradation from the Iα and Iβ to the Fibril surface cellulose and amorphous cellulose were critical for enzymatic hydrolysis. These pretreatments disrupted the crystal structure of cellulose and increased the available surface area, which made the cellulose better accessible for enzymatic hydrolysis.     

Assessment of genetic diversity and relationship among a collection of US sweet sorghum germplasm by SSR markers

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a type of cultivated sorghums and has been recognized widely as potential alternative source of bio-fuel because of its high fermentable sugar content in the stalk. A substantial variation of sugar content and related traits is known to exist in US sweet sorghum. The objectives of the study were to assess the genetic diversity and relationship among the US sweet sorghum cultivars and lines using SSR markers and to examine the genetic variability within sweet sorghum accessions for sugar content. Sixty-eight sweet sorghum and four grain sorghum cultivars and lines were genotyped with 41 SSR markers that generated 132 alleles with an average of 3.22 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value, a measure of gene diversity, was 0.40 with a range of 0.03–0.87. The genetic similarity co-efficient was estimated based on the segregation of the 132 SSR alleles. Clustering analysis based on the genetic similarity (GS) grouped the 72 sorghum accessions into 10 distinct clusters. Grouping based on clustering analysis was in good agreement with available pedigree and genetic background information. The study has revealed the genetic relationship of cultivars with unknown parentage to those with known parentage. A number of diverse pairs of sweet sorghum accessions were identified which were polymorphic at many SSR loci and significantly different for sugar content as well. Information generated from this study can be used to select parents for hybrid development to maximize the sugar content and total biomass, and development of segregating populations to map genes controlling sugar content in sweet sorghum.     

Energy analysis of ethanol production from sweet sorghum

The Piedmont System is a collection of equipment for efficiently removing the juice from sweet sorghum stalks for the production of ethanol. The concept is to separate the whole stalks into pith and rind-leaf fractions, pass only the pith fraction through a screw press, and thus achieve an improvement in juice-expression efficiency and press capacity. An energy analysis was done for two options of this proposed harvesting/processing system: (Option 1) The juice is evaporated to syrup and used throughout the year to produce ethanol, and the by-products are used as cattle feed. (Option 2) The juice is fermented as it is harvested, and the by-products (along with other cellulosic materials) are used as feedstock for the remainder of the year. Energy ratios (energy output/energy input) of 0·9, 1·1 and 0·8 were found for sweet sorghum Option 1, sweet sorghum Option 2, and corn, respectively, as feedstocks for ethanol. If only liquid fuels are considered, the ratios are increased to 3·5, 7·9 and 4·5.     

Ethanol production from sweet sorghum juice using very high gravity technology: Effects of carbon and nitrogen supplementations

Ethanol production from sweet sorghum juice by Saccharomyces cerevisiae NP01 was investigated under very high gravity (VHG) fermentation and various carbon adjuncts and nitrogen sources. When sucrose was used as an adjunct, the sweet sorghum juice containing total sugar of 280 g l⁻¹, 3 g yeast extract l⁻¹ and 5 g peptone l⁻¹ gave the maximum ethanol production efficiency with concentration, productivity and yield of 120.68 ± 0.54 g l⁻¹, 2.01 ± 0.01 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 0.51 ± 0.00 g g⁻¹, respectively. When sugarcane molasses was used as an adjunct, the juice under the same conditions gave the maximum ethanol concentration, productivity and yield with the values of 109.34 ± 0.78 g l⁻¹, 1.52 ± 0.01 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 0.45 ± 0.01 g g⁻¹, respectively. In addition, ammonium sulphate was not suitable for use as a nitrogen supplement in the sweet sorghum juice for ethanol production since it caused the reduction in ethanol concentration and yield for approximately 14% when compared to those of the unsupplemented juices.     

Deep-bed solid state fermentation of sweet sorghum stalk to ethanol by thermotolerant Issatchenkia orientalis IPE 100

A solid state fermentation (SSF) of sweet sorghum stalk to ethanol was conducted in 250-mL flask using thermotolerant Issatchenkia orientalis IPE 100, and the optimal operation parameters were determined as 42°C fermentation temperature, 75% (w/w) water content, 2mm particle size and 3% (w/w) inoculation rate in 250-mL conical flask. When the SSF was scaled up from the flask to a 10-L bioreactor, temperature gradient in the substrate bed was observed due to heat accumulation in the bioreactor. The temperature gradient was dependent on both substrate depth and operation temperature. Due to high thermotolerance of the strain IPE 100, a deep-bed SSF of sweet sorghum stalk was developed in the bioreactor. The highest ethanol yield of 0.25 g-ethanol/g-dry stalk was obtained at 37°C with 15-20 cm substrate depth in the bioreactor. These results provided a great potential for large-scale deep-bed SSF in practice.     

中国能源作物甜高粱的空间适宜分布及乙醇生产潜力

甜高粱作为能源作物在世界范围内广受关注,但目前对于甜高粱的空间分布及乙醇生产潜力尚缺乏专门的定量研究。依据气候、土壤、地形和土地利用等空间数据以及相关文献资料,探讨了甜高粱在中国的空间适宜分布。研究表明,我国大部分区域均可种植甜高粱;其中可种植的未利用地面积达5919.2×104hm2,主要集中于新疆和内蒙古等省区;而最适宜甜高粱种植的未利用地面积为286.7×104hm2,主要分布在黑龙江、内蒙古、山东和吉林等地。中国未利用地甜高粱乙醇生产潜力较大,在不考虑其它社会经济限制因素下,总乙醇生产潜力可达11838.5×104t以上。最适宜未利用地的甜高粱乙醇生产潜力为573.4×104-2637.8×104t,平均为1075.2×104t,可满足中国目前E20乙醇汽油84.8%的需求。如在适宜性较差和较适宜的未利用地种植甜高粱,应充分考虑开发成本和能源投入等问题。     

甜高粱填充甘蔗榨期生产燃料乙醇的可行性

为了探讨在甘蔗产区种植甜高粱填充甘蔗压榨期,利用现有压榨设备生产燃料乙醇的可行性,2008年选用15个早、中、晚熟甜高粱品种在广西柳州进行了分期播种试验,从3月到9月,共播种7次,研究不同播期对茎秆产量、籽粒产量、茎秆糖锤度、叶片产量等的影响。研究表明,3～8月播种,所有参试品种均能正常生长,9月底播种,所有品种均不能正常成熟。茎秆鲜产最高的品种是Sart和PT3-S,平均单季茎秆产量分别为79.28 t/hm2和78.58 t/hm2,双季茎秆鲜产分别为157.95 t/hm2和155.25 t/hm2。从6月底开始,早熟品种开始成熟,之后,不同品种陆续成熟,一直到12月底,均有品种可以收获。年度双季乙醇产量最高产量可达9.14 t/hm2。此外,还估算了木质纤维素产量,讨论了甘蔗区发展甜高粱填充甘蔗空榨期生产燃料乙醇的可行性以及甜高粱综合利用的潜力。