Explaining Sleep Duration in Adolescents: The Impact of Socio‐Demographic and Lifestyle Factors and Working Status

Previous studies found students who both work and attend school undergo a partial sleep deprivation that accumulates across the week. The aim of the present study was to obtain information using a questionnaire on a number of variables (e.g., socio‐demographics, lifestyle, work timing, and sleep‐wake habits) considered to impact on sleep duration of working (n=51) and non‐working (n=41) high‐school students aged 14–21 yrs old attending evening classes (19:00–22:30 h) at a public school in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected for working days and days off. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the factors associated with sleep duration on weekdays and weekends. Work, sex, age, smoking, consumption of alcohol and caffeine, and physical activity were considered control variables. Significant predictors of sleep duration were: work (p < 0.01), daily work duration (8–10 h/day; p < 0.01), sex (p=0.04), age 18–21 yrs (0.01), smoking (p=0.02) and drinking habits (p=0.03), irregular physical exercise (p < 0.01), ease of falling asleep (p=0.04), and the sleep‐wake cycle variables of napping (p < 0.01), nocturnal awakenings (p < 0.01), and mid‐sleep regularity (p < 0.01). The results confirm the hypotheses that young students who work and attend school showed a reduction in night‐time sleep duration. Sleep deprivation across the week, particularly in students working 8–10 h/day, is manifested through a sleep rebound (i.e., extended sleep duration) on Saturdays. However, the different roles played by socio‐demographic and lifestyle variables have proven to be factors that intervene with nocturnal sleep duration. The variables related to the sleep‐wake cycle—naps and night awakenings—proved to be associated with a slight reduction in night‐time sleep, while regularity in sleep and wake‐up schedules was shown to be associated with more extended sleep duration, with a distinct expression along the week and the weekend. Having to attend school and work, coupled with other socio‐demographic and lifestyle factors, creates an unfavorable scenario for satisfactory sleep duration.     

Differences in abuse reported by female and male Canadian medical students.

OBJECTIVE: To assess differences between male and female medical students concerning their experiences of abuse during training in a large Canadian medical school. DESIGN: Voluntary, anonymous cross-sectional survey of first- and fourth-year medical students during February 1991. SETTING: University of Toronto School of Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Of 396 first- and fourth-year students surveyed after one of their regular classes, 347 (117 women, 230 men) completed the questionnaire. INTERVENTION: A 165-item, multiple-choice questionnaire concerning experiences of verbal or emotional abuse, sexual harassment and physical abuse, completed within 30 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences between male and female respondents in abuse experiences before and during medical training, the relation between abuse before and during training, and the psychologic and behavioural effects of abuse during training. RESULTS: The experiences of the male and female respondents differed mainly in regard to sexual harassment: 42% (49/117) of the women and 11% (25/230) of the men reported sexual harassment before entering medical school (p < 0.0001); 46% (54/117) and 19% (43/230) respectively reported sexual harassment during medical training (p < 0.0001); and women who reported sexual harassment were the only respondents for whom a significant relation was found between abuse before and during training (p < 0.043). The women were more distressed than the men by all forms of abuse. A significant relation was shown between male students who reported experiencing abuse during medical training and mistreating patients (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Female students'' experiences of sexual harassment differed from those of their male counterparts. As well, the female students'' reactions to and ways of coping with all types of abuse differed from those of the male students.     

Correlation between breakfast tryptophan content and morning-evening in Japanese infants and students aged 0-15 yrs

Tryptophan can be metabolized via 5-hydroxytryptamine=serotonin to melatonin by a series of 4 enzymes in pineal body. Lack of serotonin in body fluid in the brain during daytime can lead to several psychiatric disorders, while shortage of plasma-melatonin at night can be related to sleep disorders. The Morning-Evening (M-E) questionnaire and the original questionnaire including questions on sleep habits, mental symptoms, and contents of meals were administered to 1055 infants aged 0-6 yrs, 751 students attending an elementary school, and 473 students attending junior high school in Kochi City (33 degrees N). The index of tryptophan taken at breakfast (Trp-Index) was calculated as tryptophan amount per one meal based on the tryptophan included in each 100 g of the foods and a standard amount of food per one meal. A significant positive-correlation between M-E scores and Trp-Index was not shown by relatively older students, aged 9-15 yrs (Pearson's test, r=0.044-0.123, p=0.071-0.505), whereas a significant positive correlation was shown by infants and young elementary school students aged 0-8 yrs (r=0.180, 0.258, p<0.001). The more frequently the infants had difficulty falling asleep at bedtime and waking up in the morning, the less the Trp-Indices taken at breakfast were (Kruskall-Wallis-test, p=0.027 for difficulty falling asleep; p=0.008 for difficulty waking up). The more frequently infants became angry even by a little trigger, or depressed, the lower (more evening-typed) the M-E scores were (Kruskal-Wallis test: p相似文献   

Active transportation to school over 2 years in relation to weight status and physical activity

Objective: To prospectively examine potential benefits of active commuting to school on measures of weight status and physical activity in a sample of youth. Research Methods and Procedures: A cohort of students from seven elementary schools was measured four times—in the fall and spring of fourth grade (N = 1083) and fifth grade (N = 924). Participants were classified as active (walking, biking, or skateboarding to school almost every day for baseline analyses or at least 2 d/wk for analyses of consistent active commuting) or non‐active commuters to school. Accelerometers were used to measure physical activity. Height, weight, and skinfolds were objectively assessed. Results: Boys who actively commuted to school had lower BMI (p < 0.01) and skinfolds (p < 0.05) than non‐active commuters to school in the fourth grade. Active commuting to school over 2 years was not associated with BMI change or overweight status. Discussion: Walking and cycling to school may contribute to preventing excessive weight gain, or leaner children may walk or cycle to school.     

家庭功能、父母教养方式及夫妻关系对青少年社会适应性的预测

目的:探讨青少年社会适应性状况以及家庭功能、父母教养方式、父母夫妻关系对社会适应性的预测.方法:采用分层随机取样,抽取452名12-18岁的中学生,用中学生社会适应性量表、家庭功能评定量表、简式父母教养方式问卷及Olson婚姻质量问卷中的两个维度进行调查.结果:①夫妻交流(β=0.098,P＜0.05)、情感温暖(β=0.266,P＜0.001)、沟通(β=-0.240,P＜0.001)对青少年的心理优越感有显著的预测力;②情感温暖( β=0.211,P＜0.001)、沟通(β=-0.177,P＜0.05)对青少年的心理能量有显著的预测力;③情感温暖(β＝0.171,P＜0.01)、问题解决(β=-0.125,P＜0.05)、角色(β=-0.133,P＜0.05)对青少年的人际适应性有显著的预测力;④夫妻交流(β=0.130,P＜0.01)、解决冲突的方式(β＝-0.102,P＜0.05)、过度保护(β=-0.172,P＜0.001)、情感温暖(β=0.167,P＜0.01)、问题解决(β=-0.116,P＜0.05)对青少年的心理弹性有显著的预测力.结论:家庭功能对青少年社会适应性的预测力最大.     

Delaying and Extending Sleep During Weekends: Sleep Recovery or Circadian Effect?

There is a well-known tendency to delay and prolong our sleep during weekends (Saturday and Sunday), with an advance and reduction of sleep during workdays (Monday to Friday). The objective of this work was to determine if the changes of sleep during weekends are produced by a partial sleep deprivation or a lack of entraining of circadian rhythms to an advanced phase, during workdays. The subjects were 52 undergraduate female students, mean age = 17.5 years, SD = 1.32. All students attended school following a regular schedule, from Monday to Friday. Two groups of students were studied: one attended school from 07:00 to 12:00 h (morning group, n = 30); the other attended school from 14:00 to 18:00 (afternoon group, n = 22). None of the students worked or was engaged in other activity with a fixed schedule. All kept a sleep-wake diary for 2 weeks, in which they recorded their bedtimes, wakeup times, and sleep-onset latencies. The morning group delayed 47.4 min [t(29) = 4.72, p < 0.0001] and prolonged their sleep 118.2 min [t(29) = 9.4, p < 0.0001] during weekends. Although the afternoon group had the opportunity to maintain a delayed phase and a long sleep time throughout the week, they delayed their bedtime by 24 min [t(21) = 2.99, p < 0.01] during weekends, without changing their sleep duration. The findings suggest that the prolonged sleep during weekends is due to reduction of sleep during workdays, whereas the delay of bedtime seems to be associated with a tendency of the human circadian system to maintain a delayed phase     

Explaining sleep duration in adolescents: the impact of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and working status

Previous studies found students who both work and attend school undergo a partial sleep deprivation that accumulates across the week. The aim of the present study was to obtain information using a questionnaire on a number of variables (e.g., socio-demographics, lifestyle, work timing, and sleep-wake habits) considered to impact on sleep duration of working (n = 51) and non-working (n = 41) high-school students aged 14-21 yrs old attending evening classes (19:00-22:30 h) at a public school in the city of S?o Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected for working days and days off. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the factors associated with sleep duration on weekdays and weekends. Work, sex, age, smoking, consumption of alcohol and caffeine, and physical activity were considered control variables. Significant predictors of sleep duration were: work ( p < 0.01), daily work duration (8-10 h/day; p < 0.01), sex ( p = 0.04), age 18-21 yrs (0.01), smoking( p = 0.02) and drinking habits ( p = 0.03), irregular physical exercise (p < 0.01), ease of falling asleep ( p = 0.04), and the sleep-wake cycle variables of napping ( p < 0.01), nocturnal awakenings ( p < 0.01), and mid-sleep regularity ( p < 0.01). The results confirm the hypotheses that young students who work and attend school showed a reduction in night-time sleep duration. Sleep deprivation across the week, particularly in students working 8-10 h/day, is manifested through a sleep rebound (i.e., extended sleep duration) on Saturdays. However, the different roles played by socio-demographic and lifestyle variables have proven to be factors that intervene with nocturnal sleep duration. The variables related to the sleep-wake cycle-naps and night awakenings-proved to be associated with a slight reduction in night-time sleep, while regularity in sleep and wake-up schedules was shown to be associated with more extended sleep duration, with a distinct expression along the week and the weekend. Having to attend school and work, coupled with other sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, creates an unfavorable scenario for satisfactory sleep duration.     

抑郁症患者儿童期受虐对单胺类神经递质及相关因素的影响

目的：探索抑郁症患者儿童期受虐对血清5．羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine5-HT）、多巴胺（Dopamine DA）和去甲肾上腺素（Norepinephrine NE）水平及相关因素的影响。方法：对101例抑郁症患者采用儿童受虐问卷（CTQ）、24项汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD24）、自杀意念量表（SIOSS）及Beck绝望量表（BHS）评定儿童期受虐程度,抑郁严重程度,自杀意念强度和绝望严重程度。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELLSA）测定血清5-HT、DA和NE水平。根据CTQ评分将总分≥50分,分量表≥10分定为被虐待。结果：（1）情感忽视组血清5-HT和DA水平明显低于无忽视组（35．63±62．43,62．58±79．50;P〈0．05;4．08±6．30ng／1,7．61±11．47ng／1,P〈0．05）,受虐组血清NE水平虽高于无受虐组但无统计学意义;（2）情感受虐组和躯体受虐组的HAMD24评分明显高于无受虐组（30．60±9．84,26．77±6．54P〈0．05;31．00±9．59,27．79±8．23;P〈0．05）．遭受性虐待组SIOSS评分明显高于无虐待组（17．07±3．29,14．26±3．63,P〈0．01）。情感受虐组BHS评分明显高于无受虐组（12．13±3．32,10．35±4．30,P〈0．05）（3）儿童期情感被忽视和躯体被虐待评分与BHS评分呈明显正相关（r=0．22,r=0．23,P〈0．05）,被性虐待程度与SIOSS评分有明显相关（r=0．35,P〈0．01）。结论：儿童期情感被忽视的抑郁症患者血清5-HT和DA水平偏低,儿童期受虐的抑郁症患者可能存在下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的不稳定。儿童期受虐是抑郁发作的危险因素并有更严重的抑郁症状。     

Relation between lean body mass and thyroid volume in competition rowers before and during intensive physical training.

OBJECTIVE: Lean body mass is a better determinant of thyroid size than body weight as demonstrated in a previous crosssectional study. We now evaluated if intra-individual changes in body composition and especially changes in lean body mass, due to physical training, could give rise to changes in thyroid volume. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We investigated 17 freshmen (group 1) before and after six months of competition rowing; controls (group II) were 19 senior rowers, already participating in a training program for more than 2 years. RESULTS: In group I body weight (BW; p < 0.01), lean body mass (LBM; p < 0.05), fat weight (FW; p < 0.05), body mass index (BMI; p < 0.01) and thyroid volume (TV; p = 0.08) all decreased; in group II body composition and thyroid volume did not change at all during the 6 months observation period. Whereas serum TSH and T3 did not change, free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations increased slightly in both groups (p < 0.01), presumably caused by the combination of exercise and insufficient energy intake. Taking together all subjects, baseline TV was directly related to BW (r = 0.35, p<0.05), to LBM (r=0.40, p<0.05) and to BMI (r=0.43, p < 0.01) but not to FW (r = - 0.06, NS). The decrease in thyroid volume was related to the decrease in LBM (r = 0.32, p = 0.05), in BW (r = 0.49, p < 0.005), in FW (r = 0.42, p = 0.01) and in BMI (r = 0.53, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After a six-month period of intensive physical training, changes in thyroid volume correlate directly with changes in body composition.     

The dynamics of the psychophysiological state of navigator students on a voyage

The dynamics of the state of health and the changes in the autonomic index and emotional state in students of the Marine University during practical training on board the training sailing vessel Nadezhda were studied. Three series of studies were performed: at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the voyage. It was established that deterioration of the psychophysiological state began to manifest itself at the end of the third or the beginning of the fourth month of the voyage (revealing persons with a considerable disturbance of health; a decrease in the number of normotonics among the subjects; an increase in the number of vagotonics with an extremely low general index of sympathicotonia; and an increase in the coefficients of maladaptation, stress, and resistance). The emotional background throughout the voyage was positive; however, apathy and a striving for rest and solitude could manifest themselves at the initial stage of the voyage; an outburst of emotional activity (criticalness, aggressiveness, activity, inquisitiveness) in the middle of the voyage; and an inclination for daydreaming, a contemplative perception of the world, and a lack of initiative at the final stage.     

Sleep Duration,Schedule and Quality among Urban Chinese Children and Adolescents: Associations with Routine After-School Activities

Background

With rapid urbanization accompanied by lifestyle changes, children and adolescents living in metropolitan areas are faced with many time use choices that compete with sleep. This study reports on the sleep hygiene of urban Chinese school students, and investigates the relationship between habitual after-school activities and sleep duration, schedule and quality on a regular school day.

Methods

Cross-sectional, school-based survey of school children (Grades 4–8) living in Shanghai, China, conducted in 2011. Self-reported data were collected on students’ sleep duration and timing, sleep quality, habitual after-school activities (i.e. homework, leisure-time physical activity, recreational screen time and school commuting time), and potential correlates.

Results

Mean sleep duration of this sample (mean age: 11.5-years; 48.6% girls) was 9 hours. Nearly 30% of students reported daytime tiredness. On school nights, girls slept less (p<0.001) and went to bed later (p<0.001), a sex difference that was more pronounced in older students. Age by sex interactions were observed for both sleep duration (p=0.005) and bedtime (p=0.002). Prolonged time spent on homework and mobile phone playing was related to shorter sleep duration and later bedtime. Adjusting for all other factors, with each additional hour of mobile phone playing, the odds of daytime tiredness and having difficulty maintaining sleep increased by 30% and 27% among secondary students, respectively.

Conclusion

There are sex differences in sleep duration, schedule and quality. Habitual activities had small but significant associations with sleep hygiene outcomes especially among secondary school students. Intervention strategies such as limiting children’s use of electronic screen devices after school are implicated.     

Age-developmental stage and severity of trauma related symptoms, anxiety and depressive symptoms in participants who lost their fathers during the war in Croatia

Children of different ages will experience a traumatic event in a different ways. The most important in the generalization of research findings is recognizing that children of different ages think differently, act differently and have different emotional functioning. Experiences that are extremely traumatic to an adult may be perceived by a young child as something that is not so frightening. The fear that the child feels will more frequently be a reflection of that of the adult rather than generated by the child's own perception of the event. So, the individual experience of the trauma is age dependent. Our study focused on children who lost their fathers in conditions of war The aim was to explore the association between age-developmental stages and the severity of trauma related symptoms, anxiety and depressive symptoms in participants who lost their fathers during the war. The study included 103 people who lost their fathers during the war in Croatia, who came to the physical and psychiatric examination organized by the Ministry of Family, War Veterans and Intergenerational Solidarity. The sample was consisted of the participants who were children, or not born yet, at the time when they lost their fathers during the war in Croatia. At the time of interview, the participants were aged between 15 and 35 years old. Data was collected using a structured clinical interview which also included socio-demographic data. Data about former and current psychiatric symptoms were collected using the following instruments: Clinician- Administrated PTSD Scale (CAPS), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), Hamilton depression scale (HAMD). Results showed that there was significant correlation between age and results on used scales. The participants who lost their fathers at a very young age or even before they were born showed less trauma symptoms (r=0.249; p < 0.05) less anxiety (r=0.374; p < 0.01) and depressive (r=0.384; p<0.01) symptoms than participants who lost their fathers at an older age. The study confirmed that the individual experience of the trauma of losing a father in war circumstances is associated with age.     

Couples facing death. II--Unsatisfactory communication.

Forty-one couples facing the prospect of separation by death were interviewed about how the nature and prognosis of their illness had been discussed with them by their general practitioner hospital staff, and the staff of the continuing care unit to which they were admitted. Communication between husband and wife and how they coped with telling their parents and their children was also assessed. Treatment was given when they were anxious or dissatisfied about the quality of communication in any of these areas. The couples found hospital doctors least successful at communication. Almost all who were dissatisfied wanted more information, not less. The wish to protect dependent relatives conflicted with the wish to be open, making decisions very difficult. Considerable suffering is caused by poor communication, and much of this is avoidable.     

Childhood Psychological,Physical, and Sexual Maltreatment in Outpatients with Binge Eating Disorder: Frequency and Associations with Gender,Obesity, and Eating‐Related Psychopathology

Objective: To examine rates of reported childhood maltreatment in binge eating disorder (BED), and to explore associations with obesity, gender, eating disorder features, and associated functioning. Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 145 consecutive outpatients with BED as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4^th edition. Subjects were interviewed and they completed questionnaires to assess eating disorder features and functioning. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was given to assess childhood maltreatment in five domains (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect). Results: A total of 83% of BED patients reported some form of childhood maltreatment. A total of 59% of BED patients reported emotional abuse, 36% reported physical abuse, 30% reported sexual abuse, 69% reported emotional neglect, and 49% reported physical neglect. There were no differences in the distribution of any form of childhood maltreatment by gender or by obesity status. The different forms of maltreatment were not associated with variability in current body mass index, binge eating, or in the attitudinal features of eating disorders. Only one of the five forms of maltreatment (physical neglect) was associated with dietary restraint in women. Emotional abuse was significantly associated with greater body dissatisfaction, higher depression, and lower self‐esteem in men and women and sexual abuse was associated with greater body dissatisfaction in men. The different forms of maltreatment were unrelated to the age at onset of overweight, dieting, or binge eating. Discussion: BED outpatients reported a wide range of childhood experiences of maltreatment that do not differ by gender or obesity status. Different forms of maltreatment were not associated with the onset of overweight, dieting, or binge eating, or with variability in current body mass index or eating disorder features (except for one association between physical neglect and dietary restraint). Reports of emotional abuse were associated with greater body dissatisfaction and depression and lower self‐esteem in men and women and sexual abuse with greater body dissatisfaction in men.     

SLEEP PATTERNS IN HIGH SCHOOL AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

We performed a longitudinal study to investigate whether changes in social zeitgebers and age alter sleep patterns in students during the transition from high school to university. Actimetry was performed on 24 high-school students (mean age?±?SD: 18.4?±?0.9 yrs; 12 females) for two weeks. Recordings were repeated in the same subjects 5 yrs later when they were university students. The sleep period duration and its center, the mid-sleep time, and total sleep time were estimated by actimetry. Actigraphic total sleep time was similar when in high school and at the university on school days (6.31?±?0.47 vs. 6.45?±?0.80?h, p?=?ns) and longer on leisure days by 1.10?±?1.10?h (p?<?0.0001 vs. school days) when in high school, but not at the university. Compared to the high school situation, the mid-sleep time was delayed when at the university on school days (03∶11?±?0.6 vs. 03∶55?±?0.7?h, p?<?0.0001), but not on leisure days. Individual mid-sleep times on school and leisure days when in high school were significantly correlated with the corresponding values 5 yrs later when at the university (r?=?0.58 and r?=?0.55, p?<?0.05, respectively). The large differences in total sleep time between school and leisure days when students attended high school and the delayed mid-sleep time on school days when students attended university are consistent with a circadian phase shift due to changes in class schedules, other zeitgebers, and lifestyle preferences. Age-related changes may also have occurred, although some individuality of the sleep pattern was maintained during the 5 yr study span. These findings have important implications for optimizing school and work schedules in students of different age and level of education. (Author correspondence: pneubloc@usz.uzh.ch)     

Selection of buffalo bulls: Sexual behavior and its relationship to semen production and fertility

Forty-four buffalo bulls, used for artificial insemination, were studied to develop libido, mating ability and sexual behavior indices for selection purposes. For each index, 5 categories (i.e., excellent, very good, good, fair and poor) were established. The sexual behavior index was found to be more reliable than the libido and mating ability indices. Buffalo bulls in good to excellent categories were considered acceptable sires.

Reaction time, sexual aggressiveness, and scores of libido, mating ability and sexual behavior differed significantly among the various categories of the 3 indices. Libido significantly correlated with mating ability (r=0.89; P<0.001). Sexual behavior expressed significant relationship with age (r=0.41; P<0.01) and body weight (r=0.48; P<0.01), but was nonsignificant with the scrotal circumference (r=0.28; P>0.05) of buffalo bulls. However, these relationships were absent (P>0.05) in the acceptable sires. Semen production was correlated with sexual behavior in only the fair and poor categories of buffalo bulls (r=0.84; P<0.005). Sexual behavior had no relationship with the fertility rate of buffalo bulls (r=0.44; P>0.05). It is concluded that the sexual behavior index can be used successfully for the selection of buffalo bulls. Excellent- to good bulls should be used in an artificial breeding program if they qualify in the other selection indices.     

Sleep duration and social jetlag are independently associated with anxious symptoms in adolescents

Although short total sleep time (TST) is associated with increased anxious symptoms in adolescents, it is unknown whether social jetlag, a misalignment between sleep timing on the weekend and school week, is independently associated with anxious symptoms. In the current study, sleep timing, anxious symptoms, and demographic information were assessed from 3097 adolescents (48% female, mean ± SD age 15.59 ± .77 years) from the age 15 wave of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Social jetlag was calculated as the absolute value of the midpoint of sleep on the weekend minus the midpoint of sleep during the school week. Anxious symptoms were measured through the 6-item anxiety subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory 18. We assessed associations between sleep variables and anxious symptoms using multiple linear regression. Adjusted analyses controlled for sex, race/ethnicity, age in years, body mass index percentile, number of other children below the age of 18 in the household, and primary caregiver (PCG) married/cohabiting with youth’s biological parent, PCG employment status, PCG household income and PCG education level. In fully adjusted models (R² = .034), school night TST (b = ?.04, ?R² = .005, p < .001) was negatively associated with anxiety symptoms, while social jetlag (b = .04, ?R² = .009, p < .001) was positively and independently associated with anxiety symptoms. Findings indicate small associations of school night TST and social jetlag with anxious symptoms. Thus, maintenance of optimal emotional health in adolescents may require both sufficient sleep duration and regularity of sleep timing across the week.     

菊花花部特征及花冠精油组分与访花昆虫的相关性

 菊花(Dendranthema morifolium)是异花授粉植物, 具有自交不亲和特性。其自然授粉的主要媒介为蜂类和蝶类。我们对19个菊花品种的花色、花朵繁密度、花冠直径、管状花花盘直径、株高以及花冠精油组分与访花蜂数和访花蝶数的相关性进行了研究。结果表明, 黄花色系较吸引西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)访花; 菊花的花朵繁密度、花冠直径、管状花花盘直径均与访花蜂数有显著相关性, 而株高与访花蜂数无相关性。大红蛱蝶(Vanessa indica)青睐红色花, 其访花蝶数与花朵繁密度、管状花花盘直径均有显著相关性, 而花冠直径和株高与访花蝶数无相关性。经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析得知, 不同菊花品种花冠精油的组分不同, 其主要成分均为单萜和倍半萜类及其含氧衍生物; 并且不同品种含有某些特定的花冠精油组分, 其中樟脑萜(r = –0.909, p<0.05)和6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五酮(r=0.882, p<0.05)与访花蜂数呈一定的相关性, α萜品醇(r=0.979, p<0.01)、顺柠檬烯氧化物(r=0.979, p<0.01)、金合欢烯氧化物(r=0.979, p<0.01)、p-mentha-6,8-dien-2-ol,cis- (r=0.973, p<0.01)、p-menth-1-en-8-ol (r=0.962, p<0.01)和4-萜品烯醇(r=0.957, p<0.05)与访花蝶数呈一定相关性。     

Dream work with children: Perceptions and practices of school mental health professionals.

In this study, 49 public school mental health practitioners (school counselors, school psychologists, and school social workers) completed a survey about working with students’ dreams. The majority of these practitioners reported having at least one student bring up dreams during counseling, more frequently with troubling dreams and nightmares or when coping with grief. Results showed that practitioners were less likely to talk about dreams with students who had been identified with an adjustment disorder, psychosis, or eating disorder; those who were oppositional or ill; and those who struggled with substance abuse problems. Although most practitioners did not feel competent working with children’s dreams and reported minimal training in dream work, they were interested in learning more about children’s dreams and potential uses of dream work in supportive counseling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)