Optimizing Frozen Sample Preparation for Laser Microdissection: Assessment of CryoJane Tape-Transfer System?

Laser microdissection is an invaluable tool in medical research that facilitates collecting specific cell populations for molecular analysis. Diversity of research targets (e.g., cancerous and precancerous lesions in clinical and animal research, cell pellets, rodent embryos, etc.) and varied scientific objectives, however, present challenges toward establishing standard laser microdissection protocols. Sample preparation is crucial for quality RNA, DNA and protein retrieval, where it often determines the feasibility of a laser microdissection project. The majority of microdissection studies in clinical and animal model research are conducted on frozen tissues containing native nucleic acids, unmodified by fixation. However, the variable morphological quality of frozen sections from tissues containing fat, collagen or delicate cell structures can limit or prevent successful harvest of the desired cell population via laser dissection. The CryoJane Tape-Transfer System®, a commercial device that improves cryosectioning outcomes on glass slides has been reported superior for slide preparation and isolation of high quality osteocyte RNA (frozen bone) during laser dissection. Considering the reported advantages of CryoJane for laser dissection on glass slides, we asked whether the system could also work with the plastic membrane slides used by UV laser based microdissection instruments, as these are better suited for collection of larger target areas. In an attempt to optimize laser microdissection slide preparation for tissues of different RNA stability and cryosectioning difficulty, we evaluated the CryoJane system for use with both glass (laser capture microdissection) and membrane (laser cutting microdissection) slides. We have established a sample preparation protocol for glass and membrane slides including manual coating of membrane slides with CryoJane solutions, cryosectioning, slide staining and dissection procedure, lysis and RNA extraction that facilitated efficient dissection and high quality RNA retrieval from CryoJane preparations. CryoJane technology therefore has the potential to facilitate standardization of laser microdissection slide preparation from frozen tissues.     

Isolation of Distinct Cell Populations from the Developing Cerebellum by Microdissection

Microdissection is a novel technique that can isolate specific regions of a tissue and eliminate contamination from cellular sources in adjacent areas. This method was first utilized in the study of Nestin-expressing progenitors (NEPs), a newly identified population of cells in the cerebellar external germinal layer (EGL). Using microdissection in combination with fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS), a pure population of NEPs was collected separately from conventional granule neuron precursors in the EGL and from other contaminating Nestin-expressing cells in the cerebellum. Without microdissection, functional analyses of NEPs would not have been possible with the current methods available, such as Percoll gradient centrifugation and laser capture microdissection. This technique can also be applied for use with various tissues that contain either recognizable regions or fluorescently-labeled cells. Most importantly, a major advantage of this microdissection technique is that isolated cells are living and can be cultured for further experimentation, which is currently not possible with other described methods.     

Optimizing Staining Protocols for Laser Microdissection of Specific Cell Types from the Testis Including Carcinoma In Situ

Microarray and RT-PCR based methods are important tools for analysis of gene expression; however, in tissues containing many different cells types, such as the testis, characterization of gene expression in specific cell types can be severely hampered by noise from other cells. The laser microdissection technology allows for enrichment of specific cell types. However, when the cells are not morphologically distinguishable, it is necessary to use a specific staining method for the target cells. In this study we have tested different fixatives, storage conditions for frozen sections and staining protocols, and present two staining protocols for frozen sections, one for fast and specific staining of fetal germ cells, testicular carcinoma in situ cells, and other cells with embryonic stem cell-like properties that express the alkaline phosphatase, and one for specific staining of lipid droplet-containing cells, which is useful for isolation of the androgen-producing Leydig cells. Both protocols retain a morphology that is compatible with laser microdissection and yield RNA of a quality suitable for PCR and microarray analysis.     

组织单腺体内单细胞的基因变异分析方法

从单细胞尺度进行细胞异质性的分析是深度理解细胞群体关系的关键。组织中的单细胞由于细胞类型不同,尺寸往往相差很大,但是目前常用的基于微孔板和Fluidigm公司的微流控的单细胞组学研究方法,需要入口的单细胞大小相近。本研究以胃组织为例,建立了一种组织单细胞的基因变异分析方法,实现了尺寸差异较大的单细胞的基因变异分析。在该方法中,先将胃组织裂解获得单个腺体,再将单个腺体酶解得到不同大小的腺体内单细胞,然后把这些单细胞铺在聚乙烯萘膜载玻片上,进行激光显微切割分选、全基因组放大,最后测其微卫星的长度。利用该方法,成功在肠上皮化生腺体内部检测到微卫星长度的变化,并灵活地对尺寸差异大的组织细胞以及肠化生腺体细胞进行了精细分析。此外,这种单细胞分析方法还可以对带有不同标记的细胞进行低通量和高通量的基因组分析,为单细胞尺度上的组织异质性研究提供了一种高度灵活的分析方法。     

Resurrection of a Bull by Cloning from Organs Frozen without Cryoprotectant in a ?80°C Freezer for a Decade

Frozen animal tissues without cryoprotectant have been thought to be inappropriate for use as a nuclear donor for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). We report the cloning of a bull using cells retrieved from testicles that had been taken from a dead animal and frozen without cryoprotectant in a −80°C freezer for 10 years. We obtained live cells from defrosted pieces of the spermatic cords of frozen testicles. The cells proliferated actively in culture and were apparently normal. We transferred 16 SCNT embryos from these cells into 16 synchronized recipient animals. We obtained five pregnancies and four cloned calves developed to term. Our results indicate that complete genome sets are maintained in mammalian organs even after long-term frozen-storage without cryoprotectant, and that live clones can be produced from the recovered cells.     

Preventing arginine-to-proline conversion in a cell-line-independent manner during cell cultivation under stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) conditions

Laser capture microdissection of frozen tissue sections allows homogeneous cell populations to be isolated for expression profiling. However, this requires striking a balance between retaining adequate morphology for accurate microdissection and maintaining RNA integrity. Various staining protocols were applied to frozen endometrial carcinoma tissue sections. Although alcohol-based methods were superior to aqueous stains for maintaining RNA integrity, they suffered from irreproducible staining intensity. We developed a modified alcohol-based, buffered cresyl violet staining protocol that provides reproducible staining with minimal RNA degradation suitable for tissues with moderate to high levels of intrinsic RNase activity.     

Targeted tissue proteomic analysis of human astrocytomas

Complicating proteomic analysis of whole tissues is the obvious problem of cell heterogeneity in tissues, which often results in misleading or confusing molecular findings. Thus, the coupling of tissue microdissection for tumor cell enrichment with capillary isotachophoresis-based selective analyte concentration not only serves as a synergistic strategy to characterize low abundance proteins, but it can also be employed to conduct comparative proteomic studies of human astrocytomas. A set of fresh frozen brain biopsies were selectively microdissected to provide an enriched, high quality, and reproducible sample of tumor cells. Despite sharing many common proteins, there are significant differences in the protein expression level among different grades of astrocytomas. A large number of proteins, such as plasma membrane proteins EGFR and Erbb2, are up-regulated in glioblastoma. Besides facilitating the prioritization of follow-on biomarker selection and validation, comparative proteomics involving measurements in changes of pathways are expected to reveal the molecular relationships among different pathological grades of gliomas and potential molecular mechanisms that drive gliomagenesis.     

Assessment of Cell Line Models of Primary Human Cells by Raman Spectral Phenotyping

Researchers have previously questioned the suitability of cell lines as models for primary cells. In this study, we used Raman microspectroscopy to characterize live A549 cells from a unique molecular biochemical perspective to shed light on their suitability as a model for primary human pulmonary alveolar type II (ATII) cells. We also investigated a recently developed transduced type I (TT1) cell line as a model for alveolar type I (ATI) cells. Single-cell Raman spectra provide unique biomolecular fingerprints that can be used to characterize cellular phenotypes. A multivariate statistical analysis of Raman spectra indicated that the spectra of A549 and TT1 cells are characterized by significantly lower phospholipid content compared to ATII and ATI spectra because their cytoplasm contains fewer surfactant lamellar bodies. Furthermore, we found that A549 spectra are statistically more similar to ATI spectra than to ATII spectra. The spectral variation permitted phenotypic classification of cells based on Raman spectral signatures with >99% accuracy. These results suggest that A549 cells are not a good model for ATII cells, but TT1 cells do provide a reasonable model for ATI cells. The findings have far-reaching implications for the assessment of cell lines as suitable primary cellular models in live cultures.     

Laser microdissection of semi-thin sections from plastic-embedded tissue for studying plant–organism developmental processes at single-cell resolution

The ability to analyze the gene activity occurring within a single cell has ushered in a new understanding of complex biological processes. Furthermore, this capability has established the prerequisite technologies for the analysis of cells involved in complex pathogenic and/or symbiotic interactions. Collectively, the identification of biological models permitting the analysis of individual cells and improvements in histological technology are allowing for analyses of cells positioned within tissues and involved in complex cellular interactions at unprecedented resolution. Here, a plastic embedding procedure is used for laser microdissection of plant tissues infected with a pathogen. This technique enabled the acquisition of nucleic acids from semi-thin sections that can be used for downstream biological studies of host–pathogen interaction at the single-cell resolution.     

Laser-capture microdissection,a tool for the global analysis of gene expression in specific plant cell types: identification of genes expressed differentially in epidermal cells or vascular tissues of maize

Laser-capture microdissection (LCM) allows for the one-step procurement of large homogeneous populations of cells from tissue sections. In mammals, LCM has been used to conduct cDNA microarray and proteomics studies on specific cell types. However, LCM has not been applied to plant cells, most likely because plant cell walls make it difficult to separate target cells from surrounding cells and because ice crystals can form in the air spaces between cells when preparing frozen sections. By fixing tissues, using a cryoprotectant before freezing, and using an adhesive-coated slide system, it was possible to capture large numbers (>10,000) of epidermal cells and vascular tissues (vascular bundles and bundle sheath cells) from ethanol:acetic acid-fixed coleoptiles of maize. RNA extracted from these cells was amplified with T7 RNA polymerase and used to hybridize a microarray containing approximately 8800 maize cDNAs. Approximately 250 of these were expressed preferentially in epidermal cells or vascular tissues. These results demonstrate that the combination of LCM and microarrays makes it feasible to conduct high-resolution global gene expression analyses of plants. This approach has the potential to enhance our understanding of diverse plant cell type-specific biological processes.     

Bisulfite genomic sequencing of microdissected cells

Mapping of methylation patterns in CpG islands has become an important tool for understanding tissue-specific gene expression in both normal and pathological situations. However, the inherent cellular heterogeneity of any given tissues can affect the outcome and interpretation of molecular studies. In order to analyse genomic DNA methylation on a pure cell population from tissue sample, we have developed a simple technique of single-cell microdissection from cryostat sections which can be combined with bisulfite-mediated sequencing of 5-methylcytosine. We report here our results on the methylation status of the androgen receptor gene studied by bisulfite genomic sequencing on purified cells isolated from human testis.     

A simple method for fixation and microdissection of frozen fresh tissue sections for molecular cytogenetic analysis of cancers.

Microdissection has been widely used for procuring DNA from specific microscopic regions of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. We have developed a method for fixation and microdissection of frozen fresh biopsy tissue sections. Five micrometer frozen fresh tissue sections were fixed with ethanol and stored at room temperature. Well defined regions from hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stained or unstained sections were briefly steamed and microdissected using a needle. The dissected tissue was digested with proteinase K and DNA was isolated. Whole genome amplifications were obtained by degenerate oligonucleotide primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR) from these samples. The reliability of this technique was demonstrated by comparing conventional comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) with DOP-PCR-CGH. The advantages of this method are that frozen fresh sections can be fixed easily and stored for more than 4 years, it is easy to microdissect and pick-up very minute regions (0.1 mm(2)), and it is rapid; microdissection and purification can be accomplished within 3 h. Using DNA from microdissected sections, DOP-PCR-CGH revealed genetic abnormalities more accurately than conventional CGH. Although this novel method was demonstrated using DOP-PCR-CGH, we believe that it will be useful for other genetic analyses of specific small regions and cell populations. We also observed whether storage time, H & E staining and crude DNA extracts affected the quality of amplified DNA. DNA integrity was maintained for at least 49 months in ethanol fixed sections that were stored at room temperature, but DNA was gradually degraded after one month if the ethanol fixed sections had been H & E stained and stored. When crude DNA extracts from H & E stained sections were used, the size of the DOP-PCR product was reduced. Our study suggests that ethanol fixed tissue sections may be stored at room temperature for at least 4 years without DNA degradation, the H & E stains may not affect the quality of amplified DNA, but H & E or other components in the staining process may reduce the size of DOP-PCR product, which is critical for the quality of CGH hybridization.     

The value of frozen cartilage tissues without cryoprotection for genetic conservation

Animal tissues frozen without cryoprotection are thought to be inappropriate for use as a donor for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) studies. Cells in tissues that have been frozen without a cryoprotectant are commonly thought to be dead or to have lost genomic integrity. However, in this study we show that the frozen auricular cartilage tissues of anatolian buffalo contain a considerable number of viable healthy cells. The cells in auricular cartilage tissues are resistant to cryo-injury at −80 °C. Primary cell cultures were established from defrosted ear tissues which were frozen without cryoprotectant. The growth and functional characteristics of primary cell cultures are characterized according to cell growth curve, cell cycle analysis, karyotype and GAG synthesis. The results indicate that frozen cartilage tissues could be valuable materials for the conservation of species and SCNT technology.     

Isolating bronchial epithelial cell preparations from gross lung specimens

Tissue microdissection is appropriate for separating pure cells from heterogeneous tissues. Recently, we have focused on whole genome DNA methylation patterns of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and needed to obtain the appropriate counterpart cells of lung SCC. However, in some regions of human tissues, such as in bronchial epithelium, it is difficult to apply tissue microdissection as a means to isolate pure cells from a heterogenous mixture of cells. Accordingly, we developed the pop brush method to retrieve sufficient amounts of pure bronchial epithelium from gross lung specimens, and this method enables us to study epigenetic variations of lung SCC.     

组织中少量细胞的微卫星长度精细分析

微卫星是基因组上的特殊短重复序列,微卫星不稳定的程度与一些肿瘤的分型、治疗和预后相关。目前,微卫星长度变化的检测往往是基于大量细胞,检测灵敏度低。本文整合激光显微切割技术,基于多次退火环状循环扩增（multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles, MALBAC）的单细胞全基因组放大技术和毛细管电泳长度测量方法,经过关键技术点的改进,建立了一套针对组织中少量细胞的多微卫星位点检测方法。研究结果表明,基于技术改进,HE染色的组织细胞经激光显微切割分选后,可成功用MALBAC技术进行全基因组放大,并在多微卫星位点的检测上,获得了高度的准确性和重复性。利用所建立的方法,发现肠型胃癌早期病变组织-肠上皮化生（intestinal metaplasia, IM）的单个腺体内部出现多种长度变化的微卫星改变,说明该癌前病变组织中DNA错配修复系统已经出现问题。本方法所获得的全基因组放大产物,也可以用于外显子组测序和全基因组测序。另外,该方法适用于任何组织的少量细胞,甚至单细胞的多微卫星位点检测,以及全基因组的研究,为精细研究少量病变细胞的基因组特征以及组织异质性提供了有效的方法。