乳腺透明细胞癌:一种罕见的乳腺癌亚型

目的探讨乳腺透明细胞癌(glycogen-rich clear cell carcinoma of breast,GRCCC)的临床病理特征和诊断要点。方法报道1例GRCCC的临床病理、免疫组织化学结果及预后,并复习相关文献。结果患者,女性,44岁,2016年7月因发现右乳无痛性包块3年余,于外院行右乳改良切除术,病检提示乳腺癌,右乳癌术后化疗后6月余,发现全身多发骨转移,后来我院会诊。镜下显示乳腺浸润性癌,细胞排列成巢索状,间质为毛细血管,肿瘤细胞具有丰富透明的胞浆,呈多边形,边界清楚,核深染,核仁明显,肿瘤伴大片坏死,可见多处淋巴管及血管内癌栓。免疫组织化学染色显示肿瘤呈ER、PR和Her-2三重阴性,CK5/6局灶阳性,GATA-3阳性,P120细胞膜阳性,E-cadherin阳性,标记血管的CD34阳性,标记淋巴管的D2-40阳性,GCDFP-15阴性。会诊结果诊断为乳腺透明细胞癌。最初的局部治疗6个月后,病人出现多发骨和远处淋巴结转移。结论乳腺富糖原的透明细胞癌是乳腺癌一种罕见的组织学亚型,通常预后较差。     

Tumour ploidy, morphometry, histological grading and clinical features in ovarian carcinoma: mutual relations

The relationship between tumour ploidy and qualitative and quantitative histopathology was assessed in a series of 95 ovarian carcinomas. 67% of the tumours were non-diploid (DNA aneuploid). 56% of the early stage (I-II) tumours were non-diploid and 81% of the tumours in advanced (III-IV) stages were aneuploid. Histological grading failed to show a clear relationship between increasing malignancy grade and ploidy. There was a close association between DNA ploidy and nuclear perimeter, area and shortest and longest nuclear diameter: the nuclei of non-diploid tumours were generally larger. Also the number of mitotic figures per square millimeter of epithelium in the microscope image (volume-corrected mitotic index, M/V-index) differed significantly between near-diploid and non-diploid tumours. Discriminant analysis showed that 74% of the learning-set tumours (67% of the test set tumours) could be correctly classified in low-ploidy and high-ploidy categories with morphometric features (nuclear perimeter, M/V-index and volume percentage of epithelium). Characteristic features of non-diploid ovarian tumours--rapid proliferation and large nuclear size--could be assessed with morphometric methods which allowed a relatively large aneuploid tumour group to be distinguished.     

Intraduodenal sarcoma recurrence of retroperitoneal origin: an unusual cause for a duodenal obstruction

ABSTRACT: Soft tissue sarcomas are uncommon tumors, and intraduodenal soft tissue sarcoma manifestation is even more rare. Only three cases of intraduodenal sarcomas have been reported in the literature thus far. Here, we report a case of an intraduodenal recurrence of a retroperitoneal sarcoma causing bowel obstruction. This unusual recurrence pattern likely relates to the patient's previous resection and radiation treatment, and highlights the benefits, limitations and follow-up strategies after multimodality treatment.     

Lactobacillus as a rare cause of an infected total knee replacement: a case report

Introduction

The existence of a graft-versus-lymphoma effect is well established. When lacking a firm diagnosis, however, the clinician is challenged to to weigh the potential benefits of the graft-versus-lymphoma effect against potential dangers of graft-versus-host disease as well as against generalized (viral) infections.

Case presentation

We present evidence for a graft-versus-lymphoma effect in a 64-year-old caucasian woman with a transplanted peripheral blood-stem-cell graft from her Human Leukocyte Antigen-identical sister, and propose diagnostic measures to distinguish between graft-versus-host effect, and against viral disease or drug-induced reactions.

Conclusion

We were able to identify an allogeneic graft-reaction against progressive lymphoma alongside an erythema consistent with acute graft-versus-host disease of the skin. Establishing a firm diagnosis enabled us to decide against T-cell suppression (such as by using cyclosporine). Anti-lymphoma activity was favoured, by means of the allogeneic graft, local radiation and immunotherapy. This illustrates the importance of a sound differential diagnosis of erythema after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation, including assessment of viral disease of the affected tissue.     

Juxtaglomerular apparatus tumor: a rare, surgically correctable cause of hypertension

Although uncommon, presentation of juxtaglomerular cell tumor is distinct and should allow a correct preoperative diagnosis in most patients. Typical clinical presentations include headaches, polyuria, or isolated, asymptomatic, severe hypertension. The diagnosis of a juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) tumor typically results from identification of plasma renin levels two- to sevenfold greater than the normal value. Although JGA tumors are considered benign, with no reports of metastases or recurrence, they are potentially lethal if left untreated. Surgical excision is curative.     

The molecular subtype classification is a determinant of sentinel node positivity in early breast carcinoma

Introduction

Several authors have underscored a strong relation between the molecular subtypes and the axillary status of breast cancer patients. The aim of our work was to decipher the interaction between this classification and the probability of a positive sentinel node biopsy.

Materials and Methods

Our dataset consisted of a total number of 2654 early-stage breast cancer patients. Patients treated at first by conservative breast surgery plus sentinel node biopsies were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was trained and validated. Interaction covariate between ER and HER2 markers was a forced input of this model. The performance of the multivariate model in the training and the two validation sets was analyzed in terms of discrimination and calibration. Probability of axillary metastasis was detailed for each molecular subtype.

Results

The interaction covariate between ER and HER2 status was a stronger predictor (p = 0.0031) of positive sentinel node biopsy than the ER status by itself (p = 0.016). A multivariate model to determine the probability of sentinel node positivity was defined with the following variables; tumour size, lympho-vascular invasion, molecular subtypes and age at diagnosis. This model showed similar results in terms of discrimination (AUC = 0.72/0.73/0.72) and calibration (HL p = 0.28/0.05/0.11) in the training and validation sets. The interaction between molecular subtypes, tumour size and sentinel nodes status was approximated.

Discussion

We showed that biologically-driven analyses are able to build new models with higher performance in terms of breast cancer axillary status prediction. The molecular subtype classification strongly interacts with the axillary and distant metastasis process.     

Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast in an HIV-positive patient: a case report

BACKGROUND: Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast is a rare neoplasm that causes diagnostic difficulty on fine needle aspiration smears. Breast carcinoma in HIV-infected patients occurs at a relatively early age, with increased bilateral disease, unusual histology, and early metastatic spread with a poor outcome. CASE: A case of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast arose in a 36-year-old woman who was seropositive for HIV. In the absence of a sarcomatous component and presence of obvious ductal differentiation on aspirates, a diagnosis of high grade infiltrating duct carcinoma, not otherwise specified, was made on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). CONCLUSION: This case underlines the limitations of FNAC in the diagnosis of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. It also shows that it is imperative to maintain a high index of suspicion for rare pathologies in immunocompromised patients.     

Breast cancer local recurrence under the form of inflammatory carcinoma,treated with concurrent radiation and chemotherapy,a case report

The authors present a case report of a patient with breast cancer diagnosed in 2005, treated with conservative surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, followed by hormonal therapy until 2010, who relapsed under the form of inflammatory breast cancer in 2011. After tumor progression detected during primary systemic therapy, a concurrent radiation and radiosensitizing chemotherapy were proposed. There was a significant clinical response to this treatment, enabling curative chance with total mastectomy. The histological examination of the breast and regional lymph nodes revealed a complete response, since there was no evidence of residual tumor.There are few reports concerning concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer, but it could be a suitable “loco regional rescue therapy” to further reduce tumor progression and allow curative surgery. Study of this treatment strategy in randomized clinical trials is warranted.     

Laboratory identification of Saksenaea vasiformis: a rare cause of zygomycosis in Australia

Saksenaea vasiformis was identified as the causative agent in three cases of sub-cutaneous zygomycosis in Australia. The laboratory techniques for inducing clinical isolates of S. vasiformis to produce sporangia, necessary for the precise identification of the fungus, are described and compared.     

Late presentation of a mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma which was initially diagnosed as a primary pancreatic carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature

Introduction

Craniosynostosis can affect the skull in various ways. The most common forms are abnormal skull shape and beaten copper pattern, while Lückenschädel (or lacunar skull) is one of the least common forms.

Case presentation

We report the case of a 3-month-old Caucasian boy with multiple suture craniosynostosis and with acquired craniomeningocele presenting as a bulging mass in the lateral occipital area.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with multiple suture craniosynostosis and acquired craniomeningocele.     

Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural diagnosis of a rare mixed apocrine-medullary carcinoma of the breast in a fine needle aspirate

A rare mixed apocrine-medullary mammary carcinoma in a 57-year-old woman was preoperatively diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. The aspirate was characterized by carcinoma cells with an apocrine differentiation and significant cellular atypia admixed with many lymphocytes and plasma cells. These findings were confirmed by histologic examination of the breast tumor and its metastasis in lymph nodes. Electron microscopy (EM) and immunoperoxidase staining for cytokeratin, S-100 protein, epithelial membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen were done on samples of the aspirated material. Although immunostaining was of little help in this case, the EM findings did show many carcinomatous cells of apocrine type in the tumor.     

Phylloides tumor of the breast: a rare neoplasm,though not that innocent

Background

Cystosarcoma phylloides (CP) is an extremely rare form of breast cancer with an unpredictable clinical course. The histological characteristics of this neoplasm have not proved to offer much in the estimation of prognosis of these patients.

Patients and methods

In our clinics, in a time period of 38 years, 22 patients with cystosarcoma phylloides were treated. There were 5 cases of malignancy, 15 cases with benign tumors, and two cases histologically characterized as borderline neoplasia. Metastases were manifested in one patient. All patients were on a 5-year follow-up, except in five cases, one operated three years ago and four operated within the last two years.

Results

16 of 22 patients did not present any signs of local recurrence or metastases. There were three patients that manifested local recurrence and underwent supplementary ongectomy or mastectomy and are free of recurrence ever since. One patient with metastatic CP died.

Conclusion

Independently of its histopathological behavior, CP is a tumor difficult to be treated. Meticulous follow-up is mandatory in order to manage possible recurrence of the neoplasm.

     

Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of the rare osteoclast-type carcinoma of the breast in a fine needle aspirate

The cytologic findings in a fine needle aspirate from a case of the rare osteoclastlike carcinoma of the breast are described along with the immunocytochemical and ultrastructural findings. The ultrastructural and immunocytochemical findings suggest that the osteoclastlike giant cells in this type of carcinoma are not of epithelial origin, but rather are reactive and of a histiocytic-stromal origin.     

Quantitative assessment of distant recurrence risk in early stage breast cancer using a nonlinear combination of pathological,clinical and imaging variables

Use of genomic assays to determine distant recurrence risk in patients with early stage breast cancer has expanded and is now included in the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual. Algorithmic alternatives using standard clinical and pathology information may provide equivalent benefit in settings where genomic tests, such as OncotypeDx, are unavailable. We developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model to nonlinearly estimate risk of distant cancer recurrence. In addition to clinical and pathological variables, we enhanced our model using intraoperatively determined global mammographic breast density (MBD) and local breast density (LBD). LBD was measured with optical spectral imaging capable of sensing regional concentrations of tissue constituents. A cohort of 56 ER+ patients with an OncotypeDx score was evaluated. We demonstrated that combining MBD/LBD measurements with clinical and pathological variables improves distant recurrence risk prediction accuracy, with high correlation ( r = 0.98) to the OncotypeDx recurrence score.     

Immunocytochemistry and image cytometry of progesterone receptors in breast carcinoma imprints. Expression of tissular and cellular heterogeneity: relations to biochemical assay, clinical and histological parameters and DNA analysis

Breast cancer imprints from 93 patients were assayed for the presence of progesterone receptors (PgR) using a monoclonal antibody (Transbio) and an immunocytochemical assay (ICA) method which stains only the epithelial cell nuclei. Results were compared with conventional biochemical PgR determinations (DCCA) and were in qualitative agreement in 86% of the cases. Quantitative analyses were done on PgR-ICA- and Feulgen-stained imprints from 32 tumours using a SAMBA 2005 cell image processor. Results obtained showed a high correlation between DCCA values and the P product derived from the mean PgR concentration of marked tumour cells and the percentage of marked cells. Intra-tumoral and intra-cell heterogeneity were featured and showed relation to tumour differentiation and size.