不同浓度NaCl和Na2CO3处理对菊芋幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光的影响

 以砂培菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)幼苗作为试验材料,分别进行不同浓度NaCl (50、 100、150、200、250 mmol&;#8226;L^－1)和Na₂CO₃ (25、50、 75、100、125 mmol&;#8226;L^－1)胁迫处理,以1/2全营养液作为对照,处理7 d后研究NaCl和Na₂CO₃胁迫处理对菊芋幼苗叶片光合作用及叶绿素动力学 参数的影响。结果表明：1)在NaCl处理下,当浓度小于150 mmol&;#8226;L^－1时,增加了菊芋的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Net photosynthetic rate, P_n)和气孔导度(Stomatal conductivity, G_s),对荧光参数PSⅡ的电子传递情况( F_m/F_o)、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ量子效率 (Actual quantum yield of PSⅡ under actinic irradiation,φPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(Photochemical quenching coefficient, qP)和非 光化学猝灭系 数(Non-photochemical quenching coefficient, NPQ)没有显著影响,随着浓度的增加,各项生理指标与对照相比除了NPQ显著 增加,其余均显著降低;2)在Na₂CO₃胁迫处理下,随着Na₂CO₃浓度的增加,与对照相比菊芋幼苗叶绿素含量、P_n、G_s以及叶绿素a荧光诱导动力 学参数F_m/F_o、F_v/F_m、φPSⅡ和qP均显著降低,NPQ显著增加;3)就NaCl和Na₂CO₃相比而言,在相同Na⁺浓度情况下,处于Na₂CO₃胁迫下的菊芋 幼苗的叶绿素含量、P_n、G_s以及叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数F_m/F_o、F_v/F_m、φPSⅡ和qP下降幅度和NPQ的增加幅度均显著大于NaCl,这说明 NaCl和Na₂CO₃胁迫均对菊芋幼苗造成不同程度的伤害,但在相同Na⁺浓度情况下,Na₂CO₃的伤害程度大于NaCl。由此说明菊芋对盐的忍耐程度高 于碱。     

水杨酸对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶绿体D1蛋白磷酸化及光系统Ⅱ功能的影响

为了研究水杨酸（SA）对高温强光胁迫下小麦叶片类囊体膜D₁蛋白磷酸化和PSⅡ功能的影响,用0.5 mmol·L^-1 SA溶液预处理灌浆期小麦叶片,以水预处理为对照,然后将预处理植株进行高温强光（35 ℃,1 600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）处理,测定胁迫处理过程中小麦旗叶光合电子传递速率、净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数及D₁蛋白的变化.结果表明：SA预处理有效抑制了高温强光下D₁蛋白的净降解,保持了较高的D₁蛋白磷酸化水平、全链电子传递速率和PSⅡ电子传递速率,维持了较高的PSⅡ原初光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、实际光化学效率(Ф_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数（q_P）和净光合速率（P_n）.表明外源SA通过调节小麦叶绿体D₁蛋白的周转,减轻了高温强光胁迫对叶片光合机构的损伤,有利于PSⅡ的正常运转.     

遮荫对虎耳草光合生理特性的影响

以盆栽1年的虎耳草为材料,研究遮荫条件下虎耳草叶片抗氧化酶体系活力、叶绿素含量、光合速率以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化,为虎耳草规模化栽培提供理论基础。结果表明：透光率50%条件下,叶绿素含量较高;虎耳草抗氧化酶活力最高;光饱和点（LSP）最大,最大光合速率（A_max）最高,光合速率日变化平均值最高,无“午休”;光系统Ⅱ的实际量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)、PSⅡ最大量子产量(F_v/F_m)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)最高,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)最低。这表明,虎耳草在怀化地区的最适光照条件是50%左右的透光率。     

光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用

为了研究光强在低温弱光胁迫后番茄叶片光合作用恢复中的作用,以番茄品种浙粉202为材料,研究了低温弱光后恢复期全光照与遮荫对光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：低温弱光（8℃/12℃,PFD 80 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）导致番茄叶片P_n、Φ_PSⅡ、qP和F_v′/F_m′的下降,但诱导了NPQ的上升,未引起F_v/F_m的变化;全光照（100%光照）下恢复1 使得植株叶片P_n、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、qP、NPQ和F_v′/F_m′均大幅下降,随后光合和荧光参数可缓慢恢复至对照水平;遮荫（40%光照）恢复植株F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ和F_v′/F_m′仅在第一天稍有下降,而P_n和qP还略有上升,NPQ虽有所降低但仍显著高于对照水平,随后光合和荧光参数均可迅速恢复到对照水平。说明低温弱光虽抑制了光合作用的进行,但并未引起光抑制的发生;全光照恢复加剧了叶片光抑制的发生,而遮荫恢复可通过叶片PSⅡ光化学活性的快速恢复和天线色素热耗散能力的增强以保护光合机构免受伤害,有利于光合作用的迅速恢复。     

Leaf Gas Exchange and Fluorescence of Two Winter Wheat Varieties in Response to Drought Stress and Nitrogen Supply

Water and nitrogen supply are the two primary factors limiting productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In our study, two winter wheat varieties, Xinong 979 and large-spike wheat, were evaluated for their physiological responses to different levels of nitrogen and water status during their seedling stage grown in a phytotron. Our results indicated that drought stress greatly reduced the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (G_s), but with a greater increase in instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE). At the meantime, the nitrogen (N) supply improved photosynthetic efficiency under water deficit. Parameters inferred from chlorophyll a measurements, i.e., photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), the maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), the quantum yield of photosystemII(Φ_PSII), and the apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) decreased under water stress at all nitrogen levels and declined in N-deficient plants. The root–shoot ratio (R/S) increased slightly with water stress at a low N level; the smallest root–shoot ratio was found at a high N level and moderate drought stress treatment. These results suggest that an appropriate nitrogen supply may be necessary to enhance drought resistance in wheat by improving photosynthetic efficiency and relieving photoinhibition under drought stress. However, an excessive N supply had no effect on drought resistance, which even showed an adverse effect on plant growth. Comparing the two cultivars, Xinong 979 has a stronger drought resistance compared with large-spike wheat under N deficiency.     

氯化钠胁迫对枳椇和皂荚生长、叶绿素荧光及活性氧代谢的影响

以盆栽枳椇和皂荚为试材,研究了不同浓度NaCl处理（CK、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%、0.60%）对枳椇和皂荚植株生长、叶绿素荧光特性和活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的提高,植株生长量、叶片叶绿素含量、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、q_P均逐渐下降,而q_N逐渐升高.0.15% NaCl胁迫10 d后,枳椇叶片叶绿素含量、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、q_P较对照处理分别降低了19.77%、2.94%、29.03%、8.16%,差异显著(P<0.05),而皂荚与对照处理差异不显著;0.30%NaCl胁迫下,皂荚F_v/F_m和Φ_PSⅡ较对照处理分别降低了1.91%、14.66%,差异显著(P<0.05);0.45%NaCl胁迫下,皂荚叶片叶绿素含量和q_P与对照处理差异显著(P<0.05),分别降低了29.28%和11.36%.随着NaCl浓度的增加,皂荚SOD活性持续升高,枳椇呈先升高后降低变化,在0.15% NaCl胁迫下达最大值;两种苗木细胞POD、CAT活性均呈先升后降趋势,且皂荚的升幅大于枳椇.二者的MDA含量均呈上升趋势,且枳椇的升高幅度大于皂荚,说明枳椇产生了较严重的膜脂过氧化.由此推断,皂荚的耐盐性较强与其具有较强的抗氧化保护酶系统有关.     

土壤水分亏缺对陆地棉花铃期叶片光化学活性和激发能耗散的影响

 为了探讨水分亏缺对叶片光合机构光化学量子效率和非辐射热耗散的影响,在新疆气候生态条件下,采用膜下滴灌技术精确地控制滴水量,实 现不同程度的土壤水分亏缺,系统测定了不同水分条件下陆地棉（Gossypium hirsutum）叶片叶绿素荧光参数、叶片接受光量子通量密度 （Photon flux density, PFD）、叶片温度（Leaf temperature, T_leaf）以及叶片水势和叶绿素含量的变化。研究表明：轻度水分亏缺（田间 持水量的 55%～60%）叶片接受的PFD与对照（田间持水量的70%～ 75%）无差异,T_leaf略高于对照;中度水分亏缺（田间持水量的40%～45%） 在12∶00 (北京时间,下同)以前叶片接受的PFD和对照无差异,随后显著低于对照,T_leaf在整个日变化中均高于对照。 不同水分处理对 黎明 前叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率（The maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ, F_v/F_m）没有影响。轻度水分亏缺叶片的实际光化学效率（PS Ⅱ photochemical efficiency,φPSⅡ）、表观电子传递速率（ Electron transport rate, ETR）和光化学猝灭系数（Photochemical quenching,q_p）的日变化与对照基本一致,非光化学猝灭系数（Non-photochemical quenching, NPQ）在12∶00以前和14∶00以后显著低于对 照,在12∶00～14∶00和对照无差异。中度水分亏缺叶片的φPSⅡ、ETR和qp在12∶00才显著降低,此后由于叶片出现暂时萎焉、下垂,所接受 的PFD减弱,叶绿素荧光参数缓慢恢复,且高于对照;NPQ在12∶00 以前显著高于对照,14∶00略高于对照,此后低于对照。水分亏缺导致中午 叶片水势和叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量降低,但叶绿素a/b比值升高。因此,在田间条件下,陆地棉可通过叶片萎焉下垂运动和叶绿素含量的变化调 节叶片对光能的捕获,以及通过光合电子传递、热耗散水平的变化来适应水分亏缺的逆境。在中度水分亏缺条件下,陆地棉叶片萎焉下垂运动 的被动调节减少了过量激发能对光合机构的伤害,保证了光合机构的正常运转。     

不同小麦进化材料生育后期光合特性和产量

以二倍体野生一粒小麦(Triticum boeoticum)、栽培一粒小麦(T. monococcum)、节节麦(Aegilops tauschii)和黑麦(Secale cereale)、四倍体野生二粒小麦(T. dicoccoides)、栽培二粒小麦(T. dicoccum)、硬粒小麦(T. durum)、六倍体普通小麦(T. aestivum)‘扬麦9号’和‘扬麦158’及八倍体小黑麦(Triticale)为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了不同小麦进化材料生育后期旗叶光合特性的演变及产量的差异。结果表明,与六倍体普通小麦和八倍体小黑麦相比,二倍体和四倍体材料在开花前具有较高的光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、最大光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)。开花以后,二倍体和四倍体材料受非气孔因素的影响,光合能力下降较快;除黑麦外,旗叶光合速率在开花10 d后都低于普通小麦和小黑麦,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)迅速增加,F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ和叶绿素含量快速下降。二倍体和四倍体材料开花前单株总叶面积和旗叶叶面积较大,花后下降迅速,功能期短;单株穗数也较多,但穗粒数、千粒重、产量和收获指数却显著低于普通小麦。因此,小麦长期进化过程中,普通小麦花后较高的光合能力及较长的光合持续期是提高千粒重,进而提高产量的重要生理基础。     

外源NO对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗活性氧代谢、多胺含量和光合作用的影响

采用溶液培养法研究了外源一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)对100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、多胺含量和光合作用的影响。结果表明,50 μmol·L^-1 SNP显著提高盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、精胺(Spm)、亚精胺(Spd)含量和(Spm+Spd)/Put比值,降低了腐胺(Put)、超氧阴离子(O^—·₂)、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量,使幼苗叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)升高,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)下降,相对生长量增加。叶绿素荧光动力学资料显示,SNP处理降低盐胁迫下黑麦草叶片的初始荧光(F₀),表明它对光合膜系统具有保护效应。SNP处理不仅提高了盐胁迫下叶片的最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(F_v/F₀)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m),而且提高了PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(q_P)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学速率(PCR),降低了非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)和天线热耗散(D),而1 mmol·L^-1 NO清除剂PTIO和0.5 μmol·L^-1 NaNO₂处理(对照)则无此效应。由此表明,外源NO可能通过提高植株的抗氧化能力及光能的捕获与转换而增强盐胁迫下黑麦草叶片的光合能力,从而缓解盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

Responses of photosynthetic parameters of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mikania micrantha</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chromolaena odorata</Emphasis> to contrasting irradiance and soil moisture

Photosynthetic parameters were measured in two invasive weeds, Mikania micrantha and Chromolaena odorata, grown in soil under full, medium, and low irradiance and full, medium, and low water supply. Both species showed significantly higher net photosynthetic rate, quantum yield of PS 2 photochemistry and photochemical quenching coefficient under high than low irradiance. For M. micrantha, low irradiance caused decreased chlorophyll content (Chl), Chl a/b ratio and maximum photochemical efficiency of PS 2 (F_v/F_m), while drought decreased Chl content and F_v/F_m and increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). However, these parameters were much less affected in C. odorata except that Chl content and NPQ slightly increased under drought and high irradiance. High irradiance increased xanthophyll pools in both species, especially M. micrantha under combination with drought.     

干旱复水对柑橘幼苗叶片光合、叶绿素荧光和根系构型的影响

干旱严重影响柑橘的生长和发育.为探索柑橘对干旱胁迫的响应机制,本试验以抗旱性不同的三湖红橘和三湖化红为材料,通过盆栽控水进行干旱胁迫和复水处理,研究处理后植株叶片光合、叶绿素荧光和根系构型的变化.结果表明: 干旱显著降低了两种柑橘幼苗的净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO₂浓度,而三湖红橘的下降幅度更小;复水后,光合参数均有所恢复,但仍低于对照.三湖红橘水分利用率在干旱15 d后开始显著高于对照,而三湖化红除干旱15 d外的其他处理时间均低于对照.干旱提高了两种幼苗的PSII最大光合效率,但抑制了三湖化红的PSII实际光合效率.干旱到一定程度后,两种幼苗的PSII电子传递速率和光化学淬灭均下降,干旱和复水后非光化学淬灭在三湖红橘中下降,但在三湖化红中上升.根系构型分析表明,干旱导致两种幼苗的根表面积和根体积下降,同时抑制了三湖化红的总根长,但能够提高三湖红橘的总根长和总根尖数.进一步分析不同直径的侧根长度发现,三湖红橘的一类侧根长度在干旱胁迫10 d后开始增加,而三湖化红的一类侧根长度在干旱前期没有变化,干旱20 d时显著下降;除三湖红橘的三类侧根外,两种幼苗其余直径等级侧根的生长均受干旱抑制.除总根尖数外,复水后根系生长各参数均没有恢复.干旱对三湖红橘光合性能的影响小于三湖化红,并且前者能够维持更高的水分和光能利用率.干旱后三湖红橘根尖数和细根长度增加,可能有助于提高其对水分的吸收能力.     

Role of calcium ion in protection against heat and high irradiance stress-induced oxidative damage to photosynthesis of wheat leaves

Cross stress of heat and high irradiance (HI) resulted in the accumulation of active oxygen species and photo-oxidative damage to photosynthetic apparatus of wheat leaves during grain development. Pre-treatment with calcium ion protected the photosynthetic system from oxidative damage by reducing O^-. ₂ production, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and retarding electrolyte leakage from cell. Therefore, high F_v/F_m [maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2) while all PS2 reaction centres are open], F_m/F₀ (another expression for the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS2), Φ_PS2 (actual quantum yield of PS2 under actinic irradiation), q_P (photochemical quenching coefficient), and P _N (net photosynthetic rate) were maintained, and lower q_NP (non-photochemical quenching coefficient) of the leaves was kept under heat and HI stress. EGTA (a chelant of calcium ion) and LaCl₃ (a blocker of Ca²⁺ channel in cytoplasmic membrane) had the opposite effect. Thus Ca ion may help protect the photosynthetic system of wheat leaves from oxidative damage induced by the cross stress of heat and HI.     

高温胁迫对切花菊‘神马’光合作用与叶绿素荧光的影响

以切花菊品种‘神马’为试材,在40 ℃/35 ℃（昼/夜）与33 ℃/28 ℃高温下分别胁迫11 d,然后转入23 ℃/18 ℃恢复5 d,研究不同高温强度及恢复对菊花光合作用的影响.结果表明：33 ℃/28 ℃下净光合速率（P_n）逐渐降低,气孔导度（G_s）5 d后明显降低,两参数均可在23 ℃/18 ℃下恢复到对照的80%以上;40 ℃/35 ℃高温下P_n与G_s大幅度持续降低,胁迫前期,胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）上升,P_n的降低主要由非气孔因素导致;9 d后C_i与P_n同时降低,气孔限制成为P_n 降低的主要因素.高温使菊花叶片的PSⅡ潜在活性（F_v/F_o）、最大光化效率（F_v/F_m）、实际光化效率（Φ_PSⅡ）与天线转换效率 （F_v′/F_m′）降低,天线热耗散（D）增加,表明高温胁迫下菊花通过降低光能的捕获与通过PSⅡ的电子传递效率来保护反应中心免受伤害.33 ℃/28 ℃下光化学猝灭系数（q_P）呈先下降后上升趋势,推测此温度下受体端电子传递首先受到抑制;40 ℃/35 ℃下q_P持续增加,表明放氧复合体(OEC)可能是菊花光合系统中极端高温伤害的原初位点.     

蒙古栎和紫椴幼苗对光环境转变的光合作用响应

比较研究了从温室5%光强转到10%、30%和100%光强处理下,蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）和紫椴（Tilia amurensis）幼苗的光合能力和叶绿素荧光的响应,揭示了两个树种对光环境变化的不同适应情况及其光保护机制。结果表明,光强转换后两种幼苗都发生了严重光抑制,蒙古栎幼苗的最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）在光强转变后第3天降到最低（0.52）,紫椴幼苗在光强转变后第1天就降到了最低（0.67）,蒙古栎降低幅度明显高于紫椴。之后随着光适应时间的延长逐渐恢复到原有水平,说明短时期的光抑制没有对两种幼苗的光合机构造成光损伤;从不同光照条件来看,无论是最大净光合速率（P_max）,还是实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）,2种幼苗均为30%光强下的值高于10%和100%光强,说明过低或过高的光强都不利于幼苗的生长发育,只有适当的中光才利于幼苗的生长发育;与30%光强相比,蒙古栎幼苗100%光强下P_max、F_v/F_m、ФPSⅡ、NPQ的变化幅度远大于紫椴幼苗,表明高光强对蒙古栎幼苗的影响要大于紫椴;100%光强下,2种幼苗均通过大量增加非光化学淬灭（NPQ）、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素之比（Car/Chl）耗散过剩光能,降低单位鲜重叶绿素含量（Chl）以减少光能吸收,避免了光合机构光破坏。     

Photosynthetic activity of poikilochlorophyllous desiccation tolerant plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reaumuria soongorica</Emphasis> during dehydration and re-hydration

Diurnal patterns of gas exchange and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters of photosystem 2 (PS2) as well as Chl content were analyzed in Reaumuria soongorica (Pall.) Maxim., a perennial semi-shrub during dehydration and rehydration. The net photosynthetic rate (P _N), maximum photochemical efficiency of PS2 (variable to maximum fluorescence ratio, F_v/F_m), quantum efficiency of non-cyclic electron transport of PS2, and Chl content decreased, but non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence and carotenoid content increased in stems with the increasing of drought stress. 6 d after re-hydration, new leaves budded from stems. In the re-watered plants, the chloroplast function was restored and Chl a fluorescence returned to a similar level as in the control plants. This improved hydraulic adjustment in plant triggered a positive effect on ion flow in the tissues and increased shoot electrical admittance. Thus R. soongorica plants are able to sustain drought stress through leaf abscission and keep part of Chl content in stems.     

不同灌溉处理对铁观音茶树光合作用的影响

以田间栽培的2年生铁观音茶树为试验材料,应用叶绿素荧光诱导动力学技术,以不灌溉为对照,分析不同灌溉间隔时间处理［5 d（T₁）、10 d (T₂)、15 d (T₃)、20 d (T₄) 和25 d (T₅)］对铁观音茶树叶片光合作用的影响.结果表明: 随着灌溉间隔期的延长,2年生铁观音茶树叶片水势和叶绿素含量降低; 净光合速率(P_n)先上升后降低,在T₂下达到最大(15.55 μmol·m^-2·s^-1); 光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、可变荧光衰减(ΔF_v)和可变荧光淬灭速率(ΔF_v/F_o)均在T₂下达到最大值,分别为0.844、342.5和4.03.初始荧光(F_o)随着灌溉间隔期的延长而降低,而对照的F_o则呈上升趋势,表明干旱可对茶树叶片PSⅡ造成损害.灌溉间隔期为10 d处理有利于茶树叶片光合电子的传递和CO₂的同化,提高茶树的光合作用效率.     

Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence During the Course of Photoperiod and in Response to Drought in Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. and Forst.

The effects of drought and the diurnal changes in photosynthetic electron transport were studied in non-nodulated plants of Casuarina equisetifolia. The induction of fluorescence showed a slightly higher I step in water-stressed than control plants, and the time from the start of irradiation to the P step of induction was significantly shortened by drought. The quantum efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2) in the dark-adapted state (F_v/F_m) was generally not affected by drought, whereas it decreased during the central hours of the day. The decrease in quantum yield of PS2 electron transport (₂) in water-stressed plants was associated with decreases in the photochemical efficiency of open (oxidised) PS2 centres (F_v'/F_m') and increases in non-photochemical quenching (q_N) rather than with increased closure of PS2 centres (lowered photochemical quenching, q_P). In contrast, the changes in quantum yield of electron transport during the day were related to changes in q_P rather than in F_v'/F_m'. When chlorophyll fluorescence was measured at the same irradiance during the day, a greater q_N was observed at the end of the drying cycle than after watering, and early and late in the photoperiod than in the central hours of the day. The greater q_N at the beginning and end of the day did not prevent an increase in energy not used photochemically nor dissipated non-photochemically. Drought did not affect this excess of photon energy.     

Photoadaptation in the Green Alga Spongiochloris Sp. A Three-Fluorometer Study

The dark-adapted cells of the green alga Spongiochloris sp. were exposed to "white light" of 1000 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹ for 2 h and then dark adapted for 1.5 h. Changes of photochemical activities during photoadaptation were followed by measurement of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence kinetics, 77 K emission spectra, photosynthetic oxygen evolution, and pigment composition. We observed a build-up of slowly-relaxing non-photochemical quenching which led to a decrease of the F_v/F_m parameter and the connectivity. In contrast to the depression of F_v/F_m (35 %) and the rise of non-photochemical quenching (∼ 1.6), we observed an increase in effective absorption cross-section (20 %), Hill reaction (30 %), photosynthetic oxygen evolution (80 %), and electron transport rate estimated from the Chl fluorescence analysis (80 %). We showed an inconsistency in the presently used interpretation schemes, and ascribe the discrepancy between the increase of effective absorption cross-section and the photosynthetic activities on one side and the effective non-photochemical quenching on the other side to the build-up of a quenching mechanism which dissipates energy in closed reaction centres. Such a type of quenching changes the ratio between thermal dissipation and fluorescence without any effect on photochemical yield. In this case the F_v/F_m ratio cannot be used as a measure of the maximum photochemical yield of PS2. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Protective Effects of Exogenous Antioxidants and Phenolic Compounds on Photosynthesis of Wheat Leaves under High Irradiance and Oxidative Stress

Infiltration of methyl viologen (MV, source of O₂ ^–) and Na-diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC, inhibitor of SOD) into wheat leaves resulted in the accumulation of active oxygen species and photo-oxidative damage to photosynthetic apparatus under both moderate and high irradiance. Exogenous antioxidants, ascorbate (ASA) and mannitol, scavenged active oxygen efficiently, protected the photosynthetic system from MV and DDC induced oxidative damage, and maintained high F_v/F_m [maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (PS2) while all PS2 reaction centres are open], F_m/F₀ (another expression for the maximal photochemical efficiency of PS2), _PS2 (actual quantum yield of PS2 under actinic irradiation), q_P (photochemical quenching coefficient), P _N (net photosynthetic rate), and lowered q_NP (non-photochemical quenching coefficient) of the leaves kept under high irradiance and oxidative stress. Phenolic compounds used in these experiments, catechol (Cat), resorcinol (Res), and tannic acid (Tan), had similar anti-oxidative activity and protective effect on photosynthetic apparatus as ASA and mannitol. The anti-oxidative activity and the protective effect of phenolic compounds increased with increase in their concentration from 100 to 300 g m^–3. The number and the position of hydroxyl group in phenolic molecules seemed to influence their antioxidative activity.     

麻疯树幼苗对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同浓度(5%～25%)的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫处理麻疯树三叶期幼苗,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫下麻疯树叶片光合特性及其对干旱的耐受能力.结果表明:在较低浓度PEG(≤15%)处理下,随PEG浓度的增加,麻疯树叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学猝灭(q_P)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)下降,PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)轻微下降,水分利用效率(WUE)则逐渐升高,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)明显上升,初始荧光(F_o)无显著变化(P＞0.05);在高浓度PEG(＞15%)处理下,C_i随PEG浓度的增加而显著上升,P_n、G_s和WUE持续下降,F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、q_P和ETR下降幅度明显增大,F_o显著上升,而NPQ下降.低浓度PEG处理导致麻疯树叶片P_n下降主要是由气孔因素造成的;在高浓度PEG处理下,P_n的下降则是由非气孔和气孔因素的共同限制作用造成的.当PEG浓度<20%时,虽然出现P_n下降,但光合机构未受损伤.经15 d高浓度PEG处理的植株叶片,在胁迫解除后光合活性能够迅速恢复,且植株可以存活.说明麻疯树对干旱胁迫有较强的耐受能力.