我国芥菜型油菜品种遗传多样性初探

用ＲＡＰＤ技术对包括春、冬芥菜型采及国外品种在内的３６个芥菜型油菜品种的遗传多样性进行了分析。在扩增得到的１２８条ＤＮＡ带中,多态性ＤＮＡ片段达８８．２８％。分析表明：春 油菜间遗传差异较大,国内冬性芥菜型油菜地方种多样性水平较高,２５份冬性品种分属Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群,而春性芥菜型 采地方种均归于Ⅳ类;印度的ＲＬＭ１９８与四川的珙县金黄油菜、澳大利亚品种与我国春油菜品种亲缘关系密切。     

叶用芥菜种质表型性状的遗传多样性分析

为有效利用叶用芥菜种质资源,对筛选出的24份叶用芥菜品系资源的11个表型性状,应用相关系数、聚类分析和主成分分析等多元统计方法进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:叶用芥菜种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性;11个表型性状平均变异系数为44.74%,叶片数的变异系数最大,为150.80%;净菜率变异系数最小,仅为9.54%。通过系统聚类,将参试的24份品系分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类群有14份材料,第Ⅱ类群有5份材料,第Ⅲ类群有5份材料,各类群性状之间的差异较明显,明确了品系类群间存在的亲缘关系。在主成分分析中,可选取方差累计贡献率为86.62%的前5个主成分来评价24份叶用芥菜品系资源。本研究揭示了叶用芥菜不同品系的表型特异性和遗传多样性,筛选出一些特异品系资源,为高产优质叶用芥菜新品种(系)的选育提供重要的科学依据。     

中国作物种质资源多样性

本文综述了中国作物种质资源的物种多样性和遗传多样性。按农艺学和用途可将中国作物分为8大类即粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜作物、果树作物、饲用和绿肥作物、花卉作物、药用作物和林木作物。汇集了中国作物总计有840种（类）,涉及栽培物种1251个和野生近缘植物物种3308个,它们隶属176个科和619个属,这充分说明中国作物种质资源物种多样性相当丰富。依据中国作物的类型或变种多和性状变异幅度大,阐明了中国作物种质资源遗传多样性十分丰富。为中国作物种质资源的收集、保护、高效利用、创新、分类和遗传研究奠定了坚实基础,为生物多样性保护提供了科学依据。     

作物种质资源的价值及其评估体系的初步构建

通过对作物种质资源的价值评估与核算的维度与要素的分析,提出了作物种质资源价值评估与核算理论的基本框架,初步建立起了包括作物种质资源的实物量核算、价值量核算和质量指数核算、个体核算和总体核算、数量向量核算、质量向量核算在内的多维度作物种质资源价值评估核算体系。作物种质资源的数量向量核算,首先建立种质资源的账户,以反映资源的增减量,通过作物种质资源的现行市场或既往市场价格构成因素,采取对比法、成本法和收益还原法等不同的核算方法进行价值核算;作物种质资源的质量向量的核算评估,包括质量因子核算以及遗传多样性的评估,具体采用DTOPSIS法进行多效应作物种质资源基准价值核算,运用统计学的方差分析方法和分子水平上遗传多样性相关参数的度量,进行遗传多样性评价。     

作物种质资源的价值及其评估体系的初步构建

通过对作物种质资源的价值评估与核算的维度与要素的分析,提出了作物种质资源价值评估与核算理论的基本框架,初步建立起了包括作物种质资源的实物量核算、价值量核算和质量指数核算、个体核算和总体核算、数量向量核算、质量向量核算在内的多维度作物种质资源价值评估核算体系.作物种质资源的数量向量核算,首先建立种质资源的账户,以反映资源的增减量,通过作物种质资源的现行市场或既往市场价格构成因素,采取对比法、成本法和收益还原法等不同的核算方法进行价值核算;作物种质资源的质量向量的核算评估,包括质量因子核算以及遗传多样性的评估,具体采用DTOPSIS法进行多效应作物种质资源基准价值核算,运用统计学的方差分析方法和分子水平上遗传多样性相关参数的度量,进行遗传多样性评价.     

中国绒山羊遗传多样性现状和系统发生关系的微卫星分析

为了调查中国绒山羊遗传资源现状, 作者应用联合国粮农组织和国际家畜研究所推荐的19对微卫星引物并结合荧光PCR技术, 对9个中国地方产绒山羊群体和1个西非山羊品种进行了遗传多样性检测。14个微卫星座位在10个山羊群体中显示为高度多态, 可作为山羊遗传多样性分析的有效标记。多态信息含量和遗传杂合度等数据表明: 目前中国地方产绒山羊群体的遗传多样性较为丰富, 并且大部分保种场较好地保存了这些地方资源。采用非加权配对算术平均法构建的聚类图和采用主成分分析法得到的散点图均显示, 中国山羊与西非山羊为不同的2类; 中国产绒山羊中河谷山羊、河西绒山羊与其他山羊的遗传距离较远; 其他山羊又大致分为2类: 一类由辽宁绒山羊、新疆山羊、柴达木山羊、陕北山羊组成, 另一类由内蒙古绒山羊组成。此研究结果为开展我国地方绒山羊种质特性研究及资源保护和利用提供了科学依据。     

作物种质资源学理论框架与发展战略

作物种质资源是保障全球粮食安全和绿色发展的基础资源,是农业科技原始创新与现代种业发展的物质基础。作物种质资源学是以栽培植物起源中心理论、遗传变异的同源系列定律和作物及其种质资源与人文环境及社会发展的协同演变学说为基础,依托遗传多样性、遗传完整性、遗传特异性与遗传累积性技术体系,研究作物及其野生近缘植物多样性与利用的科学,涵盖作物种质资源调查、保护、评价、研究、创新与共享服务的理论、技术、管理及其体系。本文构建了作物种质资源学理论框架,对基本概念和特征特性进行了界定,并提出了作物种质资源学的发展战略。     

水稻种质资源及其在功能基因组中的应用

水稻种质资源群体分为自然种质资源和遗传资源两类,是作物遗传改良和功能基因组学研究的基础材料。现简要介绍利用水稻种质资源群体开展全基因组关联分析定位数量性状位点、剖析基因变异与功能多样性、发掘与利用有利基因、分析基因组多样性及驯化选择区域等方面的研究进展及其展望。     

西藏野生芥菜型油菜种质资源的聚类分析

以植株高度、基部粗度、分枝部位、分枝总数、每株角果数等14个考种性状为指标,对西藏各地(市)搜集而来的27份野生芥菜型油菜进行了聚类分析。结果表明:1)当阈值为0.94时,将供试材料分为上生分枝型野生芥菜型油菜(G1)、下生分枝型野生芥菜型油菜(G2)和匀生分枝型野生芥菜型油菜(G3)三大类群;可以根据育种目标及当地的生态因子等选择不同的株型,从而达到稳产、丰产的目的;2)当阈值为0.61时,将材料分为SG1、SG2、SG3、SG4、SG5、SG6、SG7等个七亚类群;发现西藏野生芥菜型油菜种质资源在地理分布上的距离并不能确切反映其遗传上的差异,因此提出研究西藏的作物生长环境时,不应以行政区划为研究标准,应参考当地的区域小气候;3)各西藏野生芥菜型油菜种质资源分类群的考种性状差异明显,生物多样性丰富。     

中国引种桉树种质资源的遗传多样性分析

该研究从110对SSR引物中,选用47个扩增稳定、条带特异的SSR多态位点,对42种159份桉树种质材料进行PCR扩增,通过统计条带构建二维数据库的方法,进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析。结果显示:(1)共检测到137个等位基因,平均每个位点等位基因数为2.915个,各位点等位基因变异范围为2~7个。(2)遗传多样性分析结果表明,平均Shannon’s信息指数为0.181,平均观察杂合度Ho为0.068,平均多态信息含量PIC为0.182。综合各指标分析发现,位点eSSR-GR018、eSSR-GR083和eSSR-GR109的多态性程度最高,反映的遗传信息量更大,能够在桉树种质资源的遗传多样性分析和种质鉴定等方面发挥更大的作用。(3)非加权类平均法(UPGMA法)和主坐标分析法(PCoA法)聚类分析均表明,159份桉树种质材料分为两大类群,且昆士兰桉和少花桉间具有较高的遗传相似度,很可能产生杂交种;聚类结果与基于形态学的HillJohnson分类系统基本一致。研究表明,中国引种的桉树种质资源具有较高水平的遗传多样性,该研究所选用的47对SSR引物可有效地应用于桉树种质资源的鉴定分析。     

Genetic distance and heterosis in Indian mustard: developmental isozymes as indicators of genetic relationships

The use of isozymes as indicators of genetic diversity and as markers for the selection of agronomic traits has been proposed in different crop species. The present investigation was conducted to study the use of isozyme-derived genetic distance between parents in predicting the F₁ heterosis in Indian mustard. In addition, the interaction of isozyme-based diversity with quantitative trait and pedigree-based diversity measures, and its role in predicting hybrid heterosis has also been examined. Sixteen Indian mustard lines and their 48 crosses (12 × 4, line x tester crossing) were evaluated over two environments for isozyme and quantitative morphological characters. The results from this study suggest that the heterotic response to isozymic changes is more responsive in crosses derived from morphologically and pedigree-wise related parents in comparison to crosses derived from unrelated parents. It was possible to improve heterosis predictions by partitioning the isozyme-based genetic distance into general genetic distance and specific genetic distance and correlating the latter with the specific combining ability of morphological traits. The possible reasons for these observations are discussed.     

芥菜16个变种的RAPD研究

利用ＲＡＰＤ技术对芥菜（ＢｒａｓｉｃａｊｕｎｃｅａＣｏｓ．）１６个变种的遗传变异进行研究。从６０个随机引物中筛选出２７个有效引物,共扩增出３３６条ＤＮＡ带,其中２７５条为多态性带,占８１８５％,平均每个引物扩增的ＤＮＡ带数为１２４４条。利用１９个有效引物扩增的２４０条ＤＮＡ带对芥菜１６个变种间的亲缘关系进行ＵＰＧＡ聚类分析,计算出１６个变种间的平均遗传距离为７３４,在此基础上建立了中国菜用芥菜１６个变种的ＤＮＡ分子系统树图。该系统将芥菜的１６个变种划归Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三个组,其中Ａ组７个变种,Ｂ组８个变种,Ｃ组只有１个变种,Ｂ组又可细分为两个亚组。对芥菜遗传多样性的分子基础进行了探讨。     

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Chinese Wild Apple Species Along with Apple Cultivars Using SSR Markers

China, one of the primary centers of genetic diversity for the genus Malus, is very rich in wild apple germplasm. In this study, genetic diversity in 29 Malus accessions, including 12 accessions from 7 Chinese Malus species, 4 Chinese landraces, and 13 introduced apple cultivars, was assessed using a set of 19 single-locus simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers distributed across all 17 linkage groups of the apple genome. The number of alleles detected at each locus ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 5.3 per SSR marker. In some accessions, 16 unique alleles were identified. Ten out of these 16 unique alleles (62.5%) were detected exclusively in wild species, indicating that these Chinese wild apple species have considerable genetic diversity and can be used in breeding programs to increase the genetic diversity of apple cultivars. Using 19 SSRs, an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average cluster analysis was conducted, and the resulting dendrogram revealed that all cultivars, except for E??peMeBckoe, were clustered together in the same group. The Russian cultivar E??peMeBckoe was closely related to the Chinese crabapple Baihaitang (M. prunifolia), with a high similarity coefficient value of 0.94. Of the two M. sieversii accessions used, one accession showed a close relationship to apple cultivars, while the other accession was closely related to wild apple species, suggesting the presence of a wider genetic diversity in Chinese M. sieversii species. The influence of SSR marker selection on genetic diversity analysis in this Malus collection was also discussed.     

Introgression of genomic components from Chinese Brassica rapa contributes to widening the genetic diversity in rapeseed (B. napus L.), with emphasis on the evolution of Chinese rapeseed

In spite of its short history of being an oil crop in China, the Chinese semi-winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L., 2n = 38, AACC) has been improved rapidly by intentional introgression of genomic components from Chinese B. rapa (2n = 20, AA). As a result, the Chinese semi-winter rapeseed has diversified genetically from the spring and winter rapeseed grown in the other regions such as Europe and North America. The objectives of this study were to investigate the roles of the introgression of the genomic components from the Chinese B. rapa in widening the genetic diversity of rapeseed and to verify the role of this introgression in the evolution of the Chinese rapeseed. Ten lines of the new type of rapeseed, which were produced by introgression of Chinese B. rapa to Chinese normal rapeseed, were compared for genetic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) with three groups of 35 lines of the normal rapeseed, including 9 semi-winter rapeseed lines from China, 9 winter rapeseed lines from Europe and 17 spring rapeseed lines from Northern Europe, Canada and Australia. Analysis of 799 polymorphic fragments revealed that within the groups, the new type rapeseed had the highest genetic diversity, followed by the semi-winter normal rapeseed from China. Spring and winter rapeseed had the lowest genetic diversity. Among the groups, the new type rapeseed group had the largest average genetic distance to the other three groups. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis, however, could not separate the new type rapeseed group from Chinese normal rapeseed group. Our data suggested that the introgression of Chinese B. rapa could significantly diversify the genetic basis of the rapeseed and play an important role in the evolution of Chinese rapeseed. The use of new genetic variation for the exploitation of heterosis in Brassica hybrid breeding is discussed     

Genetic and heterosis analysis for important agronomic traits of Chinese vegetable mustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis>) in different environments

Genetic effects and genotype by environment (GE) interaction effects for some important agronomic traits of Chinese vegetable mustard were analyzed by using a genetic model including additive, dominance, additive × additive effects and their interaction effects with the environment. Four variations of Chinese vegetable mustard as parental lines and their F_1s, F_2s were evaluated in two locations. It was revealed that the agronomic traits of Chinese vegetable mustard were mainly controlled by genetic effects except plant weight (PW) and leaf weight (LW) were observed to be more affected by GE interaction effects. Among the genetic effects, additive effects took the main proportion for tiller number (TN), leaf number (LN), leaf breadth (LB) and LW; dominance effects were the main components of PW, leaf length (LL), root weight (RW) and plant height (PH); additive × additive effects were the main components of plant breadth (PB). Among the GE interaction effects, additive × environment interaction effects mainly affected LB, LW and RW, while PW, LL, PH and PB were mainly controlled by dominance × environment interaction effects. Besides, additive × additive × environment interaction was the main factor, which controlled TN and LN of Chinese vegetable mustard. For heterosis analyses, TN, LN, LB and LW of Chinese vegetable mustard showed positive H_PM and negative H_PB. The other traits showed positive H_PM and H_PB. Heterosis arising from GE interaction was found to varying degree for different environments. It was shown that genetic heterosis and GE interaction effects were important factors for agronomic traits in Chinese vegetable mustard.     

我国部分白菜型油菜 RAPD 的研究

本研究用RAPD技术和统计学方法,对以湖南和湖北省油菜为主的34个白菜型油菜品种的遗传多样性进行了分析。根据离差平方和,用Ward's聚类方法进行聚类。结果表明：白菜型油菜的遗传变异与生态地理分布有密切的关系;湖南和湖北两省的白菜型油菜品种存在广泛的遗传变异;在DNA水平上可将所分析的34个品种分成8个类群。作者对研究结果在遗传育种中的应用进行了讨论。     

Genetic diversity of autochthonous pig breeds analyzed by microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence polymorphism

The evaluation of the genetic structure of autochthonous pig breeds is very important for conservation of local pig breeds and preservation of diversity. In this study, 18 microsatellite loci were used to detect genetic relationship between autochthonous pig breeds [Black Slavonian (BS), Turopolje pig (TP), and Croatian wild boar] and to determine phylogenetic relationship among Croatian autochthonous pig breeds and certain Asian and European pigs using the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequence polymorphism. Relatively high degree of genetic variation was found between the observed populations. The analysis of mtDNA showed that haplotypes of the studied pig populations are different from the other European and Chinese haplotypes. BS pigs showed some similarities with Mangalitsa and Duroc breeds. The genetic distances of TP can be explained by high degree of inbreeding during the past century. Despite the European origin of Croatian pig breeds with some impact of Chinese breeds in the past, the results of present study show that genetic diversity is still pronounced within investigated breeds. Furthermore, the genetic diversity is even more pronounced between Croatian breeds and other European and Chinese pig breeds. Thus, conservation of Croatian pig breeds will contribute to overall genetic diversity preservation of pig breeds.     

Biodiversity of pig breeds from China and Europe estimated from pooled DNA samples: differences in microsatellite variation between two areas of domestication

Microsatellite diversity in European and Chinese pigs was assessed using a pooled sampling method on 52 European and 46 Chinese pig populations. A Neighbor Joining analysis on genetic distances revealed that European breeds were grouped together and showed little evidence for geographic structure, although a southern European and English group could tentatively be assigned. Populations from international breeds formed breed specific clusters. The Chinese breeds formed a second major group, with the Sino-European synthetic Tia Meslan in-between the two large clusters. Within Chinese breeds, in contrast to the European pigs, a large degree of geographic structure was noted, in line with previous classification schemes for Chinese pigs that were based on morphology and geography. The Northern Chinese breeds were most similar to the European breeds. Although some overlap exists, Chinese breeds showed a higher average degree of heterozygosity and genetic distance compared to European ones. Between breed diversity was even more pronounced and was the highest in the Central Chinese pigs, reflecting the geographically central position in China. Comparing correlations between genetic distance and heterozygosity revealed that China and Europe represent different domestication or breed formation processes. A likely cause is a more diverse wild boar population in Asia, but various other possible contributing factors are discussed.     

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis in Indian Mustard Germplasm Using Phenotypic Traits and SSR Markers

Plant Molecular Biology Reporter - Indian mustard is an economically important oilseed crop in India; therefore, exploring the genetic diversity of various germplasm collections is quite relevant...