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1.
    
Ecological restoration is expected to reverse the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Due to the low number of well‐replicated field studies, the extent to which restoration recovers plant communities, and the factors underlying possible shortcomings, are not well understood even in medium term. We compared the plant community composition of 38 sites comprising pristine, forestry‐drained, and 5 or 10 years ago restored peatlands in southern Finland, with special interest in understanding spatial variation within studied sites, as well as the development of the numbers and the abundances of target species. Our results indicated a recovery of community composition 5–10 years after restoration, but there was significant heterogeneity in recovery. Plant communities farthest away from ditches were very similar to their pristine reference already 10 years after restoration. In contrast, communities in the ditches were as far from the target as the drained communities. The recovery appears to be characterized by a decline in the number and abundance of species typical to degraded conditions, and increase in the abundance of characteristic peatland species. However, we found no increase above the drained state in the number of characteristic peatland species. Our results suggest that there is a risk of drawing premature conclusions on the efficiency of ecological restoration with the current practice of short‐term monitoring. Our results also illustrate fine‐scale within‐site spatial variability in the degradation and recovery of the plant communities that should be considered when evaluating the success of restoration. Overall, we find the heterogeneous outcome of restoration observed here promising. However, low recovery in the number of characteristic species demonstrates the importance of prioritizing restoration sites, and addressing the uncertainty of recovery when setting restoration targets. It appears that it is easier to eradicate unwanted species than regain characteristic species by restoration.  相似文献   

2.
Couture  P.  Thellen  C.  Thompson  P. A. 《Hydrobiologia》1989,188(1):269-276
Both structural and functional relationships were investigated in experiments using S. capricornutum populations and an indigenous microbial community. Our aims were to diagnose cellular stress and to predict recovery during exposures to a chlor-alkali effluent.Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the effluent was toxic at concentrations greater or equal to 4%, v/v. It appears that during the exposure period, the functional parameters, particularly the intracellular adenylates ratios were reliable in predicting algal population recovery.On the other hand, the river gradient experiments failed to demonstrate a toxic effect on community structure over the time scale studied. Functional parameters revealed a significant effect on photosynthetic activity while adenylate energy charge was an insensitive indicator.Finally, our results tend to demonstrate that functional responses, particularly intracellular adenylates ratios (ATP/cell; ATP/AMP) are appropriate to predict recovery responses to a toxicant at the population and community levels. This would prove useful in enhancing the ecological significance of toxicity tests in hazard assessment.  相似文献   

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The variability in the success of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken) control and vegetation restoration has been highlighted as a major issue in the United Kingdom. Experiments were set up at four different regional locations to assess bracken control at the national scale and the impact of restoration practices at the local scale. Bracken control treatments (cutting once or twice per year, a combination of cutting and asulam spraying, and asulam in year 1) were combined with site‐specific treatments designed to restore appropriate heathland or acid grassland vegetation. This article considers the effects on the developing understorey vegetation, testing the following hypotheses: (1) local differences between sites would affect community change; (2) treatments applied to control Pt. aquilinum (same at all sites) influences community change; and (3) treatments applied at the individual site level to restore vegetation influences community change toward the target vegetation. There were a considerable number of spatial effects. It is, therefore, difficult to develop a one‐size‐fits‐all policy for vegetation restoration within a national Pt. aquilinum control strategy. Few bracken control treatment effects were found, and, where they were detected, it was only at single sites. Thus, the development of target vegetation requires a combination of control and restoration treatments that take into consideration the aspects of that site. Only three species, Deschampsia flexuosa, Galium saxatile, and Campylopus introflexus, increased as a direct effect of the control treatments. Vegetation restoration was most successful in the cutting‐twice‐per‐year plots, the treatment with the greatest reduction in Pt. aquilinum cover.  相似文献   

4.
湖北斧头湖浮叶水生植物群落学研究I.菱群落的结构   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
本文从三方面考察了斧头湖菱群落的结构,并对之进行了周年观察。菱群落内共有15种植物)可归为5个生活型13个生长型,组成种类较为丰富。利用生活型-生长型分析能较好揭示菱群落的结构。从大范围看,菱群落呈带状或斑块状分布;从小范围看,菱种群呈群聚分布,聚块大小从0.16-8m ̄2不等。群落垂直结构分两层:浮叶植物层和沉水植物层,浮叶水生值被的光合作用系统和生物量多集中在水面层)无发达地下根茎系统。菱群落内菱种群的生物量6-7月达最大值,其空间生态位与荇菜和水鳖等部分重叠,但通过时间序列发生生态位分化,以缓和对空间生态位的竞争。  相似文献   

5.
五台山林区典型人工林群落物种多样性研究   总被引:32,自引:4,他引:32       下载免费PDF全文
对山西五台山林区4种典型人工林群落物种多样性特征进行了定量研究,结果表明: 1 4种人工林群落灌木层和草本层的Simpson指数 D 和Shannon-Wienner指数 H′ 差异不显著,物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数 Jsw 差异显著,均匀度指数 Ea 差异极显著,草本层发育明显好于灌木层; 2 各人工群落尚处于演替初期阶段,林下植被发育常以禾本科阳生性植物为主; 3 对4种人工林群落灌草层物种多样性显著性检验结果显示,在灌草层物种多样性特征上,油松林与桦木林、山杨林多样性差异显著 P<0.05 ,其它群落差异不显著.山杨林物种多样性程度较高,油松林最差; 4 不同人工林群落物种总体多样性特征分析表明,桦木和山杨人工林群落总体α多样性与油松林差异显著,且多样性较大,阔叶林更有利于林下植被的发育和更新; 5 对人工生态系统物种多样性研究是退耕还林、天然林保护等生态环境工程的延伸,对于植被恢复后的生物学效果评价有重要意义.  相似文献   

6.
采用长期定位观测的方法,研究了祁连山北坡退化林地人工抚育下2001-2008年间植被群落的自然恢复过程和土壤特征变化。结果表明:人为干扰消除后,退化林地群落环境逐渐优化,群落的科、属、种均明显增加,物种成员更替频繁;灌木和乔木物种出现后,群落垂直高度增大,群落结构出现成层现象;群落总体多样性指数呈不断增大的趋势,在空间结构上,Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数表现出:草本层>灌木层>乔木层的规律,而Pielou均匀度指数变化相反;土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和全氮含量随植被恢复均不断增加。在实施封育禁牧措施后,退化林地实现了由草本群落-灌木群落-乔木群落方向的快速演替,当恢复到早期的先锋乔灌混交阶段时,群落的物种组成、结构和多样性趋于复杂化,土壤性状也得到一定改善,显示出相对较好的适应性和恢复效果。  相似文献   

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Growth dynamics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, and Staphylococcus aureus in a batch and chemostat, were investigated as a laboratory model system for persistent infections in cystic fibrosis. Most species-specific enumeration methods for mixed cultures are laborious or only qualitative, and therefore impede generation of quantitative data required for validation of mathematical models. Here, a quantitative T-RFLP method was evaluated and applied for specific and absolute cell number enumerations. The method was tested to be unbiased by quantitative sample composition and allowed reproducible enumerations of mixed cultures. For assay validation, samples of defined concentration containing one, two or three species were quantified. Logarithmically transformed absolute cell numbers of single-species dilutions were linear within a lower working range of 10(4)-10(6) cfu/mL (species-dependent) and an upper working range of 10(10) cfu/mL. Quantifications of single species (10(6)-10(10) cfu/mL) spiked with one or two other species agreed well with single species controls. Differences between slopes of first order linear regression of spiked and pure dilution series were insignificant. Coefficient of variation of defined mixed replicates was maximum 4.39%, of a three-species chemostat it was maximum 1.76%. T-RFLP monitoring of pure cultures in parallel shake flasks and of a three-species mixed chemostat gave very consistent results. Coexistence of at least two species after a time period equivalent to more than 33 volume exchanges was found. This result was not predicted from pure cultures clearly indicating the need for quantitative mixed culture experiments to better understand microbial growth dynamics and for mathematical model validation.  相似文献   

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子午岭植被自然恢复过程中植物多样性的变化   总被引:76,自引:13,他引:76       下载免费PDF全文
李裕元  邵明安 《生态学报》2004,24(2):252-260
黄土高原地区由于强烈的水土流失生态系统处于极度退化的状态,探讨该地区植被自然恢复演替过程中植物多样性的变化规律,对于指导该地区的人工植被建设具有重要的理论价值与实际意义.以时空互代的方法初步研究了黄土高原子午岭弃耕地植被自然恢复演替过程中植物多样性的变化.结果表明,在近150a的植被恢复演替过程中调查样方内共出现高等植物128种,分属于47科113属,累计出现的科、属、种数(y)随着演替时间(t)的延长呈对数函数变化y=aLn(t)+b,而且在植被恢复的前期增加速度较快,有60%的科属种在前30a出现.杠柳(Periploca sepium)与茶条槭(Acer ginnala)是植被恢复演替过程中出现最早而且持续时间最长的木本植物,具有较宽的生态位,建议作为该地区人工造林树种考虑.在植被恢复演替过程中草本层与灌木层物种丰富度指数(Gleason指数与Margalef指数)、多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)以及Pielou均匀度指数的变化均表现为抛物线函数变化规律y=at2+bt+c.在不同的群落层次植物多样性的变化是不同步的,草本层、灌木层与乔木层植物多样性达到最大的时间依次为70~80a、90~100a与100a以上.森林群落植物多样性在空间上的变化顺序为草本层>灌木层>乔木层.  相似文献   

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Self-thinning of plant populations from a dynamic viewpoint   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
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10.
To investigate the dynamic changes in the artificial vegetation in an abandoned mining site,we analyzed the relationships among community types,environmental variables and community structure in the process of vegetation restoration in the Antaibao mining site,China by survey of the communities and use of biological dating methods.By means of the quantitative classification method (two-way indicator-species analysis,TWINSPAN) and the ordination technique (de-trended correspondence analysis,DCA; and de-trended canonical correspondence analysis,DCCA),the plant communities were classified into seven groups:community Ⅰ,Robinia pseudoacacia + Pinus tabulaeformis-Caragana korshinskii-Agropyron cristatum; community Ⅱ,Robinia pseudoacacia-Hippophae rhamnoides-Artemisia capillaries; community Ⅲ,Ulmus pumila-Elaeagnus angustifolia-Artemisia capillaries;community Ⅳ,Caragana korshinskii-Agropyron cristatum+Artemisia capillaries;community Ⅴ,Hippophae rhamnoides-Elymus dahuricus;cornrnunity Ⅵ,Elaeagnus angustifolia+Hippophae rhamnoides-Brassica jucea;community Ⅶ,Hippophae rhamnoides+Elaeagnus angustifolia-Salsola collina.We conclude that the community types and diversity are mainly influenced by the succession time and the soil organic matter content.The forest community is more adaptable to the special inhabitation than the shrub community.  相似文献   

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绿量快速测算模式   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
周一凡  周坚华 《生态学报》2006,26(12):4204-4211
着重讨论绿量快速测算方法中的原始数据自动采集问题。这里以原LVV基本测算模型的分树种径-高方程(D-HEqs)为基础,通过加权归纳和系统误差调整,给出了测算精度较好的模糊径-高相关方程(G_D_HEq),LVV测算误差与原基本模型相比仅低7.6%;通过树冠信息提取、噪声去除和边界跟踪等技术,给出了树冠边界周长面积比与冠径的相关方程(P/A_DEq),并由实验证明了树冠的周长面积比(P/A)对冠径变化敏感。冠径自动提取和计算误差约为10%。该研究不仅改变了原来LVV遥感测算模式中多数原始数据必须通过人工判读量算的现状,也实现了LVV数据更新的自动化。  相似文献   

13.
上海城市植被变化轨迹及其成因分析   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
韩贵锋  徐建华 《生态学报》2009,29(4):1793-1803
通过TM影像解译,获取上海市1989、1997和2003年共3个时期的植被分布,构造植被变化轨迹,分析轨迹的空间格局;选择距离、人口和景观等3类共12个影响因子,使用Logistic回归进行成因分析.研究结果表明:①14年来,上海市的植被面积呈现持续下降趋势,浦东新区植被减少最多;3个时期均为植被的轨迹占总面积的一半以上,其次是3个时期均为非植被的轨迹占总面积的1/5.早期植被转化为非植被的轨迹主要在城区周围,而近期的转化的轨迹发生在距城区较远的地区;植被与非植被的交替变化轨迹,说明了植被并不是一味地被破坏,而是出现了可逆的变化过程.②Logistic回归分析发现,各因子对植被变化轨迹的影响强度大小依次是,离道路的距离>离行政中心的距离>离植被-非植被边界的距离>离商业中心的距离=1990年人口密度>离河流的距离>离高速公路的距离>土地利用多样性>2003年与1990年人口密度差=离上海市中心的距离.③回归模型的精度是满意的,其中二分类Logistic模型精度高于多分类Logistic模型.总体上,离道路的距离对植被变化影响最明显;变化轨迹表明在部分地区植被出现了植被-非植被反复变化的过程;植被分布不但具有空间依赖性,还具有较强的时间依赖性.  相似文献   

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Many marine ecosystems have undergone ‘regime shifts’, i.e. abrupt reorganizations across trophic levels. Establishing whether these constitute shifts between alternative stable states is of key importance for the prospects of ecosystem recovery and for management. We show how mechanisms underlying alternative stable states caused by predator–prey interactions can be revealed in field data, using analyses guided by theory on size-structured community dynamics. This is done by combining data on individual performance (such as growth and fecundity) with information on population size and prey availability. We use Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and their prey in the Baltic Sea as an example to discuss and distinguish two types of mechanisms, ‘cultivation-depensation’ and ‘overcompensation’, that can cause alternative stable states preventing the recovery of overexploited piscivorous fish populations. Importantly, the type of mechanism can be inferred already from changes in the predators'' body growth in different life stages. Our approach can thus be readily applied to monitored stocks of piscivorous fish species, for which this information often can be assembled. Using this tool can help resolve the causes of catastrophic collapses in marine predatory–prey systems and guide fisheries managers on how to successfully restore collapsed piscivorous fish stocks.  相似文献   

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皖西南的潜山地处白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)南北往返迁飞的转折点,既是北迁种群的迁入区,又是后期回迁种群形成的重要虫源区。解析此地白背飞虱种群发生的全过程,可为白背飞虱的异地预测和源头治理提供理论依据和技术支撑。本研究利用HYSPLIT轨迹分析平台和MICAPS天气分析系统模拟分析了潜山白背飞虱2009年6个迁入峰次的虫源地和迁入代种群的形成,又通过田间系统调查与雌虫卵巢系统解剖研究了2009年潜山白背飞虱田间发生动态和世代种群性质及回迁种群的形成。结果表明:(1)2009年潜山白背飞虱的迁入虫源6月上旬来自赣西及湘赣交界地区(27.2°N~28.7°N),6月中下旬来自湘南和湘东南地区(25.1°N~26.7°N),7月上旬和下旬来自湘东和赣西地区(27.1°N~28.5°N),7月中旬来自湘东南和赣南地区(25.5°N~26.8°N),7月底8月初来自赣北和赣西北(28.1°N~29.4°N)。(2)2009年潜山白背飞虱在中稻田和晚稻田滞留危害,发生危害期延长,为后期回迁提供了大量的虫源。(3)确定了潜山稻区的中稻田和双季晚稻田各发生世代的虫源性质。2009年,白背飞虱迁入种群在中稻上繁殖一个世代后,新羽化的成虫(第3代,7月下旬至8月中旬)因连续降雨而大量滞留本地继续为害中稻田,其后再迁入晚稻田危害并大量增殖,形成第4代(8月下旬至9月中旬)回迁种群大量南迁。此期仍有部分个体滞留,所形成的第5代为无效虫源。  相似文献   

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黄土高原不同植被坡地土壤微生物区系特征   总被引:21,自引:1,他引:21       下载免费PDF全文
应用稀释平板法对黄土高原不同植被覆盖下坡地土壤0~5cm和5~20cm土层的细菌、真菌和放线菌的分布特征进行了研究;结果表明:(1)该区域不同植被下土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌总体比较丰富,数量差异较大,柠条土壤中微生物数量最多,苜蓿地中的最少.同一植被下各类菌群数量排序为细菌>放线菌>真菌.(2)放线菌和真菌随土层深度的增加而呈明显的减少趋势,而细菌的不明显.(3)天然荒坡的微生物数量高于人工草地的,人工灌木林微生物数量高于人工乔木林的,人工乔草复生果树林的微生物数量高于人工纯生乔木林、纯生草地和纯生果树林的.  相似文献   

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郑梦瑶  李媛  王雪蓉  张越  贾彤 《生物多样性》2024,32(4):23419-641
原生动物是土壤微生物群落的重要组成部分, 在生态系统中扮演着分解者和还原者的双重角色, 担负着维持生态系统平衡、健康以及能量流动枢纽等重要功能。研究不同植被类型下土壤原生动物群落特征及其构建过程, 对认识各类生态系统中原生动物群落多样性维持机制及加强生物多样性保护有重要意义。本研究以芦芽山森林、灌丛、草地土壤为研究对象, 采用高通量测序技术, 探究不同植被类型下原生动物群落组成、多样性及构建机制。结果表明: 芦芽山不同植被类型土壤原生动物群落分属于9界、23门、58纲、117目、215科、335属和1,979个可操作性分类单元。芦芽山土壤原生动物群落的α多样性在森林与草地、灌丛间没有显著差异。不同植被类型的原生动物群落结构具有差异。冗余分析结果发现, 土壤总磷和含水量是决定不同植被类型原生动物群落结构的重要环境因子。零模型结果表明, 芦芽山3种植被类型土壤原生动物群落构建过程均以随机性过程占主导。分子生态网络分析显示, 土壤原生动物群落的复杂性从高到低依次为草地、灌丛和森林。研究结果揭示了影响芦芽山森林、草地和灌丛土壤原生动物群落在物种组成和多样性的关键生态因子, 初步探明不同植被类型土壤原生动物群落的复杂性及其构建机制, 为深入了解土壤各营养级生物类群落的相互关系及其构建机制提供理论依据和数据支持。  相似文献   

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