The efficacy of exogenous and endogenous interferonization in preventing influenza]

In this work the results of using interferon (IFN), Dibasol and the combination of these preparations for the urgent prophylaxis of influenza and acute respiratory diseases (ARD) among the employees of the Gamaleia Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (USSR Acad. Med. Sci.) are summarized. Reaferon and Dibasol decrease ARD morbidity 2 times and leukocytic IFN decreases it 1.4 times, while the combined administration of Dibasol and IFN has proved to be ineffective. Reaferon is mainly a prophylactic remedy; it has been found to bring about almost no decrease in the number of patients at the peak of morbidity, while pronouncedly decreasing it in two weeks after the administration of the preparation. Dibasol has a curative effect, sharply interrupting the beginning rise of morbidity. Reaferon normalizes the characteristics of the IFN status, decreasing the amount of circulating IFN and enhancing the capacity of leukocytes for producing alpha-IFN and gamma-IFN. For the prophylaxis of respiratory infections the use of Reaferon is advisable 3-4 weeks prior to the beginning of the epidemic and then, when the first cases of infection are registered, the course of prophylaxis with Dibasol should be carried out.     

Prophylactic efficacy of reaferon in viral hepatitis A and acute respiratory infections in children

Reaferon, the analog of human alpha 2-interferon obtained by gene engineering techniques, was studied with a view to its use for the prevention of hepatitis A. The study involved children of preschool age in Tashkent. In a strictly controlled trial children aged 2-6 years received the preparation orally in a dose of 1 X 10(6) I. U. or the diluent alone used as placebo. The preparation was administered to 1,100 children and the placebo to 1,078 children. The preparation and placebo were administered twice a week for two months. On the whole, during that period hepatitis A morbidity in both test and control groups of children was the same (5.1% and 4.9% respectively), but among children of nursery age receiving Reaferon the incidence of hepatitis A and acute respiratory viral infections was lower than among those receiving the placebo, though this difference was statistically significant only for cases of acute respiratory infections.     

Effect of recombinant human alpha-interferon (reaferon) on macrophage functional activity in mice

The influence of human recombinant alpha 2-interferon (reaferon) on the parameters of the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages (migration, spreading, adhesion and absorption of corpuscular antigen) has been studied. Reaferon in doses of 5-5 X 10(2) I. U./ml has been found to produce a stimulating effect on all parameters under study. The data obtained in this study suggest that a stimulating effect on the functional activity of macrophages is the same for recombinant (alpha 2) interferon and natural alpha-interferon.     

Biologic activity and tolerance of a preparation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, obtained by a microbiological route ["biopolyene"]]

Biopolyene is a mixture of ethyl ethers of polyunsaturated fatty acids isolated from biomass of Entomophthora virulenta, a mycelial fungus. Its acute and chronic toxicity was studied on rats and guinea pigs. After oral administration of the preparation in single doses exceeding 50 g/kg there were no disorders in the general state of the rats. In chronic experiments with oral biopolyene in doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg and its local application to the intact skin of the animals in a dose of 1 g/kg there were no significant changes in the functional state of the liver and kidneys as well as the peripheral blood count. Insignificant changes in the serum levels of liver enzymes and coagulation were transient. The preparation showed no allergenic or immunomodulating effects. It had neither embryotoxic, teratogenic nor mutagenic action.     

建立小鼠淋巴瘤模型所需环磷酰胺最佳预处理剂量探索

目的:探讨不同剂量环磷酰胺对小鼠肿瘤成模情况的影响,寻找一种简单、有效的建立肿瘤模型的预处理方法。方法:给予BALB/c裸鼠腹腔注射不同剂量环磷酰胺,72小时后再给予小鼠皮下接种淋巴瘤细胞,观察预处理前后小鼠外周血白细胞数量及体重变化情况,以及肿瘤成模率、急性死亡率等。结果:①组1(NS对照组)、组2(100mg/kg×1d)、组3(125mg/kg×1d)、组4(75mg/kg×2d)预处理后体重较处理前无显著性变化,亦无急性死亡情况发生;而组5(125mg/kg×2d)、组6(200mg/kg×2d)、组7(125mg/kg×3d)、组8(250mg/kg×3d)小鼠体重较预处理前明显减轻,且急性死亡率依次为30%、58.3%、50%、75%;②组1和组2小鼠预处理后72小时外周血白细胞数较处理前无明显差异,同时均未成模;而组3、组4、组5、组6、组7、组8小鼠白细胞较预处理前均显著下降,成模率依次为20%、83.3%、60%、33.3%、50%、25%。结论:使用环磷酰胺75mg/kg连续2天腹腔注射的预处理方案,操作简单,成本低廉,通过观察外周血白细胞数和小鼠体重水平等指标即可初步判断建模情况,同时肿瘤成模率高,毒副作用小,是理想的预处理方案。     

Tryptophan-5-hydroxylase activity in the rabbit brain synaptosomes at different times after the single administration of the opioid peptide Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH2

The activity of the key enzyme of serotonin biosynthesis--tryptophan-5-hydroxylase (T-5-H) was investigated in the synaptosomes of the motor cortex and caudate nucleus of the rabbit brain 30 min or 5 days after single injection of opioid tetrapeptidamide Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH2 (TPA). TPA was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 500 micrograms/kg of rabbit body weight. T-5-H activity in caudate nucleus synaptosomes was two times higher than that of the motor cortex synaptosomes and accounted for 159.67 and 80.84 pmoles of formed 5-hydroxytryptophan/mg protein per hour. 30 min after single injection of TPA the enzyme activity in the synaptosomes of the motor cortex and caudate nucleus decreased by 64.0 and 43.0%, respectively. 5 days following single TPA injection T-5-H activity in the motor cortex synaptosomes increased by 68.4% and in caudate nucleus synaptosomes decreased by 35.6%. Thus, it was established that TPA displayed a pronounced effect on T-5-H activity. The delayed effect of opioid TPA on T-5-H activity was discovered which was manifested on day 5 after the single injection. Possible mechanisms of TPA effect on T-5-H are discussed.     

Comparative study of the effectiveness of HBcAg presentation to the immune system using attenuated Salmonella strains, serovars S.enteritidis and S.typhimurium

In this work the results of obtaining HBcAg-producing attenuated Salmonella strains, serovars S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium, and their comparative study is presented. As revealed in this study, attenuated S. enteritidis strain E-23 and S. typhimurium strain T-10, producing HBcAg, induce cell-mediated and humoral immune response to HBcAg after injected into anovals. After injection S. typhimurium strain T-10 induces a much higher titer of specific antibodies than S. enteritidis strain E-23. The level of specific antibodies induced by recombinant HBcAg seems to correlate with the capacity of salmonellae for survival inside macroorganisms.     

Subclinic effect of the administration of T-2 Toxin and Nivalenol in mice

Four experiments using T-2 toxin and nivalenol at different dosage, which represented the 25% and 40% of the LD50 (experiment A: 1.04 mg of T-2 toxin per kilogram of body weight, experiment B: 2.34 mg of T-2 toxin/kg b.w., experiment C: 1.04 mg of T-2 toxin/kg b. w. and 2.34 mg of T-2 toxin/kg b.w.; experiment D: 0.82 mg of nivalenol/kg b.w. and 1.845 mg of nivalenol/kg b.w.) were conducted on 400 mice. Both toxins were administered to mice of different ages (experiments A and B were adults, experiment C and D were young) by intraperitoneal single injection, and the clinical signs, hematological variables and histoanatomo pathological changes were studied. All animals survived. No changes anatomo-histopathological nor significative differences in weight gain were observed. Different behaviors were found for nivalenol and T-2 toxin. The most significant change was the increase in the level of monocytes in old animals, so this could be a biological indicator for T-2 toxin subclinical intoxication.     

Effect of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid on the colony-forming ability of hematopoietic stem cells in conditions of allogeneic inhibition]

It was found that the colony-forming capacity of parental bone marrow transplant (C57BL/6) was partially restored in the (CBA X C57BL/6) hybrid recipient irradiated with 800 rad when poly I -- poly C preparation was injected. The effect of poly I -- poly C injection on the colony formation was equivalent to addition of the thymus cells syngeneic with the marrow. In either case the number of splenic colonies was more than double that in the control. On the other hand, it was found that in a completely syngeneic system the number of splenic colonies was not influenced by the thymus cells and poly I -- poly C preparation. Poly I -- poly C doses ranging from 50 to 100 mug and thymus cell doses ranging from 4-10(6) to 8-10(6) did not increase the efficiency of the colony formation with a stable bone marrow dose transplant.     

Effects of verbenalin on prostatitis mouse model

The aim of this study was to observe the treatment characteristics of verbenalin on a prostatitis mouse model. Give Xiaozhiling injection in the prostate locally to make a prostatitis mouse model. High, medium and low doses of verbenalin were each given to different mouse groups. The amount of water was determined in 14th, 28th. The number of white cells and lecithin corpuscle density in prostatic fluid were determined. Morphological changes in the prostate, testis, epididymis and kidney were detected. Compared with the model control group, the mice treated with high, medium and low doses of verbenalin had significantly increased amounts of water, and prostate white blood cell count and prostate volume density (Vv) were decreased significantly, the density of lecithin corpuscle score increased, and pathologic prostatitis changes were significantly reduced. Pathological change in the testis was significantly reduced and the change in the epididymis was obviously reduced. The thymic cortex thickness and the number of lymphocytes increased significantly and could reduce the renal pathological changes in potential. Verbenalin has a good therapeutic effect on the prostatitis mouse model.     

The biological activity of different forms of Polyoma Virus DNA and viral DNA fragments

Mouse tissue culture cells were infected with different forms of Polyoma Virus (PV) DNA or virus DNA fragments by means of a microinjection technique and stained for PV-tumor (T) antigen and virus capsid (V) antigen 48 hr after injection.The efficiency of PV-DNA 1 (20S) to induce T- and V-antigen was within the same range as the efficiency of the full virus particle. DNA II (16S) showed a reduced capacity for both T- and V-antigen induction.Single stranded DNA molecules (16 or 18S) and double stranded DNA fragments (12S) led to T-antigen but not V-antigen synthesis. Simultaneous transfer of 16S and 18S DNA revealed T- and V-antigen formation.     

Egg Production, Shell Thickness, and Other Physiological Parameters of Laying Hens Affected by T-2 Toxin

T-2 toxin has been reported to cause severe oral lesions and neural disturbances in young broiler chickens. T-2 toxin, when added at a level of 20 mug per g of feed, caused oral lesions but no abnormal neural disturbances in young broiler chickens. T-2 toxin, when added at a level of 20 mug per g of feed, caused oral lesions but no abnormal neural symptoms in laying hens. T-2 toxin had no effect on either hemoglobin, hematocrit values, erythrocyte count, plasma glucose, prothrombin times, or the sizes of the liver, spleen, pancreas, and heart. Lipid content of the liver was not altered. Feed consumption, however, was reduced, as were the total plasma protein and lipid concentrations and the total leukocyte count. Most important economically was the lowered egg production and a thinner egg shell. The timing and severity of the symptoms suggest that T-2 toxin causes primary oral lesions that reduce feed consumption with a consequent reduction in serum proteins and lipids, which culminate in decreased egg production. The leucopenia and thinner egg shell may be independent systemic effects of T-2 toxin in laying hens.     

Effect of different doses of a chalone-containing alcohol precipitate of Ehrlich ascitic tumor on the mitotic activity and DNA synthesis in this tumor

Chalone-containing preparation has been obtained from ascitic Ehrlich's tumour by alcohol precipitation and the effect of various preparation doses on mitotic activity and DNA synthesis in the tumour has been studied. The preparation was shown to suppress tumour cell proliferation, acting on mitosis initiation and mitotic S phase as well as on DNA synthesis in the cells at S phase of mitotic cycle. The effect of the preparation on DNA synthesis in phase S cells was more pronounced than on cells entering DNA synthesis phase. The changes in all the parameters examined were dose-dependent. The preparation effect was tissue-specific.     

Endotoxin-induced changes in the rabbit's blood picture

The authors studied changes in the rabbit's blood picture in the first 24 hours after the administration of three different doses of endotoxin. The most pronounced changes were observed in the white blood component, particularly the granulocytes, which almost vanished from the blood stream immediately after the endotoxin was injected. In 24 hours granulocytopenia was succeeded by marked granulocytosis. Changes in the lymphocytes were smaller; the lymphocyte count fell slightly about 3 hours after the injection of endotoxin, but by 24 hours it was almost normal again. The platelet count also fell after the administration of endotoxin, but the red blood picture remained virtually the same.     

Efficiency of pituitary extracts (FSH) for induction of superovulation in cattle

In four experiments on 195 adult cows the number of corpora lutea, as determined by rectal palpation, and the number and quality of embryos, as determined after non-surgical recovery, were studied following 4 days of treatment with superovulatory doses of follicle stimulating hormone. Neither the total dose, the commercial origin of the hormone preparation, nor the volume of saline used as an injection medium had a significant effect on the responses. However, the number of injections per day and the pattern of doses within the injection regime were found to exert significant effects. The greatest response (15.9 ± 15.0 corpora lutea, 12.2 ± 12.3 embryos recovered and 5.3 ± 6.2 transferable embryos) was observed after the administration of the hormone twice a day at decreasing doses.     

Effect of crude and purified human chorionic gonadotropin on murine delayed-type hypersensitivity: A role for prostaglandins

In this study we report a significant inhibition of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in mice pretreated for 5 days with different doses of a crude or a purified preparation of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Purified HCG was found to be more potent than crude HCG in its immunosuppressive capacity, while the HCG subunits and desialylated HCG were without immunosuppressive effect. The inhibition of the DTH reaction was completely reversed by the simultaneous injection of indomethacin or aspirin, two known inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. Our findings indicate that HCG itself can suppress the DTH response and that the mechanism involves the release of prostaglandins.     

Study of general toxic and organotropic properties of ampicillin combined with sulbactam]

The effect of sulacillin, a combination of sulbactam and ampicillin (1:2), on the functions of the liver and kidneys, peripheral blood count, cardiovascular and central nervous systems was studied in acute and chronic experiments on animals of various species. The allergenic and local irritating properties of the combination were also studied. It was shown that the combination was low toxic and the interaction of sulbactam and ampicillin by the lethal effect was additive. When the combination was administered intravenously to mice, its LD50 amounted to 6 g/kg. In chronic experiments on rats parenterally given the combination in doses equivalent to the therapeutic ones there were no changes in the examined systems and organs. When used in the doses exceeding the therapeutic ones, sulacillin used during long periods induced a transitory elevation of blood levels of transaminases and alkaline phosphatases, an increase in the relative weight of the liver and kidneys, elongation the typhlon and an increase in glycogen levels in the hepatocytes without morphological changes. The combination had no significant effect of sulacillin and the painful injections alleviated by local anesthesia were recorded. The allergenic properties of the combination were moderate and did not differ from those of ampicillin. The data indicate that the combined sulacillin preparation greatly resembles its foreign analogue.     

Sources of variation in the analysis of trichothecenes in cereals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The sources of variation In the analysis of trichothecenes in cereals by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were studied and Identified. Ways to decrease some of the variations identified are presented and discussed. The method Is validated for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin. The general variability in the performance of the GC-MS apparatus itself, as well as derivatisation, matrix effect, injection and quantification were identified to be the sources of variation. The use of internal standards was studied in order to decrease the variation due to problems with derivatisation and the overall sample preparation. Two derivatisation reagents were compared, one of which was found to be more effective for decreasing this variation. The calibrants prepared in the cereal extract reduced the variation due to the matrix effect and thus improved the quantification. “Constant Standards” were introduced in order to detect and decrease the variation caused by injection and the apparatus itself. The validation study proved that this analytical method for trichothecenes was adequately reliable and sensitive. The relative standard deviation varied between 3–9% and the recovery between 46–90% for the different trichothecenes determined. The limit of detection for a range of trichothecenes varied from 5 μg/kg to 15 μg/kg.     

Study of discharge quenching in the T-10 tokamak by injecting high-Z impurity pellets

The problem of the fast quenching of a discharge in tokamaks by injecting high-Z impurity pellets is considered. Results are presented from experiments in the T-10 tokamak, in which a substantial decrease (up to 70%) in the thermal plasma energy was observed. A one-dimensional transport code is developed to describe tokamak-discharge quenching. The code is used to simulate the experiments on quenching the T-10 discharge. It is shown that the injection of a high-Z pellet into the T-10 plasma changes the transport coefficients as compared to their steady-state values derived from the energy balance or scalings.     

The host reaction to the administration of different components of Coxiella burnetii]

After the intraperitoneal injection of corpuscles of C. burnetii antigen (Ag), phospholipid (PL), and sediment obtained after the extraction of PL from Ag with chloroform-methanol (CM) slight leukocytic reaction developed in the peritoneum on day 1, and on day 2 it could be observed in the liver and in the spleen. Ag induced the most pronounced morphological changes. In the spleen they were manifested by the activation of T- and B-dependent zones of white pulp from day 2 and by the pronounced hyperplasia of reticular cells and macrophages, leading to splenomegaly, by days 7-14. Simultaneously lymphoid-macrophagal granulomas and hepatomegaly developed in the liver. By days 7-14 the foci of necrosis in the liver were caused by the thrombosis of portal veins and were not registered after the injection of PL and CM (and earlier also in experiments with Ag in doses of 0.1-0.3 mg).