溶液离子强度对光系统Ⅰ和光系统Ⅱ结构性质及分离的影响（英文）

本文运用现代分析手段系统考察了溶液离子强度对菠菜来源光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)和光系统(PSⅡ)结构性质的影响,研究的结构性质包括:低温荧光光谱、放(耗)氧活性、聚集尺寸、聚集形貌、Zeta电位和热稳定性等.结果表明,溶液离子强度对PSⅠ和PSⅡ的放(耗)氧活性、聚集尺寸和热稳定性具有显著影响.此外,根据测试结果的分析得知,"筛分效应"在光系统Ⅰ的超滤分离过程中起决定性作用.     

去污剂SDS和OGP扰动后光系统Ⅱ的蛋白热稳定性研究

对去污剂SDS和OGP扰动后的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的稳定性进行了分析研究。在不同的去污剂条件下,对PSⅡ进行了放氧活性和叶绿素荧光参数的测定,并使用圆二色（CD）光谱和差式扫描量热法（DSC）进行了分析。实验表明SDS扰动导致PSⅡ的放氧活性和叶绿素荧光参数Fv′/Fm′降低,但对叶绿素激子相互作用的影响很小。而OGP扰动对PSⅡ的放氧活性和叶绿素荧光参数Fv′/Fm′r影响不大,但减弱了叶绿素激子相互作用。结果说明SDS对PSⅡ的外周蛋白扰动显著,而OGP主要对PSⅡ的内在膜蛋白有扰动作用。结合DSC分析的结果,说明PSⅡ中外周蛋白受扰动会大大降低PSⅡ整体的热稳定性,而内在膜蛋白受扰动对PSⅡ整体的热稳定性并没有明显的影响。     

植物光系统Ⅱ放氧复合体外周蛋白结构和功能的研究进展

光合放氧是植物光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的重要功能之一.PSⅡ的放氧反应主要是由PSⅡ氧化侧的4个锰原子组成的锰簇催化的.在类囊体膜的囊腔侧还结合有若干个外周蛋白,对放氧反应起着重要作用.文章总结了植物光系统Ⅱ外周蛋白的结构和功能研究方面的最新进展.     

镉离子对菠菜叶绿体光系统Ⅱ的影响

环境污染因子重金属离子镉(Cd~(2 ))对菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)叶绿体光合作用有明显的抑制作用,其中对光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的抑制作用显著。5mmol/l Cd~(2 )可抑制 PSⅡ放氧活性53％。Cd~(2 )使叶绿体和 PSⅡ制剂的 DCIP 光还原活性降低;可变荧光也受到抑制。加入 PSⅡ的人工电子供体 DPC 仅使被抑制的 DCIP 光还原活性稍有恢复;加入羟胺对被抑制的可变荧光并无明显影响。因此我们认为 Cd~(2 )除了作用于 PSⅡ氧化侧外,还可能直接损伤了 PSⅡ反应中心。不同浓度的 Cd~(2 )处理后,叶绿体全电子链的电子传递活性比放氧活性的速率降低快。这暗示着 PSⅡ氧化侧不是 Cd~(2 )唯一的作用部位,在 PSⅡ与 PSⅠ之间的电子传递链上还存在有对 Cd~(2 )敏感的部位。     

毕氏海蓬子类囊体膜与卵磷脂重组脂质体的耐热性研究

采用卵磷脂(PC)构建脂质体,然后将毕氏海蓬子类囊体膜蛋白复合物重组到脂质体中.分析不同温度(25℃、35℃、45℃和55℃)处理后蛋白脂质体的电子传递活性、吸收光谱和荧光光谱的变化,以探讨膜脂与膜蛋白在高温胁迫下的交互作用.结果显示:蛋白脂质体光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的放氧活性和光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)的耗氧活性随着PC比例的提高而增加,在PC与类囊体膜比例为4∶1(Lipid∶Chl,w/w)时达到最高,同时蛋白脂质体的吸收光谱和荧光光谱也呈上升趋势;在PC与类囊体膜重组比例为4∶1条件下,高温处理后的蛋白脂质体的PSⅡ放氧活性和PSⅠ耗氧活性显著大于未经重组的,其吸收光谱和荧光光谱峰值下降幅度低于未经重组的,且峰位基本没有变化.研究表明,PC可能通过增加结合天线的大小来促进蛋白脂质体对光能的吸收和能量从外周天线到PSⅡ和PSⅠ核心复合物的传递;在脂质体中,PC与类囊体膜的交互作用提高了PSⅡ和PSⅠ在高温胁迫下的光化学效率,增强了PSⅡ和PSⅠ的耐热性.     

Mn、Ca阳离子在菠菜PSII颗粒氧化水中的作用

用Triton X-100处理菠菜叶绿体,获得一个基本不含PSⅠ成分、而具放氧活性的PSⅡ颗粒。最适pH移至6.9,超过pH7.2就发生凝集,在照光下只形成很小或不形成H~+梯度,只有微弱的毫秒延迟荧光发射,老化和解联剂都不加速电子传递。 Mn、Ca阳离子促进PSⅡ颗粒的放氧和H~+释放,两者作用不能叠加。Mn离子只作用于活化的PSⅡ颗粒,对叶绿体和部分失活的PSⅡ颗粒无效。Ca离子对叶绿体、PSⅡ颗粒或部分失活的PSⅡ颗粒,都有相同程度的促进效应。     

铀在小麦幼苗中的积累分布及其对叶片光系统活性的影响

分别采用不同浓度的铀[0、5、20、50、100mg.L-1 UO2(NO3)2.6H2O]对五叶期的‘西科麦3号’小麦幼苗于水培条件下处理7d,分析小麦对铀的吸收积累情况,并通过快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学OJIP曲线及820nm光吸收曲线,分析铀对叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)和光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)活性的影响。结果表明:(1)小麦对铀的富集系数和转移系数较小,吸收的铀主要集中在根部。(2)铀胁迫显著降低了小麦叶片捕光色素叶绿素b的含量,并显著影响小麦叶片两个光系统的活性;铀显著抑制PSⅡ反应中心的活性,但是对PSⅡ的电子供体侧和受体侧电子传递活性及PSⅠ的活性则表现为促进作用。(3)低浓度的铀处理会影响小麦叶片中两个光合系统之间的平衡,对PSⅠ性能的促进作用显著大于PSⅡ。     

植物光系统Ⅱ放氧复合体外周蛋白结构和功能的研究进展

光合放氧是植物光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的重要功能之一。PSⅡ的入氧反应主要是由PSⅡ氧化侧的4个锰原子组成的锰簇催化的。在类囊体膜的囊腔侧还结合有若干个外周蛋白,对放氧反应起着重要作用。文章总结了植物光系统Ⅱ外周蛋白的结构和功能研究方面的最新进展。     

NaCl胁迫加重强光胁迫下超大甜椒叶片的光系统Ⅱ和光系统Ⅰ的光抑制

快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的损伤程度,快速叶绿素荧光测定和分析技术(JIP-test)将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数,因而被广泛应用于植物光合机构对环境的响应机制研究.该文研究了超大甜椒(Capsicum annuum)幼苗在强光及不同NaCl浓度胁迫下的荧光响应情况.与单纯强光胁迫相比,NaCl胁迫引起了叶绿素荧光诱导曲线的明显改变,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光抑制加重,同时PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧受到明显影响,而且高NaCl浓度胁迫下PSⅡ供体侧受伤害明显,同时PSⅠ反应中心活性(P700+)在盐胁迫下明显降低.这些结果表明,NaCl胁迫会增强强光对超大甜椒光系统的光抑制,并且浓度越高抑制越明显,但对PSⅠ的抑制作用低于PSⅡ.高NaCl浓度胁迫易对PSⅡ供体侧造成破坏,且PSⅠ光抑制严重.     

综述: 植物光系统Ⅱ捕光过程的超分子结构基础

光系统Ⅱ(photosystem Ⅱ,PSⅡ)是位于植物、藻类和蓝细菌等放氧光合生物类囊体膜上的重要超分子复合物,它可通过捕获光能用于激发反应中心的电荷分离并驱动电子传递过程,在常温常压下可将水分子裂解产生氧气和质子．植物光系统Ⅱ的外周存在主要和次要捕光复合物Ⅱ(major and minor light-harvesting complex Ⅱ,LHCⅡ),它们负责吸收光能并向光系统Ⅱ传递激发能,并且还参与非光化学淬灭和状态转换相关的捕光调节过程．近年来,围绕光系统Ⅱ和LHCⅡ的结构生物学研究取得了一系列重要进展,本文总结了PSⅡ、LHCⅡ和二者共同组成的PSII-LHCII超级复合物的结构生物学研究历程以及最新进展,并对该领域的未来研究方向做出展望．     

Energy transfer between Photosystem II and Photosystem I in chloroplasts

A model for the photochemical apparatus of photosynthesis is presented which accounts for the fluorescence properties of Photosystem II and Photosystem I as well as energy transfer between the two photosystems. The model was tested by measuring at ?196 °C fluorescence induction curves at 690 and 730 nm in the absence and presence of 5 mM MgCl₂ which presumably changes the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems. The equations describing the fluorescence properties involve terms for the distribution of absorbed quanta, α, being the fraction distributed to Photosystem I, and β, the fraction to Photosystem II, and a term for the rate constant for energy transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I,k_T(II→I). The data, analyzed within the context of the model, permit a direct comparison of α andk_T(II→I) in the absence (?) and presence (+) of Mg²⁺:α/^?α⁺= 1.2andk/^?_T(II→I)k⁺_T(II→I)= 1.9. If the criterion thatα + β = 1 is applied absolute values can be calculated: in the presence of Mg²⁺,a⁺ = 0.27 and the yield of energy transfer,φ⁺_T(II→I) varied from 0.065 when the Photosystem II reaction centers were all open to 0.23 when they were closed. In the absence of Mg²⁺,α^? = 0.32 andφ_T(II→I) varied from 0.12 to 0.28.The data were also analyzed assuming that two types of energy transfer could be distinguished; a transfer from the light-harvseting chlorophyll of Photosystem II to Photosystem I,k_T(II→I), and a transfer from the reaction centers of Photosystem II to Photosystem I,k_t(II→I). In that caseα/^?α⁺= 1.3,k/^?_T(II→I)k⁺_T(II→I)= 1.3 andk/^?_t(II→I)k⁺_(tII→I)= 3.0. It was concluded, however, that both of these types of energy transfer are different manifestations of a single energy transfer process.     

Electric-field-induced luminescence emission spectra of Photosystem I and Photosystem II from chloroplasts

The electroluminescence induced by external electric fields in blebs prepared from chloroplasts consists of two kinetically different phases, rapid (R) and slow (S), which were shown to be linked to Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II) activities, respectively (Symons, M., Korenstein, R. and Malkin, S. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 806, 305–310). In this report we describe conditions involving heat treatment of broken chloroplasts, which make it possible to observe R phase electroluminescence essentially devoid of any contribution by the S phase. This allowed the precise measurement of the emission spectrum of PS I electroluminescence. The emission spectrum of PS II electroluminescence was obtained using regular broken chloroplasts, which show only S-type emission. The latter emission spectrum is identical to the one obtained for ordinary prompt fluorescence, peaking at 685 nm with a bandwidth of about 25 nm. The PS I emission spectrum is symmetric around 705 nm and is much broader, about 60 nm.     

Cyanobacterial Acclimation to Photosystem I or Photosystem II Light

The organization and function of the photochemical apparatus of Synechococcus 6301 was investigated in cells grown under yellow and red light regimes. Broadband yellow illumination is absorbed preferentially by the phycobilisome (PBS) whereas red light is absorbed primarily by the chlorophyll (Chl) pigment beds. Since PBSs are associated exclusively with photosystem II (PSII) and most of the Chl with photosystem I (PSI), it follows that yellow and red light regimes will create an imbalance of light absorption by the two photosystems. The cause and effect relationship between light quality and photosystem stoichiometry in Synechococcus was investigated. Cells grown under red light compensated for the excitation imbalance by synthesis/assembly of more PBS-PSII complexes resulting in high PSII/PSI = 0.71 and high bilin/Chl = 1.30. The adjustment of the photosystem stoichiometry in red light-grown cells was necessary and sufficient to establish an overall balanced absorption of red light by PSII and PSI. Cells grown under yellow light compensated for this excitation imbalance by assembly of more PSI complexes, resulting in low PSII/PSI = 0.27 and low bilin/Chl = 0.42. This adjustment of the photosystem stoichiometry in yellow light-grown cells was necessary but not quite sufficient to balance the absorption of yellow light by the PBS and the Chl pigment beds. A novel excitation quenching process was identified in yellow light-grown cells which dissipated approximately 40% of the PBS excitation, thus preventing over-excitation of PSII under yellow light conditions. It is hypothesized that State transitions in O₂ evolving photosynthetic organisms may serve as the signal for change in the stoichiometry of photochemical complexes in response to light quality conditions.     

The Regulation and Distribution of LHC-I and LHCP2 between the Photosystem I and Photosystem II

Evidences were provided in this paper that the relative distribution of chl-protein complexes of PSⅠ and PSⅡ could be regulated by Mg2+. addition of Mg2+ led to decrease in the amount of chl-protein complexes of PSⅠ and increase in the amount of chl-protein in complexes of PSⅡ. There was no effect of Mg2+ on the spectral property of LHCP1, but the addition of Mg2+ could change the spectral property of LHCP2 so that it became similar to that of the LHC-Ⅰ. CPIa2 was a complex of reaction centre of PSⅠ and LHC-I. LHC-I might be contacted specially with LHCP2 in chloroplast membranes. Addition of Mg2+ probably cansed the motion of LHC-I from PSⅠ to PSⅡ and became more closely connected with LHCP2. The relative amount of CPIa2, CPIa1, LHCP1 and LHCP2 in chloroplast membranes could be regulated by different light intensity. There were more CPIa2, LHCP1 and less LHCP2 in chloroplast membranes from the shade plant Malaxis monophyllos and sunflower grown under weak light, both of them lacked equally CPIa1. There were less CPIa2, LHCP1 and more LHCP2 in the sun plant spinach and sunflower grown under strong light, and they possessed equally CPIa1 chl-protein complexes. It is suggested that LHCP1 and LHCP2 are different light-harvesting Chl-protein complexes. The LHC-I and LHCP2 are mobile light-harvesting chl-protein complexes and shuttle back and forth between PSⅠ and PSⅡ They play an important role in the regulation and distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems.     

Photosystem II.

Electron crystallography of photosystem II has revealed the location of important subunits and photoactive pigment molecules within this large membrane protein complex. It has also demonstrated a close evolutionary link among all types of photosynthetic reaction centres.     

Photosystem II photoinhibition-repair cycle protects Photosystem I from irreversible damage

Photodamage of Photosystem II (PSII) has been considered as an unavoidable and harmful reaction that decreases plant productivity. PSII, however, has an efficient and dynamically regulated repair machinery, and the PSII activity becomes inhibited only when the rate of damage exceeds the rate of repair. The speed of repair is strictly regulated according to the energetic state in the chloroplast. In contrast to PSII, Photosystem I (PSI) is very rarely damaged, but when occurring, the damage is practically irreversible. While PSII damage is linearly dependent on light intensity, PSI gets damaged only when electron flow from PSII exceeds the capacity of PSI electron acceptors to cope with the electrons. When electron flow to PSI is limited, for example in the presence of DCMU, PSI is extremely tolerant against light stress. Proton gradient (ΔpH)-dependent slow-down of electron transfer from PSII to PSI, involving the PGR5 protein and the Cyt b6f complex, protects PSI from excess electrons upon sudden increase in light intensity. Here we provide evidence that in addition to the ΔpH-dependent control of electron transfer, the controlled photoinhibition of PSII is also able to protect PSI from permanent photodamage. We propose that regulation of PSII photoinhibition is the ultimate regulator of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain and provides a photoprotection mechanism against formation of reactive oxygen species and photodamage in PSI.     

Regulation des photosynthetischen Elektronentransports zwischen Photosystem II und Photosystem I

Synchronkulturen einzelliger Grünalgen stellen ein ausgezeichnetes Untersuchungsmaterial zum Studium von Änderungen im Photosyntheseapparat ohne Anwendung externer Einflüsse dar. Vorausgegangene Untersuchungen legen es nahe, den begrenzenden Faktor für die Photosynthesekapazität im Elektronentransport zwischen PS II und PS I zu suchen. Die Regulation des Elektronentransportes zwischen PS'II und PS I während der Entwicklungszyklen von Scenedesmus und Chlamydomonas ist Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchungen. Messungen der Poolgrößen des Plastochinons und der Cytochrome ergaben während der Entwicklungszyklen größere Differenzen für Chlamydomonas als für Scenedesmus. Jedoch waren die Differenzen nicht groß genug, um die Schwankungen in der Photosynthesekapazität zu erklären. Aus den Messungen konnte indirekt geschlossen werden, daß die Poolgröße des Quenchers Q während der Entwicklungszyklen konstant bleibt. Experimente mit den Photosynthesehemmstoffen DCMU und DBMIB an ganzen Zellen und photosynthetisch aktiven Partikeln führten zu dem Schluß, daß die Reoxidationskapazität von Plastochinon den geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt und somit die Regulation des nichtzyklischen Elektronentransports darstellt. Die Möglichkeit, daß während der Abnahme des nichtzyklischen Elektronentransports die Kapazität von PS I für zusätzliche zyklische Photophosphorylierung genutzt wird, wird diskutiert. Wir danken Herrn Prof. Dr. A. Trebst für die freundliche Überlassung von DBMIB und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft für apparative Unterstützung.     

Extraction and Reconstitution of Photosystem II

Hill activity (oxygen evolution with ferricyanide as the electron acceptor), light-induced absorbance changes at liquid nitrogen temperature associated with the primary activity of photosystem II, and fluorescence yield changes at both low temperature and room temperature were measured with lyophilized spinach chloroplasts before and after extraction with hexane and reconstitution with β-carotene and plastoquinone A. Extraction eliminated the Hill activity, and both β-carotene and plastoquinone A were required for maximal restoration of activity to the reconstituted chloroplasts.