扁玉螺早期发育的实验观察

在实验室条件下人工孵化扁玉螺(Neverita didyma)的卵块,观察了其胚胎发育和幼虫发育过程.扁玉螺的早期发育属间接发生型,其胚胎发育包括卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚、膜内担轮幼虫、膜内面盘幼虫;幼虫发育包括面盘幼虫、后期面盘幼虫和匍匐幼虫;匍匐幼虫经变态后发育为稚螺.在水温25～26℃条件下,受精卵发育至膜内面盘幼虫约需38h,5～6d后面盘幼虫冲破卵膜而孵化.扁玉螺面盘幼虫的显著特点是具有1对眼点和1对平衡囊,面盘呈双叶状;后期面盘幼虫的面盘为4叶,呈蝴蝶状,足发达,幼虫既能浮游,又能爬行.后期面盘幼虫进一步生长发育,逐渐转入匍匐生活.     

胭脂鱼的早期发育

文中较详细地描述胭脂鱼早期发育各阶段的形态特征。胭脂鱼成熟卵粒呈圆球状,为沉性卵,吸水膨胀后卵间隙较大;水温１８．７℃时,大约经１６３小时孵化出仔鱼;再经９～１０天的发育,仔鱼鳔开始充气,并开始摄食。还对胭脂鱼胚胎发育速率与水温的关系,以及胭脂鱼人工繁殖死亡率高、资源下降的原因等进行了分析和讨论。     

体色异常褐牙鲆皮肤色素及鳞片发育的形态学研究

本文观察比较了体色正常及体色异常褐牙鲆 (Paralichthysolivaceus)皮肤中黑色素胞和鳞片的发生及演变过程。结果显示仔鱼鱼体两侧皮肤中最先出现星状幼体型黑色素胞 ,随着变态发育 ,有眼侧皮肤中成体型黑色素胞逐渐替代幼体型黑色素胞 ;而无眼侧皮肤中 ,幼体型黑色素胞逐渐退化崩解 ,成体型黑色素胞不出现 ,无眼侧皮肤逐渐失去色素变为白色。体色异常现象出现于变态后期 ,白化和黑化现象几乎同时发生。白化个体有眼侧皮肤中成体型黑色素胞不能正常替代幼体型黑色素胞 ,逐渐失去色素形成白色斑块。黑化个体无眼侧皮肤中成体型黑色素胞则非正常地出现 ,逐渐替代幼体黑色素胞形成黑斑。约 30日龄变态完成时 ,体色异常现象已经显著 ,已能明显区分体色正常和异常个体。 6 0日龄左右 ,幼鱼皮肤开始长出形态较为原始的圆鳞。体色正常个体有眼侧皮肤上的圆鳞会逐渐发育成栉鳞 ,无眼侧则维持圆鳞。对比分析体色异常个体的鳞片形态 ,发现有眼侧白化部位的鳞片仍为圆鳞 ,而无眼侧黑化部位的鳞片则发育为栉鳞。同时 ,通过对体色正在恢复中的白化牙鲆的鳞片观察表明 ,伴随着白化部位色素的恢复 ,该部位的圆鳞会逐渐转变为栉鳞。由此推断色素的发生与鳞片的发育密切相关     

泽泻个体发育早期器官发育顺序的研究

研究了泽泻个体发育早期的器官发育顺序。认为可以划分为两个阶段：原胚－成熟种子胚阶段,以苗端发育先于根端和胚芽节生根原基并快于胚根原基为特点;种子萌发一种苗形成阶段,以胚根生长快于胚芽节生根为特点。并指出前者与水生植物芡和睡莲一致,后者与陆生植物条叶龙胆一致。     

浅谈人脑的早期发育及智力开发

从遗传学角度上讲,人脑的发育属多基因遗传（用各种方法计算的遗传度为５０％～７０％）,受基因和环境的共同作用,脑的结构和功能同基因的质量直接相关,但也受环境因素的影响,即相同遗传基础可因不同的环境因素产生明显的差异。脑的发育是决定脑的基因逐步表达的过程...     

萝卜胚胎早期发育的亚显微结构研究

本研究对萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.)的成熟胚囊,胚和胚乳的早期发育过程作了亚显微结构观察：（1）萝卜胚囊由7个细胞组成,成熟时反足细胞消失;（2）卵细胞表现明显的极性,其合点端不具完整的细胞壁,它是电子致密物质在卵细胞和中央细胞两者质膜之间沉积所形成的一种非连续结构。（3）助细胞的明显特点是具丝状器,细胞器丰富,内质网发达,（4）中央细胞具大液泡,它的两个极核位于靠近卵器的一侧,细胞壁也有类似助细胞丝状器的结构。（5）授粉后4－5天,萝卜合子开始第一次分裂,胚胎发育遵循柳叶菜型模式。（6）萝卜初生胚乳核比合子早约2天分裂,属核型胚乳,在胚囊的合点端和珠孔端,曾出现胚乳的结节状聚集,授粉后第16天左右,从珠孔区胚乳开始了细胞壁自由生长和形成胚乳细胞的过程。     

东北七鳃鳗早期发育研究

通过开展东北七鳃鳗(Lampetra morii)胚胎、卵黄囊期仔鱼和幼鱼发育研究, 系统地描述东北七鳃鳗的早期发育形态特征和生长发育规律。研究结果表明: 东北七鳃鳗的卵裂为全裂类型, 在(18±1)℃水温下, 受精卵经卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、头凸期、孵出前期以及孵出期, 历时11—12d孵育出仔鱼。初孵仔鱼体重为(0.00032±0.00002) g, 全长为(0.29±0.02) cm。在卵黄囊期内, 仔鱼体重和全长随日龄的增加而增长, 吻长、眼径、眼鳃间距、口笠长、鳃前长、鳃长、头长、体长、尾长和泄殖孔长均存在异速生长现象。初孵仔鱼经过约15d(卵黄囊期)发育成幼鱼, 幼鱼卵黄囊完全吸收, 消化道贯通, 形成肠道, 开始摄食。在幼鱼期, 经5 个月的培育, 幼鱼体重和全长随月龄的增加而增长, 体色逐渐加深, 5月龄幼鱼的体重和全长分别为(0.07±0.01) g和(3.87±0.32) cm。东北七鳃鳗的早期发育研究为七鳃鳗发育生物学积累基础资料, 同时也为七鳃鳗的人工增养殖提供了科学依据, 推进七鳃鳗的模式化进程。     

基因打靶突变小鼠的早期T细胞发育

早期Ｔ细胞的发育是一个受到多种分子精确调控的过程,基因打靶技术的建立和发展 内研究上述分子的作用提供了有效的手段。对ＴＣＲ、ＣＤ３基因打靶小鼠的研究表明,ＣＤ４４－ＣＤ２５阶段是早期Ｔ细胞发育的重要调控点,在此发育阶段,由ＴＣＲβ、ＴＣＲα和ＣＤ３成分组成的ｐｒｅ－ＴＣＲ复俣体的表达或其与未知配体的结合通过ｐ５６ｌｃｋ传递信号,介导ＣＤ４４－ＣＤ２５细胞的进一上发育,该复全体任何成分的缺失都将使Ｔ     

动物胚胎发育讲座（一）：动物胚胎早期发育概况

动物胚胎发育讲座（一）──动物胚胎早期发育概况张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）１生殖细胞与受精生殖细胞的发生在后生动物大致相似,都要经过增殖期、生长期和成熟期。增殖期乃是精（卵）原细胞经过多次有丝分裂使数量不断增加;生长期是部分精（卵）原细...     

狗牙根花序发育过程的形态学观察

对狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon‘C299’)花序发育过程中的形态学变化进行了观察。结果表明,‘C299’花序的整个发育过程可分为8个阶段,即营养生长期、穗轴发生期、苞叶原基分化期、小穗原基分化期、小穗分化期、小花分化期、颖片和内外稃发育期及花药和柱头形成期。其中,穗轴发生期(直立茎上有6~9片叶)是抑制花序形成和决定种子产量的关键时期。     

The Syndrome of Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) Infected by Virus and Bacteria

A outbreak of disease with symptoms of evisceration and skin ulteration led to mass mortality in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus cultivated in indoor ponds near the Dalian coast from December 2004 to April 2005. Spherical virus particles with a diameter of 75-200 nm were found in the cytoplasm of cells in the water-system, the alimentary canal and in the respiratory trees of the diseased and dying sea cucumber individuals by electron microscopic observation of ultrathin sections. Examination by negative stained samples revealed that all the diseased sea cucumbers were infected by the virus, while the healthly ones cultivated outside the contagious area were not. Two bacterial strains were also isolated from the diseased animals. When exposed to a medium containing the virus particles, regardless of whether the bacterial suspension was added,healthy sea cucumbers exhibited identical disease symptoms as the ones in the indoor ponds, and had a mortality of 90%-100%. However, when exposed to a medium in which there was only one of the two bacterial strains, 30%-80% of the sea cucumbers were infected and nearly 20% died. Negative staining showed that the viral particles were detected only in the bodies of the tested animals that were exposed to the viral medium. Histopathologically, the diseased sea cucumbers are characterized by karyopycnosis, and disintegration of the endoplasmic reticula and mitochondria in the epithelial cells in the water-system, the respiratory tree and the alimentary canal.     

The Syndrome of Sea Cucumber （Apostichopusjaponicus） Infected by Virus and Bacteria

A outbreak of disease with symptoms of evisceration and skin ulteration led to mass mortality in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus cultivated in indoor ponds near the Dalian coast from December 2004 to April 2005. Spherical virus particles with a diameter of 75-200 nm were found in the cytoplasm of cells in the water-system, the alimentary canal and in the respiratory trees of the diseased and dying sea cucumber individuals by electron microscopic observation of ultrathin sections. Examination by negative stained samples revealed that all the diseased sea cucumbers were infected by the virus, while the healthly ones cultivated outside the contagious area were not. Two bacterial strains were also isolated from the diseased animals. When exposed to a medium containing the virus particles, regardless of whether the bacterial suspension was added, healthy sea cucumbers exhibited identical disease symptoms as the ones in the indoor ponds, and had a mortality of 90%-100%. However, when exposed to a medium in which there was only one of the two bacterial strains, 30%-80% of the sea cucumbers were infected and nearly 20% died. Negative staining showed that the viral particles were detected only in the bodies of the tested animals that were exposed to the viral medium Histopathologically, the diseased sea cucumbers are characterized by karyopycnosis, and disintegration of the endoplasmic reticula and mitochondria in the epithelial cells in the water-system, the respiratory tree and the alimentary canal.     

Distribution Pattern of Far Eastern Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in Busse Lagoon (Southern Sakhalin)

We analyzed the distribution pattern and size structure in aggregations of the far eastern sea cucumber (trepang), Apostichopus japonicus in Busse Lagoon (Southern Sakhalin). Trepang populations, which differ in their size composition and population density, have been grouped by their spatial differentiation. It has been shown that in the absence of solid substrates in the lagoon, the animals gather on substrates such as the alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis and on clusters of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. It is found that on the southeastern part of the lagoon, trepang makes up an extensive aggregation confined to the bed of Ahnfeltia; the distribution of the holothurians mostly has a random pattern. In the northwestern part of the lagoon, trepang makes up aggregations on oyster and algal beds; the distribution of these aggregations shows a random pattern.     

不同细菌刺激后仿刺参体腔液中免疫相关酶的应答变化

为了解不同细菌刺激后仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体腔液中免疫因子的应答变化,分别用灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifacien)、溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)和停乳链球菌(Streptococcus dysgadysgalactiae)注射刺激仿刺参,然后分别采用对硝基苯基磷酸酯(p NPP)底物法、氯化硝基四氮唑蓝(NBT)法、溶壁微球菌粉法和多巴络合物生成法对体腔液上清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)与碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LYZ)和酚氧化酶(PO)的活力进行了测定。结果显示,灿烂弧菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力显著升高,而超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活力显著降低;哈维氏弧菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活力显著升高,碱性磷酸酶活力变化不规律;假交替单胞菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶、溶菌酶和酚氧化酶活力显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力先升高后降低,碱性磷酸酶活力变化不规律;溶壁微球菌刺激后,酸性磷酸酶和酚氧化酶活力显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶活力先升高后降低,溶菌酶活力先升高后降低,而后在72 h恢复至对照水平,碱性磷酸酶活力变化不规律;停乳链球菌刺激后,除碱性磷酸酶活力在4 h有所下降外,其余免疫相关酶活力均显著升高。研究结果表明,酚氧化酶是仿刺参非特异性免疫系统中最敏感、高效的免疫因子之一;革兰氏阳性细菌与革兰氏阴性细菌之间在诱导仿刺参免疫因子应答变化上无明显规律性差异;溶壁微球菌诱导溶菌酶的应答变化与灿烂弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、假交替单胞菌和停乳链球菌存在明显差异,溶菌酶可能是仿刺参清除入侵溶壁微球菌的主要免疫因子;灿烂弧菌诱导仿刺参免疫因子应答变化显著不同于其他4株细菌,显示出本研究选取的5个免疫指标在预警灿烂弧菌病害上具有潜在应用价值;停乳链球菌在仿刺参中具有作为免疫增强剂的潜在应用价值。     

刺参管足SMART cDNA文库构建及EST分析

以大连广鹿岛野生刺参的管足mRNA为材料,利用SMART cDNA Construction Kit构建了表达型cDNA文库.初始文库的滴度为1.3 × 106PFU/mL,蓝白斑估测量组率合格.扩增后获得96 mL文库,滴度为1.8 × 1010PFU/mL,从扩增文库中随机挑取200个噬菌斑进行PCR检测,电泳检测结果表明重组率大于90％,片段大小在0.25 -2.0 kb之间的插入片段占80.4％,文库构建成功.随机选择122个噬菌斑转化为质拉pTriplEx2并测序,测序成功率83.6％,软件处理后100 bp以上的clean ESTs有72条,测通的为65条,占成功测序样品的63.7％.72条序列经SeqMan软件拼接,获得48条conting/singletons,在线Blast比对发现其中26条具有同源序列并获得注释,另外20条可能为新基因,其功能和结构有待进一步利用生物信息学的方法进行分析和研究.     

沼水蛙早期胚胎发育的初步研究

报道了沼水蛙的早期胚胎发育过程。根据胚胎发育过程中的形态变化规律将胚胎发育过程分为2 5个时期 ,在室温 (2 4± 1 )℃的条件下 ,胚胎发育历时 1 87h 5 4min ;在室外不控制温度 ,气温为 1 8～ 2 5℃的条件下 ,历时 2 1 5h 3 0min。本文还描述了各时期的形态特征 ,并讨论了发育中的一些现象。     

Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Genes Related to Spine Development in Cucumber (<i>Cucumis sativus</i>)

Fruit spine is an important quality trait of cucumber. To better understand the molecular basis of cucumber spine development and function, RNA-Seq was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in fruit spines of different development stages, namely, 8 days before anthesis (SpBA8), anthesis (SpA) and 8 days after anthesis (SpAA8). Stage-wise comparisons obtained 2,259 (SpBA8 vs. SpA), 4,551 (SpA vs. SpAA8), and 5,290 (SpBA8 vs. SpAA8) DEGs. All the DEGs were classified into eight expression clusters by trend analysis. Among these DEGs, in addition to the Mict, Tril, CsTTG1, CsMYB6, NS, and Tu genes that have been reported to regulate fruit spine formation, we found that the CsHDG11, CsSCL8, CsSPL8, CsZFP6 and CsZFP8 may also be involved in spine development in cucumber. Our study provides a theoretical basis for further research on molecular mechanisms of spine development in cucumber.     

刺参对浅海筏式贝类养殖系统的修复潜力

浅海筏式养殖滤食性贝类产生大量的粪便和假粪（总称生物沉积物）,对海水养殖环境产生一系列影响;而沉积食性海参能够有效清除颗粒有机物,在海水养殖系统中扮演“清道夫”的生态角色.为评估刺参在浅海筏式贝类养殖系统中的生物修复潜力,本文在不同季节现场研究了贝 参混养模式下刺参对贝类生物沉积物的摄食及生长和排泄特征.结果表明: 刺参能够在新设计的养殖设施中与滤食性贝类混养,最大生长率达0.34%·d^-1; 并可通过摄食有效清除贝类生物沉积物, 摄食率为0.1746 g·g^-1·d^-1（夏季,21.2 ℃）、0.0989 g·g^-1·d^-1（秋季,19.2 ℃）和0.0050 g·g^-1·d^-1（冬季,7.7 ℃）;刺参主要通过排泄溶解形态的NH₄⁺N和PO₄^3- -P来促进沉积物中营养盐的再生,其排泄率也呈现明显的季节变化.基于现场试验数据,估算了刺参在桑沟湾的生物修复潜力, 刺参与贝类混养可摄食4.5～159.6 kg·hm^-2·d^-1生物沉积物、排泄1 382.5～3 678.1 mmol·hm^-2·d^-1NH₄⁺ -N及74.6～335.7 mmol·hm^-2·d^-1PO₄^3--P.表明刺参对浅海筏式贝类养殖系统具有较大的生物修复潜力,贝-参混养模式不仅能够取得较大的生态效益,而且能显著增加养殖生产的经济效益.     

Microsatellite Analysis of Japanese Sea Cucumber, Stichopus (Apostichopus) japonicus, Supports Reproductive Isolation in Color Variants

The genetic relationship among the three color variants (Red, Green, and Black) of the Japanese sea cucumber, S. japonicus, was investigated using 11 microsatellite markers. Genetic differentiation testing among the three sympatric color types showed the strong heterogeneity of Red (p < 0.001), while no significant difference was observed between Green and Black (p = 0.301 to 0.961). UPGMA trees constructed from 10 sample lots from 5 localities showed two distinct clusters, one from the Red types and the other from the Green and Black types. In addition, the sympatric Green and Black formed one subcluster with strong bootstrap support at each locality. These results indicate the separate species status of Red and the other color types, and also support the population identity of sympatric Green and Black.