小麦直立叶突变体MtHS29的转录组分析

为解析小麦叶片直立的分子调控机制,以快中子辐射诱变获得的小麦直立叶突变体MtHS29及其野生型衡S29为材料,通过转录组分析挖掘与MtHS29叶片直立相关的差异表达基因。结果表明,突变体MtHS29的叶片相较于野生型衡S29存在不同程度的缺失,其中旗叶和倒二叶的叶枕、叶舌和叶耳全都缺失,叶片呈直立向上生长的状态。突变体MtHS29和野生型衡S29倒二叶、倒三叶和倒四叶的叶枕部位存在共同差异表达基因1567个,主要富集在植物激素信号转导、淀粉和蔗糖的生物合成、苯丙素的生物合成、内质网的蛋白质加工,以及氨基酸和核苷酸糖代谢等通路。进一步分析发现,参与细胞壁松弛的细胞壁主要成分合成相关基因、参与调控叶舌形成和叶夹角大小的生长素和油菜素内酯合成或信号转导相关基因,以及多个参与植物器官形态建成调控相关基因在突变体MtHS29中差异表达,与叶枕处近、远轴面细胞分裂和伸展活动减弱,以及突变体叶舌、叶耳和叶枕等结构的缺失密切相关。本研究为小麦株型育种提供了新的种质资源,也为阐明小麦直立叶形成的分子调控机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

杂交水稻主要农艺性状配合力遗传力分析

选用生产上常用的5个杂交水稻不育胞质与5个高配合力恢复系,采用NCII模式对产量性状、芒、粒形等主要农艺性状的亲本配合力、方差贡献率及遗传力进行分析。结果表明：胞质效应和恢复系效应在所测性状中均达到显著或极显著差异水平,芒长、粒形、单穗重受环境的影响较小;产量和收获指数的非加性遗传作用明显,受环境效应的影响也较大。亲本效应方面,恢复系的效应远大于胞质效应;产量性状JW型（爪哇型）胞质和蜀恢527的一般配合力效应较高,同时JW型胞质和R21属于Ⅰ类亲本;粒形性状G型（冈型）胞质和蜀恢527的一般配合力效应最高,同时均属于Ⅰ类亲本。     

杂交水稻苗瘟抗性的配合力和遗传力分析

采用7×7不完全双列杂交设计,对反映杂交水稻苗瘟抗性的5个指标进行了配合力和遗传力分析.结果表明,杂交水稻苗瘟抗性遗传力高,受加性和非加性基因效应共同控制,但以加性效应为主;恢复系的苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应明显相对重要于不育系,不育系苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应对F1代的抗性有显著的影响;14个供试亲本中,多恢1号、成恢149、K42A、K40A具有较好的苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应.因此,在杂交水稻抗苗瘟育种中,对恢复系的抗性GCA选择和对亲本的抗性GCA评鉴至关重要,但不应忽视不育系对组合的抗性贡献和对组合的抗性评鉴;多恢1号、成恢149、K42A和K40A可作为优良抗苗瘟亲本加以利用.     

水稻散状穗突变体sp的遗传分析及基因初定位

水稻(Oryza sativa)是我国最主要的粮食作物之一, 其穗部形态直接影响着水稻产量和稻米品质。在秋光和七山占构建的重组自交系群体中发现了1个散穗突变体材料sp (spreading panicle), 田间表现为穗部一次枝梗向外延伸, 与穗轴夹角增大, 且向四周散开, 故暂命名为散穗突变体sp。与野生型相比, 突变体sp穗重、每穗粒重、千粒重、粒宽以及粒厚均极显著减少, 推测SP可能是1个参与调控穗部形态建成和颖花发育的基因。遗传分析表明, 该性状受1个显性核基因控制。利用sp与02428构建的F₂群体进行基因定位, 将该基因定位在4号染色体长臂端, 位于E3和RM17578之间的62.9 kb区域内。该结果将为SP基因的图位克隆和揭示其作用机理奠定基础。     

一个高粱直立叶突变体的表型鉴定和遗传分析

直立叶是构建合理株型和培育密植化栽培品种的重要指标之一.本研究利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变高粱BTX623,获得一株可以稳定遗传的直立叶突变体,暂命名el(erect leaf).该突变体叶片从6叶期开始出现直立性状,直至整个生育期叶片均呈直立状态.抽穗期突变体el植株倒1叶至倒7叶各节位叶长极显著缩短,叶片宽度也显...     

江苏省直立穗型粳稻品种主要农艺性状和品质性状分析

通过对江苏省淮北稻区种植的主要粳稻品种品质状况和近十年来育成的直立穗型粳稻品种(系)主要品质和农艺性状的分析,发现前期育成直立穗型粳稻品种相时半直立穗型粳稻品种加工品质低,垩白率高和垩白度大,蛋白质含量高;而近期育成直立穗型粳稻品种在上述品质指标上有了较大改进,食味品质也有了显著提高.在主要农艺性状中,近期育成品种呈现每穗总粒数上升、穗长变长、着粒密度下降趋势,产量水平的提高与每穗粒数的增加有着紧密相关.     

CL系列甘蔗亲本的遗传力及配合力分析

为探讨CL系列甘蔗品种作杂交亲本的遗传特点,采用3×3不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)遗传设计,估算了7个产量和品质性状的遗传方差、一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)。结果表明:锤度的遗传主要受母本加性基因效应控制,株高的遗传主要受父母本加性基因控制,而锤重的遗传主要受非加性基因效应所制约;CL83-1163作为母本,糖分配合力高,且能把高糖特性传递给后代,CL88-4730为父本,产量和品质性状的配合力大,其杂交后代表现高产高糖;根据配合力总效应(TCA),综合表现好的组合有CL83-1364×CL88-4730、CL83-1900×CL84-3152、CL83-1163×CL88-4730,可用于今后的甘蔗有性育种计划。     

小麦蛋白质含量的配合力和遗传力研究

本研究了小麦籽粒蛋白质合量在Fl及F2代中的表现情况。结果表明,控制蛋白质合量的基因作用以加性效应为主,同时存在非加性效应;Fl代子粒蛋白质合量与双亲平均值高度相关,F2代中子粒蛋白质合量分离呈正态分布,且正态分布的峰值蛋白质合量也接近双亲平均值。蛋白质合量的一般配合力大于特殊配合力方差,并计算了蛋白质合量的广义和狭义遗传力。     

不同穗型水稻群体生态环境的比较研究（简报）

中午前后（10∶30～13∶30）直立穗型水稻群体光照度和温度以及气体交换效率高于半直立和弯曲穗型,群体相对湿度低于后两种穗型。     

直立密穗基因DEP2-1388的遗传分析及在杂交稻中的育种利用

通过EMS诱变籼型重穗恢复系蜀恢498,获得一个直立穗突变体R1338。与野生型相比,突变体表现为植株变矮、穗直立、穗长变短、一次枝梗变短、着粒密度增加、穗部抗弯曲力极显著增强、籽粒增宽增厚、粒长变短。组织细胞学分析发现,穗颈节直径、纤维素含量和木质素含量在穗部抗弯曲上发挥了重要的作用。遗传分析表明该直立穗表型受一对半显性核基因DEP2控制,通过重测序以及MutMap方法定位发现,在R1338突变体中,DEP2第7外显子有一个A到G的碱基置换,导致第928个精氨酸(AGG)被置换成甘氨酸(GGG),推测R1338直立穗性状可能由DEP2中该SNP导致。用R1338、野生型与不同穗型不育系分别配组,R1338与弯曲穗不育系所配组合穗部表现半直立,且保持较高的结实率和杂种优势,与DEP1直立穗不育系配组表现为基因累加效应的直立穗。本研究还讨论了直立穗突变体R1338在杂交水稻育种中的利用价值。     

水稻穗型与抗倒伏性关系的初步分析

理论分析和物理模拟测定的结果表明,穗型通过使茎秆弯曲的力矩-弯矩和重心高度影响抗倒伏性:弯矩增大和重心升高,抗倒伏性降低;反之,则抗倒伏性升高.弯矩随颈穗弯曲度变化的幅度明显大于重心,因此,弯曲穗型弯矩增加的幅度大而重心降低的幅度小,对抗倒伏性的影响明显大于直立穗型,这可能是北方粳稻直立穗型品种一般抗倒伏性较强的力学基础.     

小麦蛋白质组分含量的配合力和遗传力分析

利用5个小麦亲本,按Griffing方法4组配一套完全双列杂交,研究小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的配合力和遗传力。结果表明,同一性状不同亲本的一般配合力效应和不同组合间的特殊配合力效应差异都较大。球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的遗传主要受加性基因控制,清蛋白含量的遗传不存在加性基因作用,以显性基因作用为主。 Abstract：　A set of diallel crosses involving 5 wheat parents, according to the random model of Griffing Method 4, was made to study the combining ability and heritability of grain protein components in wheat. The results indicated that GCA effects of different parents for the same trait varied significantly. And SCA effects of different combination studied varied obviously. The inheritance of globulin, gliadin and glutenin contents were mainly controlled by additive genes. Dominant genes functioned mainly on albumin content without additive gene.     

Selection of Interspecific Hybrids for Anther Culture of Indica Rice

The low percentage of callus induction and green-plant regeneration has limited the application of anther culture techniques in indica rice breeding programmes. The aim of this work was to investigate the inheritance of the two characters and to determine whether good combinations with high-frequency callus induction and green-plant regeneration could be selected by sexual hybridization of suitable parents. So, a 3 × 4 incomplete diallel crosses were conducted between 7 parental lines. Three of them were believed to possess relatively high callus induction capacity and the other four relatively high green-plant regeneration capacity, based on our previous studies. Analysis of combining abilities and heritabilities revealed that both additive and non-additive effects were found to be important in the genetic control of callus induction. In case of green-plant regeneration, non-additive effects were predominant. Broad sense heritability values of 0.92 for callus induction and 0.98 for green-plant regeneration suggested that more than 90% of the observed variation was due to genetic effects, with just less than 10% attributed to non-genetic or environmental effects. In addition, the moderate narrow sense heritability values of 0.49 for callus induction, 0.29 for green-plant regeneration showed that the potential to introduce high responding ability into low lines was moderate. It was therefore conceivable that the frequency of anther culture response might be improved by suitable hybridization and selection strategies. A hybrid combination of code no. 67/107 incorporating high callus induction and high green-plant regeneration ability was selected in which genotype with high values of general combining ability (GCA) and positive effects of specific combining ability (SCA).     

Combining Ability and Heritability Analysis of Bolting Character of Non heading Chinese Cabbage

Combining ability and heritability of bolting character of four non heading Chinese cabbage inbred lines were analyzed using Griffing diallel cross I. The results showed that the general combining ability of inbred lines M11 1 2 and M11 1 4 were better, with as bolting resistant potential parental material. The broad sense heritability and narrow sense heritability of bolting character were 9742% and 9141% respectively, and mainly affected by additive genes.So,the selection of bolting characters in non heading Chinese cabbage was effective in early generations.     

Effects of Different Potassium (K) Fertilizer Rates on Yield Formation and Lodging of Rice

As one of the most important nutrients for plants, potassium (K) has substantial effects on growth and development of crops. Present study was conducted in three different sites in South China in late season in 2019 with the objective to study the effects of different applied amounts of K fertilizer on yield formation and lodging of rice. Four K fertilizer treatments, K₀: 0 kg potassium oxide (K₂O) ha⁻¹ (control); K₁: 64.20 kg K₂O ha⁻¹ ; K₂: 128.55 kg K₂O ha⁻¹ and K₃ 153.90 kg K₂O ha⁻¹ were applied in the field experiment. The results showed that K₂ and K₃ treatments significantly increased panicle number per unit area, grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate and the grain yield of rice compared with K₀ treatment. Higher net photosynthetic rates were recorded in K₂ and K₃ treatments than K₀ treatment at tillering stage, heading stage and maturity stage. K fertilizer treatments also increased the chlorophyll content and dry matter accumulation by 6.16–23.52% and 21.32–64.59% compared with K₀ treatment, respectively. Moreover, the total N and K accumulation in the aboveground tissues of rice significantly increased under K₂ and K₃ treatments compared with K₀ treatment. Furthermore, compared with K₀ treatment, K fertilizer treatments significantly enhanced the breaking-resistant strength by 40.94–144.24% and reduced the lodging index of rice by 13.14–36.72%.     

二个粳稻品种抗稻瘟病遗传特性的分析

本文用累积分布曲线法对东农 363及农东415两个粳稻品种进行了抗稻瘟遗传分析,结果表明东农363对Hokul菌株的抗性是由一对显性抗性基因控制的,东农415对Ken53-33菌株的抗性是由两对互补的显性基因控制的;对Ina72菌株的抗性是由两对显性基因控制的,其中一对控制高抗反应,另一对控制中抗反应。两个杂交组合的正反交分析结果表明,水稻对稻瘟病菌的抗性遗传是由细胞核控制的,细胞质在抗瘟遗传中的作用在本试验的测试品种中并没有表现出来。 Abstract:By means of cumulative distribution curve methods,two Japonica varieties Dongnong 363 and Dongnong 415 were analysed for the inheritance of blast resistance.The results showed that the resistance of Dongnong 363 variety to Hokul blast strain was controlled by one dominant gene.The resistance of Dongnong 415 to Ken53-33 strain was controlled by two complementary dominant genes,to Ina72 strain was controlled by two dominant genes,one dominated over the high-resistant and the other over the middle-resistant.Genetic analysis of F3 plants of two reciprocal crosses showed that the resistance to the rice blast disease was controlled by nuclear gene,no cytoplasmic effect was found in the tested varieties.     

Heritability of and correlations among genotype-by-environment stability statistics for grain yield in bread wheat

Several genotype-by-environment stability measures are in use, but little information exists about their inheritance or genetic inter-relationships. Among those measures in common use are the linear regression coefficient (b), deviations from regression (s_b), coefficient of determination (R²), coefficient of phenotypic variation (CPV) and, more recently, interaction principal components (IPCA) of the additive-main-effect-and-multiplicative-interaction (AMMI) model. Because of the factorial structure of the data, the diallel cross is well suited to study these parameters and their relationship to quantitative traits. For this study a complete diallel cross, derived by mating eight lines from a broad based bread wheat breeding population, was grown for several growing seasons at two Ugandan locations, one of which was prone to yellow rust. Stability parameters and grain yield were measured for each cross. CPV had the highest narrow-sense heritability (h²=0.522) followed by IPCA1 of the AMMI (h²=0.461). Lowest narrow-sense heritabilities were calculated for b and R² (h²=0.150 and 0.100 respectively). There were high additive genetic correlations (r_A) between grain yield and CPV (r_A=−0.933), grain yield and IPCA1 (r_A=0.707), and grain yield and IPCA2 (r_A=0.751). The genetic association between CPV and IPCA1 was also high and negative (r_A= −0.934). These results suggest that it may be possible to select simultaneously for high and stable grain yield in this broad-based bread wheat breeding pool by selecting outyielders that exhibit a low CPV. Received: 25 July 2000 / Accepted: 7 December 2000     

花椰菜主要经济性状的配合力及遗传效应研究

采用Griffing 6×6完全双列杂交设计,对长江流域内秋冬栽培的6个主要花椰菜（Brassica oleraceaLinn.var.botrytis Linn.）资源的自交系育种材料的球高、球径、单球重、成熟期、毛花率和内叶盖球度等6个花球主要经济性状进行一般配合力（GCA）和特殊配合力（SCA）分析,并对花椰菜的各个性状进行了遗传相关性分析。结果表明：花椰菜的6个经济性状同时受加性和非加性效应控制。其中成熟期、毛花率、球高和内叶盖球度性状的一般配合力大于特殊配合力,受加性基因效应影响大;而球径、单球重等性状间一般配合力小于特殊配合力,在相当程度上受非加性基因控制。花椰菜各性状的狭义遗传力由大到小依次为：成熟期、毛花率、内叶盖球度、球高、球径和单球重。花椰菜的球高与单球重、球径与单球重、球高与成熟期、单球重与内叶盖球度、成熟期与内叶盖球度等5个成对性状应该同时选择;而球高与毛花率、球高与内叶盖球度、球径与成熟期、球径与毛花率、单球重与毛花率、成熟期与毛花率、毛花率与内叶盖球度等7个成对性状的选择可以独立进行,彼此间不会相互影响,可实现同一组合或品种具备多种优质性状。在6个自交系中,P2和P5是理想亲本;P4是配制耐寒组合的亲本材料;亲本P6应用价值最低。组合中表现最好的为P2×P4,各性状的特殊配合力均较优。     

水、旱条件下水稻茎秆主要抗倒伏性状的QTL分析

以粳型旱稻IRAT109和粳型水稻越富杂交的116个DH株系的群体为材料,利用已构建的分子标记连锁图(包括94个RFLP标记和71个SSR标记),定位了水稻茎秆主要抗倒伏性状的QTL。在水田、旱田栽培条件下,考查了乳熟期DH系及其亲本的茎基粗、茎秆长及茎秆强度等性状。相关分析表明,茎基粗与茎秆长、茎基粗与茎秆强度及茎秆长与茎秆强度间均呈极显著正相关。利用QTLMAPPER进行水、旱田单环境定位分析及水、旱田联合定位分析定位了控制这些性状的QTL。水、旱田单环境定位分析结果表明：3个性状共检测到9个加性QTL和5对上位性QTL;联合定位分析表明：茎基粗、茎秆长共检测到6个加性QTL和6对上位性QTL,其中6个加性QTL和1对上位性QTL在两种方法下都检测到。旱田条件下检测到2个加性及2对上位性QTL(bctla、ct9、c16a-c16c和cs5-cs12)对表型变异的贡献率(简称贡献率)大于30％。这些高贡献率QTL可能对旱田条件下旱稻抗倒伏分子育种有重要意义。