鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚物种多样性的研究

定量分析鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落的种类组成,选择α－多样性和β－多样性的度量方法,分析了该群落造礁石珊瑚种、属和科的多样性及其与所处生境的关系。结果表明：鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落的物种比较丰富,多样性和均匀度指数都较高,但在不同地段之间存在着明显的差异。水深中等的地段（２．４￣５．０ｍ）的多样性指数高于较浅（１．５￣２．０ｍ）和较深（５．５￣６．５ｍ）地段;潮间带与潮下带之间和礁平台与向海斜坡之间     

鹿回头造礁石珊瑚群落多样性的现状及动态

通过对鹿回头岸礁（１０９°２８＇Ｅ,１８°１３＇Ｎ）造礁石珊瑚群落进行系统取样调查,分析了现有群落整体的成分组成,α－多样性和β－多样性及其在环境梯度上的变化;根据现有群落实际是处于不同演替时期地段的复合体的特点,把处于相同演替时期地段的综合特征作为分析群落整体在相应时期多样性特征的依据,探讨了群落演替过程中的多样性动态。研究发现：①中等水深（２．５￣５．０ｍ）地段的物种多样性平均值高于其他地段,     

海南鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落结构动态Ⅱ.物种多样性

根据石珊瑚物种的总数、石珊瑚覆盖的百分率、物种多样性和均匀度,对鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落结构类型所处在演替阶段的时间状态和生境的空间状态进行分析。在中等和深水区物种多样性的时间变异,随演替的发展而有所下降;浅水区不随演替而变化。在不同生境区珊瑚生长的聚群上,与时间的发展无关;每个演替时期,物种多样性的类型与生境的变化有关。     

西沙群岛海域造礁石珊瑚物种多样性与分布特点

2006年3-5月,采用国际通用的截线样带法对海南省西沙群岛主要珊瑚礁海域的18个岛礁造礁石珊瑚进行了实地调查,共记录13科45属188种,其中62个新记录种.整合文献资料,该海域共记录造礁石珊瑚13科50属204种,基本包括分布在我国(不含台湾省)的所有造礁石珊瑚科属和绝大多数种类.造礁石珊瑚以生长速度快的分枝状珊瑚为主.物种多样性最高的是华光礁海域、金银岛海域和永兴岛海域.聚类分析可以把18个调查岛礁分成3个类群:有人类居住的大型环礁群、独立岛礁群和无人居住的大型环礁群(华光礁).为了有效保护珍稀的造礁石珊瑚资源,按照其种类多样性和分布特点重点保护关键海域是十分必要的.     

鹿回头库礁造礁石珊瑚物种多样性的研究

定量分析鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落的种类组成,选择α－多样性和β－多样性的度量方法,分析了该群落造礁石珊瑚种、属和科的多样性及其与所处生境的关系。结果表明：鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚群落的物种比较丰富,多样性和均匀度指数都较高,但在不同地段之间存在着明显的差异。水深中等的地段（２．４～５．０ｍ）的多样性指数高于较浅（１．５～２．０ｍ）和较深（５．５～６．５ｍ）地段;期间带与潮下带之间和礁平台与向海斜坡之间的两个过渡地带的生境条件复杂,物种多样性和种类分布的混杂程度都高于其他地段。     

中国造礁石珊瑚分类厘定

造礁石珊瑚是珊瑚礁框架建造者, 具有维持珊瑚礁生态系统功能和稳定性的重要作用, 其分类对于造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁的研究与保护至关重要。目前, 随着分子系统学的不断发展, 造礁石珊瑚的分类体系发生改变, 伴随着出现大量同物异名。近年来也出现许多无中文学名的中国造礁石珊瑚新记录种, 这些都给物种认定和命名带来困难, 阻碍了中国造礁石珊瑚的研究与保护工作。为此, 本文收集了中国造礁石珊瑚物种记录文献资料, 采用最新的造礁石珊瑚分类体系, 确认同物异名, 形成中国造礁石珊瑚物种名录, 并对中国造礁石珊瑚物种的中文名进行统一的规范和命名。结果表明, 中国共有造礁石珊瑚2个类群16科77属445种。与《中国动物志·腔肠动物门·珊瑚虫纲·石珊瑚目·造礁石珊瑚》相比, 科级分类阶元新增7个科, 变更5个科; 属级分类阶元新增26属, 变更1属, 合并3属; 种级分类阶元新增291种, 变更13种, 合并20种, 新命名305个物种的中文名。并且筛选出187个同物异名。此外, 由于造礁石珊瑚分类体系现仍有部分争议, 文章也进行了讨论说明。     

造礁石珊瑚

珊瑚是统称,它包涵了腔肠动物门的珊瑚虫纲和水螅虫纲不同种类的海洋动物,扼要介绍造礁石珊瑚常见属,种及其生长的生态特点,并指出造礁石珊瑚是“濒危一动植物 国际贸易公约”中的二级沾光顾动物,需拯救、保护以及通过立法,严禁非法买志     

南海鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)的低遗传多样性凸显了环境变化下的脆弱性

珊瑚礁是典型的环境敏感性的海洋生态系统之一,其对环境变化的响应及适应机制的相关研究得到越来越多的关注。了解南海广布型物种鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)的遗传特征有利于深入理解南海珊瑚礁的环境适应机制。本研究基于南海2个典型海域4个调查站点共84个鹿角杯形珊瑚样品,使用7个微卫星标记表征其遗传多样性和遗传结构。遗传多样性指标统计结果显示,南海鹿角杯形珊瑚的遗传多样性水平较低(H_o为0.090～0.567,H_e为0.137～0.458),海南岛海区与西沙海区的遗传多样性水平差别不大,其中海南岛的鹿回头群体的遗传多样性较高,西沙的银屿群体的遗传多样性最低。遗传结构分析结果显示,南海鹿角杯形珊瑚形成2个遗传分离的谱系：(鹿回头群体、七连屿群体、永兴群体)和银屿群体。曼特尔检验结果表明鹿角杯形珊瑚群体间的遗传分化与平均海表温度(sea surface temperature, SST)(R²=0.312 5,P=0.290)、 SST变异度(R²=0.066 8,P=0.680)...     

徐闻西岸造礁石珊瑚的组成及空间分布

2008年5-6月在徐闻西岸设置了25个站点,运用截线样带法调查了造礁石珊瑚的种类多样性和空间分布.本次研究共发现造礁石珊瑚57种,每个站位的种类数均不超过30种.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均值分别为1.79和0.42.二异角孔珊瑚(Goniopora duofasciata)、盾形...     

三亚鹿回头石珊瑚物种多样性的空间分布

对三亚鹿回头珊瑚岸礁沿垂直岸线的5条断面上84个调查样方观测照相和室内判读分析,鹿回头岸段石珊瑚共有13科24属69种,珊瑚分布不均,少数种类优势明显.石珊瑚优势种为澄黄滨珊瑚,其重要值百分比为36.62%;优势属为滨珊瑚属(43.85%)和鹿角珊瑚属(22.88%).各断面间多样性格局差异明显,并存在明显的垂直分带现象:东北部第1、2断面石珊瑚种类分布较为均匀,多样性指数值高于中南部第3、4、5断面;礁坪为珊瑚稀疏生长带,种类较少且滨珊瑚为绝对优势属(重要值百分比＞50%);礁坡为珊瑚密集生长带,种类较多以鹿角珊瑚最占优势(28.33%),滨珊瑚仅次之(26.71%).近年来该岸段珊瑚礁衰退趋势明显,不合理的破坏性人类活动是重要原因.石珊瑚多样性的空间差异除因礁坪礁坡不同的自然环境外,主要与受到不同类型和强度的人类活动有关.礁坪大潮低潮时暴露,环境恶劣,且受人类采挖、践踏活动影响较频繁和明显;礁坡环境适宜,人类活动影响也相对微弱.养殖、捕捞和近岸排污等人类活动在岸段中南部较为突出,对珊瑚多样性的影响比东北部明显.在尊重珊瑚礁发育的自然规律基础上不断加大力度制止养殖、不合理捕捞和近岸排污等破坏性人类活动,才能更好地科学保护和管理该岸段珊瑚礁.     

涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚群落变化特征及其环境影响因子

以涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚群落为研究对象,分析其群落物种组成、多样性、Raunkiaer频度和种间Spearman轶相关,探讨群落组成与水环境因子的相关性,并结合近10年来涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚变化情况,找出涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚群落的主导影响因素。结果表明：（1）近10年来涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚覆盖率显著降低,珊瑚形态组成趋于块状化,尽管珊瑚群落多样性较高,但群落分布较松散,群落结构较不稳定,部分优势种种间竞争较激烈。（2）悬浮物含量是影响石珊瑚群落最显著的环境因子。石珊瑚优势种群在不同水深中分布差异显著,泥沙覆盖率、营养盐对不同石珊瑚种群影响差异较大,大型海藻覆盖率在局部区域对优势珊瑚形成较强的竞争关系。（3）营养盐和泥沙沉积物的增加与涠洲岛近海养殖业及生活排污、海岸工程及海岸侵蚀密切相关。     

西沙群岛主要岛礁鱼类物种多样性及其群落格局

为了解珊瑚礁海域鱼类物种多样性及其群落特征,作者2003年5月在西沙群岛7座主要岛礁(北礁、华光礁、金银岛、东岛、浪花礁、玉琢礁和永兴岛)采用底层刺网进行了调查,运用聚类分析和非度量多维标度(NMDS)等多元统计分析方法,对7个岛礁鱼类的种类组成、优势种、多样性和群落格局进行了分析.调查海域共记录鱼类146种,隶属10...     

The phylogeography and connectivity of the latitudinally widespread scleractinian coral Plesiastrea versipora in the Western Pacific

Whereas terrestrial animal populations might show genetic connectivity within a continent, marine species, such as hermatypic corals, may have connectivity stretching to all corners of the planet. We quantified the genetic variability within and among populations of the widespread scleractinian coral, Plesiastrea versipora along the eastern Australian seaboard (4145 km) and the Ryukyu Archipelago (Japan, 681 km) using sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-2) from ribosomal DNA. Geographic patterns in genetic variability were deduced from a nested clade analysis (NCA) performed on a parsimony network haplotype. This analysis allowed the establishment of geographical associations in the distribution of haplotypes within the network cladogram, therefore allowing us to deduce phylogeographical patterns based under models of restricted gene flow, fragmentation and range expansion. No significant structure was found among Ryukyu Archipelago populations. The lack of an association between the positions of haplotypes in the cladogram with geographical location of these populations may be accounted for by a high level of gene flow of P. versipora within this region, probably due to the strong Kuroshio Current. In contrast, strong geographical associations were apparent among populations of P. versipora along the south-east coast of Australia. This pattern of restricted genetic connectivity among populations of P. versipora on the eastern seaboard of Australia seems to be associated with the present surface ocean current (the East Australian Current) on this side of the south-western Pacific Ocean.     

造礁石珊瑚与其共生藻(Symbiodinium)共生研究进展

对造礁石珊瑚与其共生藻共生研究现状及其在全球变化下的适应能力进行较全面的综述.造礁石珊瑚与遗传和生理功能独特的共生藻组成内共生关系是成功演化的范例.近年来对珊瑚共生体的分子系统学研究表明共生藻遗传多样性极为丰富,当前认为共生藻属至少包括8个(A-H)各自包含亚系群的世系或系群.珊瑚-共生藻共生功能体对诸如全球变化引起的海水温度上升等环境变化十分敏感.由于珊瑚以及珊瑚礁面临气候变化的严峻挑战,对珊瑚与其共生藻共生关系和共生功体适应能力的研究将是未来重要的研究领域之一.     

Isolation of microsatellites from two species of scleractinian coral

Microsatellites were isolated from two broadcast‐spawning species of scleractinian coral (Platygyra daedalea and Goniastrea favulus) from Australia's Great Barrier Reef. We found 27 microsatellites across both species, although only five loci were polymorphic in each species. Microsatellite loci displayed a wide range of diversity levels with four to 11 alleles per locus (H_O = 0.26–0.91) in P. daedalea and two to seven alleles per locus (H_O = 0.16–0.96) in G. favulus. Most loci showed departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium which may reflect nonrandom mating but may also be related to difficulties associated with coral DNA.     

Unrecognized coral species diversity masks differences in functional ecology

Porites corals are foundation species on Pacific reefs but a confused taxonomy hinders understanding of their ecosystem function and responses to climate change. Here, we show that what has been considered a single species in the eastern tropical Pacific, Porites lobata, includes a morphologically similar yet ecologically distinct species, Porites evermanni. While P. lobata reproduces mainly sexually, P. evermanni dominates in areas where triggerfish prey on bioeroding mussels living within the coral skeleton, thereby generating asexual coral fragments. These fragments proliferate in marginal habitat not colonized by P. lobata. The two Porites species also show a differential bleaching response despite hosting the same dominant symbiont subclade. Thus, hidden diversity within these reef-builders has until now obscured differences in trophic interactions, reproductive dynamics and bleaching susceptibility, indicative of differential responses when confronted with future climate change.     

深圳大鹏湾六种珊瑚共附生真菌多样性研究

本研究使用6种不同培养基对深圳大鹏湾6种珊瑚上的共附生真菌进行平板涂布法分离培养,结合ITS-rDNA基因序列特征和形态学特征进行鉴定来研究深圳大鹏湾海域珊瑚共附生真菌的多样性。共分离培养出457株真菌菌株,分属于7个属,分别为红酵母属Rhodotorula（180株）、曲霉属Aspergillus（170株）、木霉属Trichoderma（50株）、青霉属Penicillium（34株）、枝孢属Cladosporium（21株）、透孢黑团壳属Massarina（1株）和弯颈霉属Tolypocladium（1株）,其中优势属为红酵母属Rhodotorula和曲霉属Aspergillus,占菌株分离总数的76.59%。单独鹿角珊瑚上分离到的共附生真菌数量和种类最多,为160株9种;在该种珊瑚上还分离出弯颈霉属Tolypocladium sp.,该属真菌此前从未在珊瑚共附生真菌的研究中分离出来。本研究还发现SDA培养基分离出的共附生真菌数量最多,CDA培养基的真菌数量最少,表明不同培养基分离的共附生真菌多样性存在差异。     

人为干扰对闽北森林群落物种多样性的影响

本文从群落及其组成结构等方面分析了闽北长期封禁保护的森林（ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖｅｄｆｏｒｅｓｔ,ＣＦ）和人为干扰后的退化森林（ｄｅｇｒａｄｅｄｆｏｒｅｓｔ,ＤＦ）群落物种多样性,结果认为,ＤＦ群落的植物物种丰富度和ＳｈａｎｎｏｎＷｉｅｎｅｒ指数与ＣＦ群落相近或略高,但ＤＦ群落植物种类组成和层次结构的物种多样性发生明显变化,群落物种种群基础已改变,稀有种和渐危种缺乏,这正是ＤＦ与ＣＦ群落物种多样性的本质差异。     

Paris Agreement could prevent regional mass extinctions of coral species

Coral reef ecosystems are expected to undergo significant declines over the coming decades as oceans become warmer and more acidic. We investigate the environmental tolerances of over 650 Scleractinian coral species based on the conditions found within their present-day ranges and in areas where they are currently absent but could potentially reach via larval dispersal. These “environmental envelopes” and connectivity constraints are then used to develop global forecasts for potential coral species richness under two emission scenarios, representing the Paris Agreement target (“SSP1-2.6”) and high levels of emissions (“SSP5-8.5”). Although we do not directly predict coral mortality or adaptation, the projected changes to environmental suitability suggest considerable declines in coral species richness for the majority of the world's tropical coral reefs, with a net loss in average local richness of 73% (Paris Agreement) to 91% (High Emissions) by 2080–2090 and particularly large declines across sites in the Great Barrier Reef, Coral Sea, Western Indian Ocean, and Caribbean. However, at the regional scale, we find that environmental suitability for the majority of coral species can be largely maintained under the Paris Agreement target, with 0%–30% potential net species lost in most regions (increasing to 50% for the Great Barrier Reef) as opposed to 80%–90% losses under High Emissions. Projections for subtropical areas suggest that range expansion will give rise to coral reefs with low species richness (typically 10–20 coral species per region) and will not meaningfully offset declines in the tropics. This work represents the first global projection of coral species richness under oceanic warming and acidification. Our results highlight the critical importance of mitigating climate change to avoid potentially massive extinctions of coral species.