Sonic hedgehog and FGF8 collaborate to induce dopaminergic phenotypes in the Nurr1-overexpressing neural stem cell

Neural stem cells are self-renewing cells capable of differentiating into all neural lineage cells in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, coordinated induction of midbrain dopaminergic phenotypes in an immortalized multipotent neural stem cell line can be achieved by both overexpression of nuclear receptor Nurr1, and fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF-8), and sonic hedgehog (Shh) signals. Nurr1 overexpression induces neuronal differentiation and confers competence to respond to extrinsic signals such as Shh and FGF-8 that induce dopaminergic fate in a mouse neural stem cell line. Our findings suggest that immortalized NSCs can serve as an excellent model for understanding mechanisms that regulate specification of ventral midbrain DA neurons and as an unlimited source of DA progenitors for treating Parkinson disease patients by cell replacement.     

Wnt 3a在神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化过程中作用的研究

Wnt信号在中枢神经系统发育过程中起重要的作用,控制着细胞的生长及分化.Wnt3a是Wnt家族的成员之一,对神经干细胞的增殖及分化有一定的调控作用.将重组Wnt3a腺病毒转入神经干细胞中,研究Wnt3a在定向诱导神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化过程中的作用.将神经干细胞分为4组,对照组(不加任何诱导因子组)、抗坏血酸诱导组(AA组)、Wnt3a重组腺病毒诱导组(Wnt3a组)以及Wnt3a重组腺病毒加抗坏血酸诱导组(Wnt3a AA组).结果显示,Wnt3a组细胞中的多巴胺能神经元前体细胞特异性标志Nurr1表达量显著增多,Wnt3a AA组多巴胺能神经元明显多于AA组,酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)在mRNA水平上的表达是AA组的1.86倍.蛋白质印迹及免疫细胞化学染色显示,各诱导组均有TH的表达,Wnt3a组和AA组多巴胺能神经元阳性细胞数比例分别为(5.76±3.34)%和(37.42±2.54)%,与Wnt3a AA组(73.96±2.61)%比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).利用高效液相色谱法检测到诱导后的细胞可分泌多巴胺.结果表明,Wnt3a可促进神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元前体细胞分化,再通过抗坏血酸的诱导作用,在体外可获得大量的多巴胺能神经元,这些神经元有分泌多巴胺的功能.     

Dopaminergic neuronal differentiation from rat embryonic neural precursors by Nurr1 overexpression

In vitro expanded CNS precursors could provide a renewable source of dopamine (DA) neurons for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease. Functional DA neurons have been derived previously from early midbrain precursors. Here we demonstrate the ability of Nurr1, a nuclear orphan receptor essential for midbrain DA neuron development in vivo, to induce dopaminergic differentiation in naïve CNS precursors in vitro. Independent of gestational age or brain region of origin, Nurr1‐induced precursors expressed dopaminergic markers and exhibited depolarization‐evoked DA release in vitro. However, these cells were less mature and secreted lower levels of DA than those derived from mesencephalic precursors. Transplantation of Nurr1‐induced DA neuron precursors resulted in limited survival and in vivo differentiation. No behavioral improvement in apomorphine‐induced rotation scores was observed. These results demonstrate that Nurr1 induces dopaminergic features in naïve CNS precursors in vitro. However, additional factors will be required to achieve in vivo function and to unravel the full potential of neural precursors for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease.     

Regulation of osteoblast differentiation by Nurr1 in MC3T3-E1 cell line and mouse calvarial osteoblasts

The orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is primarily expressed in the central nervous system. It has been shown that Nurr1 is necessary for terminal differentiation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in ventral midbrain. The receptor, however, is also expressed in other organs including bone, even though the role of Nurr1 is not yet understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of Nurr1 in osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells and calvarial osteoblasts derived from Nurr1 null newborn pups. Our results revealed that reduced Nurr1 expression, using Nurr1 siRNA in MC3T3-E1 cells, affected the expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes, osteocalcin (OCN) and collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), as measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), another osteoblast differentiation marker gene, was also decreased in Nurr1 siRNA-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, Nurr1 overexpression increased OCN and COL1A1 expression. Furthermore, consistent with these results, during osteoblast differentiation, the expression of osteoblast marker genes was decreased in primary cultured mouse calvarial osteoblasts derived from Nurr1 null mice. Collectively, our results suggest that Nurr1 is important for osteoblast differentiation.     

体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向多巴胺神经元分化的研究

通过体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stemcells,BMSCs)向多巴胺(dopamine,DA)神经元分化,探讨人BMSCs来源的DA神经元的功能特征及其分化机制,为临床上细胞移植替代治疗诸如帕金森氏病(parkinson’sdisease,PD)等神经精神性疾病提供一种理想的细胞来源。通过密度梯度离心获取人骨髓中的单个核细胞,贴壁培养纯化BMSCs。50μmol/L脑源性神经营养因子(brain derivedneurotrophy factor,BDNF),10μmol/Lforskolin(FSK)和10μmol/LDA联合对BMSCs进行诱导。电子显微镜观察诱导2周后细胞是否具有神经元的超微结构特点;免疫细胞化学染色和RT-PCR检测DA神经元分化过程中的标志物酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)的表达以及转录因子Nurr1、Ptx3和Lmx1b的表达;高效液相色谱(highperformance liquid chromatogram,HPLC)检测诱导2周后的细胞多巴胺的释放水平。结果表明,诱导2周后,电镜下细胞胞浆中有大量密集的呈扁平囊状的粗面内质网及其间的一些游离核糖体以及神经微丝的形成。RT-PCR结果显示NSE(neuron specificenolase)、Nurr1、Ptx3、Lmx1b和TH的mRNA均有表达;免疫细胞化学染色结果表明诱导2周后TH阳性细胞(24·80±3·36)%的表达较诱导3d后(3·77±1·77)%明显提高(P<0·01);HPLC检测到诱导2周后的细胞DA释放水平[(1·22±0·36)μg/mL(n=6)]高于未经诱导的细胞[(0·75±0·22)μg/mL(n=6)(t=-2·79,P=0·038)]。由此得出,BDNF、FSK和DA可以在体外诱导人BMSCs向DA神经元分化,并具有DA神经元的功能特征,是临床用于治疗神经精神性疾病的理想细胞来源。     

Induction of a midbrain dopaminergic phenotype in Nurr1-overexpressing neural stem cells by type 1 astrocytes.

The implementation of neural stem cell lines as a source material for brain tissue transplants is currently limited by the ability to induce specific neurochemical phenotypes in these cells. Here, we show that coordinated induction of a ventral mesencephalic dopaminergic phenotype in an immortalized multipotent neural stem cell line can be achieved in vitro. This process requires both the overexpression of the nuclear receptor Nurr1 and factors derived from local type 1 astrocytes. Over 80% of cells obtained by this method demonstrate a phenotype indistinguishable from that of endogenous dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, this procedure yields an unlimited number of cells that can engraft in vivo and that may constitute a useful source material for neuronal replacement in Parkinson's disease.     

Neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells maintain long-term proliferation without losing the potential to differentiate into all three neural lineages, including dopaminergic neurons

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells have the ability to renew themselves and differentiate into multiple cell types upon exposure to appropriate signals. In particular, the ability of hES cells to differentiate into defined neural lineages, such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, is fundamental to developing cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative disorders and studying developmental mechanisms. However, the utilization of hES cells for basic and applied research is hampered by the lack of well-defined methods to maintain their self-renewal and direct their differentiation. Recently we reported that neural precursor (NP) cells derived from mouse ES cells maintained their potential to differentiate into dopaminergic (DA) neurons after significant expansion in vitro . We hypothesized that NP cells derived from hES cells (hES-NP) could also undergo the same in vitro expansion and differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we passaged hES-NP cells and analyzed their proliferative and developmental properties. We found that hES-NP cells can proliferate approximately 380 000-fold after in vitro expansion for 12 weeks and maintain their potential to generate Tuj1⁺ neurons, GFAP⁺ astrocytes, and O4⁺ oligodendrocytes as well as tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH⁺) DA neurons. Furthermore, TH⁺ neurons originating from hES-NP cells expressed other midbrain DA markers, including Nurr1, Pitx3, Engrail-1, and aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase, and released significant amounts of DA. In addition, hES-NP cells maintained their developmental potential through long-term storage (over 2 years) in liquid nitrogen and multiple freeze–thaw cycles. These results demonstrate that hES-NP cells have the ability to provide an expandable and unlimited human cell source that can develop into specific neuronal and glial subtypes.