豚草防治措施综合评价

运用层次分析法对豚草生物防治、化学防治和不实施任何防治措施的空白对照进行综合评价.对3种防治措施的综合效益和综合成本进行计算和排序,作为选择豚草防治措施的准则.结果表明：豚草生物防治所获得的综合效益最高,综合成本最低;空白对照的综合效益最低,综合成本最高;化学防治的综合效益和综合成本居中.豚草生物防治效益成本比最高,说明其是一种最为理想的防治措施,值得推广应用.     

有害生物综合防治的生态经济学效益定量评估方法

【目的】如何客观、定量评估有害生物综合防治的生态经济学效益是有效开展有害生物生态调控的基础。但目前评价有害生物综合防治的效益时,更多的是考虑防治的经济效益,而缺乏有关防治带来的生态学效益的定量评估方法。【方法】本文基于市场价值法,给出了定量评估有害生物综合防治、化学防治的生态经济学效益的方法,并以此方法定量评估了1987-2016年30年中国粮食作物病虫害的损失情况、化学防治及劳动力投入、生态负效益,计算出粮食作物病虫害防治的生态经济学效益。【结果】有害生物综合防治的生态经济学效益主要与防治效益、投入成本及对生态产生的负效益有关。1987-2016年的粮食作物病虫害防治的生态经济学效益为-250.67-180.85亿元,平均生态经济学效益为-3.81亿元。【结论】我国粮食作物病虫害综合防治生态经济学效益较低,防治时需要充分考虑其带来的生态负效益;本文提出的有害生物综合防治的生态经济学效益定量评估方法,可为客观、准确评估病虫害综合防治提供科学依据。     

不同豚草防治区土表节肢动物多样性的比较

豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)是一种世界性恶性杂草,也是入侵我国的重要杂草之一,其不仅对入侵地的植物种群多样性造成极大的破坏,同时也严重危害土表节肢动物多样性.世界各国都在积极地采取各项措施控制豚草的进一步扩散和危害,其中生物防治是一种高效、安全、经济的防治措施.由此,通过小区试验比较了生物防治(广聚萤叶甲(Ophraella communa)和豚草卷蛾(Epiblema strenuana))区和化学药剂防治(农达)区内土表节肢动物多样性,并运用多样性指数、丰富度指数、优势集中性指数、均匀度指数等指标进行分析、评价.通过对70个试验小区进行8次的系统取样调查,共采集到2个纲,13个目,86个科,16838个节肢动物个体,其中弹尾目、蜘蛛目、膜翅目、同翅目等的节肢动物是优势物种,弹尾目的个体数量是各科目之最,占总个体数的35.7%.不同控制措施防治豚草,天敌昆虫豚草卷蛾和广聚萤叶甲防治小区的多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数均较化学药剂防治区和CK高,而优势集中性指数较化学药剂防治区和CK低.生物防治各小区的各项指数随时间的波动性明显较化学防治区和CK的小,两种天敌昆虫防治的高梯度小区较低梯度的波动性稍小,联合防治小区较单一天敌防治小区的波动小.可见,利用豚草天敌昆虫豚草卷蛾和广聚萤叶甲防治豚草对生态系统的节肢动物多样性具有明显的改善作用.本研究结果进一步证实了可利用天敌昆虫豚草卷蛾和广聚萤叶甲防治豚草来恢复豚草发生区的生态系统,生态学意义深远.     

检疫害虫稻水象甲的控制技术研究进展

稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel)是一种毁灭性的水稻害虫,也是一种重要的检疫害虫.近年来在很多省市发生为害,且发生程度不断加重并呈扩大蔓延趋势.本文概述了近年来稻水象甲大发生危害的情况及原因,深入分析了其发生规律,提出了加强植物检疫、农业防治、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治等综合治理的措施.     

有螺江滩林农复合生态系统不同调控模式的综合效益评价

应用层次分析法,对南埂江滩林农复合生态系统不同调控模式与芦苇模式的经济、生态、社会以及综合效益进行评价.结果表明,滩地上建立的林农复合生态系统---“抑螺防病林”,各效益均显著高于原来的芦苇系统,是治理与开发有螺滩地的有效途径.对于林农复合生态系统不同调控模式而言,经济效益,块状皆伐模式最高,不伐模式第二,其它4种间伐处理模式相对较低且相互之间差异不大;生态效益,各模式之间较为接近,无明显差别;社会效益,块状皆伐模式最高,不伐模式最低,其它4种间伐处理模式居中;综合效益,各模式之间的大小顺序与经济效益相似.块状皆伐为最佳模式.对于包括块状皆伐在内的5种间伐调控模式,进一步提高其效益的关键是选择经济价值、特别是产投比高的植物栽培品种;对于不伐模式,继续进行林下间种,是提高该模式社会效益和综合效益的有效措施.     

外来入侵种互花米草防治研究进展

互花米草在其原产地具有保滩护堤、促淤造陆等生态功能,但在被引入其他地区后,常给当地生态系统带来诸多负面影响,因此,互花米草常被视为入侵种,对互花米草的入侵性以及防控方面的研究成为一大热点.本研究从物理防治、化学防治、生物防治、生物替代防治、综合防治和防控策略6个方面综述了互花米草防治的最新研究进展,对各类措施的理论基础、技术方案、防治效果和环境影响等方面进行了分析,指出了现有防治技术的不足,并提出生态风险分区防控等建议.     

气候变化预计会减少东亚地区豚草的生物防治效果

外来入侵植物对入侵地的生态系统与社会经济可造成严重的威胁。如何控制入侵植物对自然资源的危害,向人类提出了极大的挑战。利用原产地的专食性天敌来控制入侵植物已被广泛证明是一种经济、可持续的生物防治手段。在全球气候变暖的背景下,生物防治研究的关键问题是全面了解物种的潜在分布区和传播范围,进而优化入侵植物的生物防治方案。本研究利用生物地理模型,通过预测两种生物防治昆虫和它们的组合在东亚地区的适宜分布区,预测豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)的生物防治区域。豚草原产北美,目前已经入侵全球多个国家和地区。20世纪末,豚草条纹叶甲(Ophraella communa)和豚草卷蛾(Epiblema strenuana)作为豚草的生物防治昆虫从原产地引入到东亚地区。本研究旨在探讨如下问题:(1)在豚草的适宜生长分布区内,有多少区域也同样适宜其两种天敌的生存?(2)在目前和未来的气候背景下,有多少区域适宜豚草生长但是不适宜它的两种天敌生长?(3)在这些适宜豚草生长却不适宜两种昆虫天敌生长的区域内,需要选择哪些特定的生物型进行投放?为此,我们基于入侵植物和两种生物防治昆虫的全球分布记录及其分布点的重要生物气候因子,同时模拟了入侵植物及其两种生物防治天敌在东亚地区的分布范围。排序技术被用来探索气候因子对每个物种的限制作用,同时也用来检验豚草在北美和东亚地区的生态位重叠和相似性。结果表明,在当前和未来的气候背景下,相较于豚草卷蛾,豚草条纹叶甲与豚草的地理分布范围更加吻合(当前气候:40.3%vs.21.6%,未来气候:29.8%vs.20.3%)。气候变化可能会导致两种生物防治天敌(尤其是豚草条纹叶甲)的地理分布与豚草的地理分布的重叠区域减少(42.9%vs.29.9%)。本研究同时提出了温度和降水等气候因子可用于为特殊区域(生物防治天敌未覆盖的豚草分布区)筛选生物防治天敌的相应株系。     

湖北老河口梨小食心虫成虫发生规律及综合防治效果

【目的】为了寻找湖北省老河口梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)的最佳防治时期,推广使用无公害防控技术,减少化学药剂的使用。【方法】分别调查了梨小食心虫在梨园及桃园的发生规律,释放赤眼蜂的生物防治效果,糖醋酒液、三角形诱捕器、黄板的物理防治效果,以及性信息素迷向防治效果。【结果】结果表明,桃园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在4月中下旬,梨园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在5月下旬、6月上旬、8月中旬前。防治效果上,释放赤眼蜂生物防治措施、配比为红糖∶白酒∶食用醋:水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液诱捕器的物理防治措施、迷向丝及迷向素的迷向措施均有替代化学防治措施的潜力。【结论】综合防治能够有效控制梨园梨小食心虫发生量,减少化学防治频次,为建立稳定的梨园生态系统及生产无公害水果提供了帮助。     

白僵菌超低容量油剂林间应用对生物多样性的影响

2001～2003年在福建省云霄县进行了白僵菌超低容量油剂林间防治马尾松毛虫后对生物多样性的影响研究(包括使用前后的物种丰富度S、个体数N、多样性指数H'、均匀度指数R和优势度指数D等).结果表明,未防治区和白僵菌油剂防治区的物种数分别为473种和392种,而化学防治区的物种数只有266种;白僵菌油剂防治区天敌和害虫个体数与未防治区的比例相近,分别为0.1049:1和0.1051:1,明显高于化学防治区(0.0558:1);化学防治和白僵菌油剂防治均降低了物种的丰富度和多样性,同时也增强了物种的优势度,但化学防治区与未防区的差异显著,白僵菌油剂防治区与未防区的差异不显著,尤其对天敌和非目标昆虫无显著影响.     

三裂叶豚草雄花序分化的气候效应分析

【背景】三裂叶豚草是一种外来恶性杂草,它的入侵不仅影响当地的生物多样性和生态系统,而且给农牧业造成巨大的经济损失。此外,其花粉量大,是引起人体一系列过敏反应的致敏源。【方法】通过对2008～2010年三裂叶豚草分化时期和气象因素进行调查,以当年分化开始前一个月至分化结束的日最高气温、日最低气温、日平均气温、相对湿度、日照时间等数据,分析影响三裂叶豚草雄花序分化的气象因子。【结果】雄花序从未分化期至成熟期平均需26d。三裂叶豚草营养生长后期,较短的日照时间和日平均气温、较高的相对湿度和较大的温差等环境条件有利于三裂叶豚草雄花序较早地开始分化。而在分化早期,长时间较高的相对湿度不利于雄花序的分化。【结论与意义】外界环境的变化能够影响三裂叶豚草雄花序的分化,对其分化开始时间起决定性作用。本研究为制定合理的三裂叶豚草防治措施提供了理论依据,同时为进一步研究其生物安全性提供了参考。     

广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾对广西来宾豚草的联合控制作用

【背景】豚草已成功入侵广西来宾,对当地生物多样性、农业生产和居民健康造成了严重影响。广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾均为豚草的重要专一性天敌,在湖南等地已有效抑制了豚草的扩散蔓延。【方法】为考查2种天敌在广西对豚草的联合控制作用,于2009年5月24日在广西来宾豚草入侵地区同时释放广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾(2种天敌释放密度均为1170头.hm-2)。【结果】至2009年8月29日释放区内豚草植株死亡率达98%以上,且天敌迅速向邻近豚草发生区扩散,2种天敌对扩散区豚草的控制率可达50%～60%。【结论与意义】2种天敌对豚草具有显著的控制效果,建议在广西大面积推广应用。     

An ecological indicator to evaluate the effect of chemical insecticide pollution management on complex ecosystems

The extensive input of chemical insecticides for pest control is considered as a serious risk to the environment, and the ecological disturbance of chemical insecticides has both positive and negative effects on complex agro-ecosystems. This paper proposed an indicator based on ecological two-sidedness theory and Shannon entropy, which is intended for analyzing informational complexity in a decision network of the chemical insecticide pollution management. The results indicated that the order of the value of R_CC/CP index (where the R_CC/CP index matrix W_CC/CP is defined as the index optimization matrix of comprehensive cost divided by the index optimization matrix of comprehensive profit) for three insect pest-controlling strategies in scallion fields was “applying frequency vibration lamps and environment-friendly insecticides 8 times” (0.8714) < “applying trap devices and environment-friendly insecticides 9 times” (0.8858) < “applying common insecticides 15 times” (0.9077). The treatment “applying frequency vibration lamps and environment-friendly insecticides 8 times” was recognized as the optimal strategy for chemical insecticide pollution management in scallion fields in Shanghai, China. The results demonstrate that our proposed ecological indicator might arouse the interest of policy makers and eco-environmentalists who seek to minimize the use of chemicals, and the farmers who hope to optimize pest-controlling strategies in practice.     

Chemical control of ambrosia Artemisiifolia on non-crop areas: are there alternatives to glyphosate?

We compared glyphosate, glufosinate and metsulfuron-methyl to control Ambrosia artemisiifolia under non-crop conditions. A laboratory study showed that A. artemisiifolia is an easy-to-wet species and that glufosinate and glyphosate are quickly absorbed by its leaves (nearly 100% in 24 h). Metsulfuron-methyl absorption was slower (about 50% in 24 h) but was strongly promoted by terpenic alcohol and esterified rapeseed oil. In the greenhouse, all three herbicides were efficacious against A. artemisiifolia, with ED50s of <23, 23 and 0.8 g ha(-1) for glufosinate, glyphosate and metsulfuron-methyl, respectively. These results were confirmed on a non-crop area for glufosinate and glyphosate, which at half the registered dose reached high efficacies at both the 4 to 6-node and flowering stages of A. artemisiifolia. By contrast, metsulfuron-methyl showed no efficacy. However, after treatment at the 4- to 6-node stage, new emergence of A. artemisiifolia led to the presence of vigorous plants that bore numerous flowers and produced high levels of pollen. After treatment at the flowering stage, flower production by A. artemisiifolia was not significantly affected, but achene weight was decreased by 60 to 70% and seed viability was only 8 to 13% for the treated plants, as compared to 85% for the control. No significant difference was observed between the two herbicides and between the doses. It is concluded that glufosinate can be an alternative to glyphosate for the chemical control of A. artemisiifolia on non-crop areas. However, with both herbicides, it is difficult to attain the two objectives of reducing seed production and pollen production by means of only one treatment.     

广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾对 江西南昌豚草的联合控制作用

【背景】豚草是一种世界性的重要害草,在江西南昌地区普遍发生。广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾是很有利用前景的豚草天敌,而有关这2种天敌在江西南昌地区田间对豚草的联合控制效果尚不明确。【方法】2009年6月25日分别按广聚萤叶甲0.7头.株-1和豚草卷蛾0.4头.株-1的密度在江西南昌豚草入侵地同时释放2种天敌,并于8月4日～9月13日,每隔10d调查广聚萤叶甲各虫态的数量、豚草卷蛾虫瘿数、豚草的株高和死亡株数。【结果】释放前期广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾种群数量增长较快,但释放70d后,豚草植株死亡率达90.14%,天敌种群数量急剧下降;释放80d后,豚草植株死亡率达到100%。此外,在整个调查期间,天敌释放区豚草株高增长缓慢,均极显著低于对照区。【结论与意义】广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾在江西南昌地区田间对豚草的联合控制效果显著,宜在江西大规模推广应用。     

Plant Construction Cost in the Boreal Species Differing in Their Ecological Strategies

Construction cost (CC) of leaves was studied in 73 boreal plant species differing in ecological strategy. CC is the energy cost, expressed as glucose weight, of the plant weight unit formation. The perennial species that exhibited the stress-tolerant (S) type of strategy had the highest, whereas the annual plants of the ruderal type (R) of strategy had the lowest CC values, and the individual plant species from these two groups significantly differed in their CC indices. Plant species of diverse strategies were regularly distributed in the Grime's triangle, according to their CC values. The analysis of leaf chemical components has shown that high CC values in plants of the S-group correlated with a higher content of energy-expensive organic compounds, pigments, lignin, waxes, phenolics, etc. In contrast, in the plants that exhibited the r-strategy, the majority of photosynthetically assimilated carbon was utilized in the synthesis of functional substances, namely, proteins and carbohydrates. Our data showed the differential organization of plant metabolism in the plants exhibiting different types of ecological strategies. The CC values of leaf, together with other known characteristics, can be used for the identification of the types of ecological strategies and the assessment of the resistance of plant species and varieties to environmental stress.     

豚草卷蛾在广西来宾建群状况及其对作物的安全性调查

【背景】豚草于20世纪80年代入侵广西省来宾市兴宾区,现已扩散至该区的部分乡（镇）,2009年5月通过在广西来宾市高岭村释放广聚萤叶甲和豚草卷蛾防治豚草,3个月后释放点豚草的死亡率达98％以上。【方法】实地调查豚草卷蛾的扩散、建群情况和对当地作物的安全性。【结果】豚草卷蛾在来宾市已形成稳定种群。豚草卷蛾在对豚草的控制过程中,能在豚草生长区迅速定殖、建群,在定殖区豚草被完全控制或呈现零星分布后,该虫又会迅速向邻近成片生长的豚草区扩散、定殖。在调查中未发现豚草卷蛾对周边农作物产生为害。【结论与意义】豚草卷蛾对作物安全,可以在广西大范围释放。     

广聚萤叶甲成虫取食经历对后续 产卵寄主选择的影响

【背景】取食经历对植食性昆虫的寄主选择行为具有较大影响,影响天敌昆虫寄主专一性测定的设计和结果解释。【方法】采用选择性试验,观察了入侵豚草的重要天敌——广聚萤叶甲成虫羽化后取食不同植物对其后续产卵寄主选择的影响。【结果】与取食豚草的试虫相比,有取食三裂叶豚草、苍耳或菊芋经历的成虫选择苍耳产卵的频次增加,不再对豚草表现出明显的选择偏好性。对产卵识别期的Cox模型分析结果表明,成虫早期取食不同植物,对后续产卵选择有显著影响,成虫羽化后如果先取食豚草或三裂叶豚草,则选择苍耳产卵的倾向显著低于豚草;但如果先取食苍耳、菊芋和农家向日葵,则选择苍耳产卵的倾向与豚草无显著差异。【结论与意义】由此推测,广聚萤叶甲初羽化成虫取食的植物对其后续产卵选择具有较大影响,因而在寄主专一性测定中应关注测试前饲喂的植物种类。     

Interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms and chronic/aggressive periodontitis susceptibility: A meta-analysis based on 14 case-control studies

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been described as an anti-inflammatory cytokine and IL-10 gene polymorphisms was associated with altered interleukin-10 levels, therefore, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis assessing the association of IL-10 genetic polymorphisms with the risk of both chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Electronic databases were acquired from PubMed, Embase, the Sinomed and WANFANG. Fourteen studies with 1438 patients and 1303 control subjects investigated the association of the three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-10 (-1082A>G, -819C>T, -592C>A) and chronic/aggressive periodontitis risk were brought into this study. We found that there was no association between IL-10 -1082 gene polymorphism and periodontitis risk (either CP or AgP), even when we separately investigated sub-group analysis among Caucasians. The -819 polymorphism seemed to be a genetic risk factor to CP among Caucasians (T allele vs. C allele: OR=1.55, 95%CI=1.07-2.24; CT vs. CC: OR=1.64, 95%CI=1.00-2.67). When excluding one study deviated from HWE, the results showed that the T allele carriers had a significantly risk of CP in overall population (T allele vs. C allele: OR=1.23, 95%CI=1.03-1.48). Furthermore, the results of this meta-analysis showed that -592 polymorphism was associated with a significantly increased risk of CP (A allele vs. C allele: OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.04-1.85; AA vs. CA+CC: OR=1.39, 95%CI=1.05-1.85 for overall analysis; A allele vs. C allele: OR=1.97, 95%CI=1.36-3.86; AA vs. CC: OR=3.70, 95%CI=1.32-10.39; CA vs. CC: OR=2.22, 95%CI=1.36-3.64, AA+CA vs. CC: OR=2.35, 95%CI=1.46-3.79 for Caucasian descent analysis). This meta-analysis suggested that IL-10 -819 and -592 gene polymorphisms were associated with CP, especially among Caucasians. Further research is needed to assess possible gene-gene or gene-environment-lifestyle interactions on periodontal disease..     

不同防治措施对刚竹毒蛾种群变动的影响

应用灰色关联度（the gray sequence）分析不同防治措施对刚竹毒蛾（Pantana phytlostachysae Chao）种群变动的影响。分析结果表明：生物防治标准地种群变动与对照区相似,虫口较低;化学防治后标准地虫口较对照区为高,种群变动与对照区差异较大。第1代和第3代中各防治区与对照区种群变动最接近的均是白僵菌粉炮,其次是敌敌畏烟剂和油烟剂。第2代则是白僵菌粉炮〉油烟剂〉敌敌畏烟剂。进一步说明不同防治措施在不同环境条件下,干扰自然生态系统的程度不同。