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1.
Tripeptidyl peptidase I (TPPI) — a lysosomal serine protease — is encoded by the CLN2 gene, mutations that cause late-infantile
neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) connected with profound neuronal loss, severe clinical symptoms and early death at
puberty. Developmental studies of TPPI activity levels and distribution have been done in the human and rat central nervous
systems (CNS) and visceral organs. Similar studies have not been performed in mouse. In this paper, we follow up on the developmental
changes in the enzyme activity and localization pattern in the CNS and visceral organs of mouse over the main periods of life
— embryonic, neonate, suckling, infantile, juvenile, adult and aged — using biochemical assays and enzyme histochemistry.
In the studied peripheral organs (liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas and lung) TPPI is present at birth but further its pattern
is not consistent in different organs over different life periods. TPPI activity starts to be expressed in the brain at the
10th embryonic day but in most neuronal types it appears at the early infantile period, increases during infancy, reaches
high activity levels in the juvenile period and is highest in adult and aged animals. Thus, in mice TPPI activity becomes
crucial for the neuronal functions later in development (juvenile period) than in humans and does not decrease with aging.
These results are essential as a basis for comparison between normal and pathological TPPI patterns in mice. They can be valuable
in view of the use of animal models for studying LINCL and other neurodegenerative disorders. 相似文献
2.
It is commonly accepted that larger visual objects are represented in the cerebral cortex by specific spatial patterns of
neuronal activity. Self-organization is a key concept in the different explanations of such neuronal representations. We here
propose as a hypothesis that fast cortical selection (FCS) is an intrinsic functional element of cortical self-organization
during perception. Selection is a central concept in theoretical biology which has proved its explanatory power in different
fields of our natural and cultural world. The central element in the cortical selection process is the pyramidal cell with
its two types of excitatory input. In primary cortical areas one of these inputs comes from any of the sensory organs, determining
the topological and typological receptive field properties of the cell and also driving it directly. The other type of input
connects reciprocally neighbouring pyramidal cells by axon collaterals and only facilitates the driving input. These two functionally
different inputs constitute the elementary selection system working by iterative mutual facilitation as a biological algorithm.
A short simulation, based entirely on such biological facts, illustrates the dynamic of this selection process: the activity
of cells responding better to the external stimulus ‘grow and survive’ the stimulation, whereas less responsive cells decrease
their activity due to competition.
Received: 13 June 1995 / Accepted in revised form: 27 May 1997 相似文献
3.
A non-uniform equivalent cable model of membrane voltage changes in branching neuronal trees with active ion channels has
been developed. A general branching condition is formulated, extending Rall's 3/2 power rule for passive dendritic trees so
that non-uniform cable segments can be treated. The theoretical results support the use of the dendritic profile model of
Clements and Redman. The theory is then applied to dendrites of different morphological type yielding qualitative different
response behaviour.
Received: 25 September 1997 / Accepted: 13 November 1997 相似文献
4.
O. A. Markova T. M. Tsugorka O. V. Dovgan’ A. R. Stepanyuk V. P. Cherkas 《Neurophysiology》2008,40(1):53-63
Studies on the cellular and subcellular levels promote elucidation of the fundamental principles of formation of effective
neuronal systems from cell units. To estimate the interrelations between electrical activity of neuronal networks and processes
realized on the cellular level, we need to adequately understand the general patterns of behavior of populations of interneurons,
which are components of these networks, under different physiological conditions. In this review, we describe and discuss
the relations between the electrical activity of single hippocampal neurons and different components of the field electrical
activity, as well as modern concepts on the mode of involvement of the system of hippocampal interneurons in the formation
of physiologically important patterns of efferent activity of the above-mentioned structure (in particular in encoding of
information on the neuronal level).
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 58–68, January–February, 2008. 相似文献
5.
Zhi-Chun Ding Qi Zheng Bin Cai Wen-Hao Yu Xin-Chen Teng Yang Wang Guo-Ming Zhou Hou-Ming Wu Hong-Zhe Sun Ming-Jie Zhang Zhong-Xian Huang 《Journal of biological inorganic chemistry》2007,12(8):1173-1179
Human metallothionein-3 (hMT3), also named human neuronal growth inhibitory factor (hGIF), is attractive due to its distinct
neuronal growth inhibitory activity, which is not shown by other human MT isoforms. It has been reported that the neuronal
growth inhibitory activity arises from the N-terminal β-domain rather than its C-terminal α-domain. However, previous bioassay
results have shown that the single β-domain is less effective at inhibiting the neuron growth than that in intact hMT3 on
a molar basis, which suggests that the α-domain is indispensable to the neuronal growth inhibitory activity of hMT3. In order
to confirm this assumption, we constructed two domain-hybrid mutants, the β(MT3)–β(MT3) mutant and the β(MT3)–α(MT1) mutant,
and investigated their structural and metal binding properties by UV-vis spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, pH titration, DTNB
reaction, EDTA reaction, etc. The results showed that stability of the Cd3S9 cluster of the β(MT3)–β(MT3) mutant decreased significantly while the Cd3S9 cluster of the β(MT3)–α(MT1) mutant had a similar stability and solvent accessibility to that of hMT3. Interestingly, the
bioassay results showed that the neuronal growth inhibitory activity of the β(MT3)–β(MT3) mutant decreased significantly,
while the β(MT3)–α(MT1) mutant showed similar inhibitory activity to hMT3. Based on these results, we conclude that the α-domain
is indispensable and plays an important role in modulating the stability of the metal cluster in the β-domain by domain–domain
interactions, thus influencing the bioactivity of hMT3.
Z.-C. Ding and Q. Zheng contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
6.
Matthieu Gilson Anthony N. Burkitt David B. Grayden Doreen A. Thomas J. Leo van Hemmen 《Biological cybernetics》2009,101(2):81-102
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) determines the evolution of the synaptic weights according to their pre- and post-synaptic
activity, which in turn changes the neuronal activity. In this paper, we extend previous studies of input selectivity induced
by (STDP) for single neurons to the biologically interesting case of a neuronal network with fixed recurrent connections and
plastic connections from external pools of input neurons. We use a theoretical framework based on the Poisson neuron model
to analytically describe the network dynamics (firing rates and spike-time correlations) and thus the evolution of the synaptic
weights. This framework incorporates the time course of the post-synaptic potentials and synaptic delays. Our analysis focuses
on the asymptotic states of a network stimulated by two homogeneous pools of “steady” inputs, namely Poisson spike trains
which have fixed firing rates and spike-time correlations. The (STDP) model extends rate-based learning in that it can implement,
at the same time, both a stabilization of the individual neuron firing rates and a slower weight specialization depending
on the input spike-time correlations. When one input pathway has stronger within-pool correlations, the resulting synaptic
dynamics induced by (STDP) are shown to be similar to those arising in the case of a purely feed-forward network: the weights
from the more correlated inputs are potentiated at the expense of the remaining input connections. 相似文献
7.
Voluntary movements in animals are often episodic, with abrupt onset and termination. Elevated neuronal excitation is required
to drive the neuronal circuits underlying such movements; however, the mechanisms that sustain this increased excitation are
largely unknown. In the medicinal leech, an identified cascade of excitation has been traced from mechanosensory neurons to
the swim oscillator circuit. Although this cascade explains the initiation of excitatory drive (and hence swim initiation),
it cannot account for the prolonged excitation (10–100 s) that underlies swim episodes. We present results of physiological
and theoretical investigations into the mechanisms that maintain swimming activity in the leech. Although intrasegmental mechanisms can prolong stimulus-evoked excitation for more than one second, maintained excitation and sustained
swimming activity requires chains of several ganglia. Experimental and modeling studies suggest that mutually excitatory intersegmental interactions can drive bouts of swimming activity in leeches. Our model neuronal circuits, which incorporated mutually
excitatory neurons whose activity was limited by impulse adaptation, also replicated the following major experimental findings:
(1) swimming can be initiated and terminated by a single neuron, (2) swim duration decreases with experimental reduction in
nerve cord length, and (3) swim duration decreases as the interval between swim episodes is reduced. 相似文献
8.
Robert Miller 《Biological cybernetics》1996,75(3):253-261
Neural assemblies are assumed to become organized and to operate within the cerebral cortex, and so must be constrained by
the cytological and physiological properties of this laminated structure. A hypothesis of such assemblies is presented, based
on important details of neuronal architecture and physiology in different cortical laminae. Laminae II, III and VI, which
are the origin and termination of most cortico-cortical projections, are regarded as the site of storage of most of the information
encoded by assemblies – a neuronal ‘library’. Laminae II and III are the most sensitive coincidence detectors, and therefore
probably initiate the process of assembly formation. However, these three laminae have very low levels of spontaneous activity
in the waking state, and so active cell assemblies cannot base their functioning on these laminae alone. Lamina V pyramidal
cells have a much higher level of spontaneous activity. Thus, indirect pathways between ‘library’ cells, via lamina V pyramidal
cells, are likely to be more secure than direct ones. It is proposed that direct links between ‘library’ cells become stabilized
by Hebbian strengthening, once the recipient ‘library’ cell has been ‘primed’ by neural activity transmitted indirectly via
lamina V neurones. Thus lamina V neurones could catalyse the process of assembly formation. Given this proposal, lamina V
cells, in their interaction with ‘library’ cells, would code information in terms of precisely timed individual impulses,
but would employ a code based on slower frequency changes in their descending influences upon neural centres in the brainstem
and spinal cord. Predictions for single unit and electrographic experiments are discussed.
Received: 30 November 1995/Accepted in revised form: 3 June 1996 相似文献
9.
Mercado-Gómez O Hernández-Fonseca K Villavicencio-Queijeiro A Massieu L Chimal-Monroy J Arias C 《Neurochemical research》2008,33(8):1599-1609
Glycogen synthase kinase GSK-3β has been identified as one of the major candidates mediating tau hyperphosphorylation at the
same sites as those present in tau protein in brain from Alzheimer′s disease (AD) patients. However, the signal transduction
pathways involved in the abnormal activation of GSK-3β, have not been completely elucidated. GSK-3β activity is repressed
by the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, but it is also modulated through the PI3K/Akt route. Recent studies have suggested
that Wnt signaling might be involved in the pathophysiology of AD. On the other hand, modulators of the PI3K pathway might
be reduced during aging leading to a sustained activation of GSK-3β, which in turn would increase the risk of tau hyperphosphorylation.
The role of Wnt and PI3K signaling inhibition on the extent of tau phosphorylation and neuronal morphology has not been completely
elucidated. Thus, in the present investigation we analyzed the effects of different negative modulators of the Wnt and the
PI3K pathways on GSK-3β activation and phosphorylation of tau at the PHF-1 epitope in cortical cultured neurons and hippocampal
slices from adult rat brain. Changes in the microtubule network were also studied. We found that a variety of Wnt and PI3K
inhibitors, significantly increased tau phosphorylation at the PHF-1 site, induced the disarrangement of the microtubule network
and the accumulation of tau within cell bodies. These changes correlated with alterations in neuronal morphology.
Special issue article in honor of Dr. Ricardo Tapia. 相似文献
10.
This work reports an empirical examination of two key issues in theoretical neuroscience: distractibility in the context of
working memory (WM) and its reward dependence. While these issues have been examined fruitfully in isolation (e.g. Macoveanu
et al. in Biol Cybern 96(4): 407–19, 2007), we address them here in tandem, with a focus on how distractibility and reward
interact. In particular, we parameterise an observation model that embodies the nonlinear form of such interactions, as described
in a recent neuronal network model (Gruber et al. in J Comput Neurosci 20:153–166, 2006). We observe that memory for a target
stimulus can be corrupted by distracters in the delay period. Interestingly, in contrast to our theoretical predictions, this
corruption was only partial. Distracters do not simply overwrite target; rather, a compromise is reached between target and
distracter. Finally, we observed a trend towards a reduced distractibility under conditions of high reward. We discuss the
implications of these findings for theoretical formulations of basal and dopamine (DA)-modulated neural bump- attractor networks
of working memory. 相似文献
11.
Deschamps Jeffrey R. George Clifford Flippen-Anderson Judith L. 《International journal of peptide research and therapeutics》1998,5(5-6):337-340
Summary Since the discovery and isolation of the endogenous opioid peptides Leu- and Met-enkephalin, structural studies have been
focused on deducing the bioactive conformation of the peptide ligands. Theoretically, linear peptides can have many different
backbone conformations, yet early, X-ray studies on enkephalin and its analogues showed only two different backbone conformations:
extended and single β-bend. More recent reports include a third conformation for Leu-enkephalin and constrained opioid peptides
from two ‘new’ classes (i.e. cyclic and ‘allaromatic’ peptides). In this report the relationship between solid-state X-ray
structure and opioid peptide activity is examined. The N-terminal amine nitrogen and the two aromatic rings have previously
been identified as structural features important to the biological activity of opioid peptides. From X-ray studies we find
that the distances between the centroids of the aromatic rings, and between the N-terminal amine nitrogen and the centroid
of the phenylalanine ring, vary over a large range. There is a discernible relationship, however, between the separation of
the two rings and their orientation that correlates with activity. 相似文献
12.
We wondered whether random populations of dissociated cultured cortical neurons, despite of their lack of structure and/or
regional specialization, are capable of modulating their neural activity as the effect of a time-varying stimulation – a simulated
‘sensory’ afference. More specifically, we used localized low-frequency, non-periodic trains of stimuli to simulate sensory
afferences, and asked how much information about the original trains of stimuli could be extracted from the neural activity
recorded at the different sites. Furthermore, motivated by the results of studies performed both in vivo and in vitro on different
preparations, which suggested that isolated spikes and bursts may play different roles in coding time-varying signals, we
explored the amount of such ‘sensory’ information that could be associated to these different firing modes. Finally, we asked
whether and how such ‘sensory’ information is transferred from the sites of stimulation (i.e., the ‘sensory’ areas), to the
other regions of the neural populations.
To do this we applied stimulus reconstruction techniques and information theoretic concepts that are typically used to investigate
neural coding in sensory systems.
Our main results are that (1) slow variations of the rate of stimulation are coded into isolated spikes and in the time of
occurrence of bursts (but not in the bursts’ temporal structure); (2) increasing the rate of stimulation has the effect of
increasing the proportion of isolated spikes in the average evoked response and their importance in coding for the stimuli;
and, (3) the ability to recover the time course of the pattern of stimulation is strongly related to the degree of functional
connectivity between stimulation and recording sites.
These observations parallel similar findings in intact nervous systems regarding the complementary roles of bursts and tonic
spikes in encoding sensory information.
Our results also have interesting implications in the field of neuro-robotic interfaces. In fact, the ability of populations
of neurons to code information is a prerequisite for obtaining hybrid systems, in which neuronal populations are used to control
external devices. 相似文献
13.
Stéphane D. Lemaire Mariana Stein Emmanuelle Issakidis-Bourguet Eliane Keryer Vanina Benoit Bernard Pineau Catherine Gérard-Hirne Myroslawa Miginiac-Maslow Jean-Pierre Jacquot 《Planta》1999,209(2):221-229
The biochemical properties of the ferredoxin/thioredoxin transduction pathway regulating the activity of key carbon-fixation
enzymes through post-translational modifications are well characterized but little is known about the regulation of the different
genes. In the present study, we investigated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii the regulation of the expression of ferredoxin, thioredoxin m, ferredoxin-NADP reductase, phosphoribulokinase, as well as that of cytosolic thioredoxin h, the function of which is still largely unknown. The effects of light, the circadian clock and active cell division were
investigated by northern blotting. The five genes were found to be regulated by light and the circadian clock but with different
kinetics and amplitudes. This leads for the first time to the proposal that an extra-chloroplastic thioredoxin is possibly
implicated in light and/or circadian-related processes. An interplay between several light-transduction pathways in controlling
the expression of the genes is suggested by the expression studies and the theoretical analysis of the promoters.
Received: 2 December 1998 / Accepted: 19 March 1999 相似文献
14.
V. I. Skok S. V. Voitenko A. Yu. Bobryshev L. P. Voitenko M. V. Skok 《Neurophysiology》1998,30(4-5):200-202
Decay kinetics of the postsynaptic excitatory currents (EPSC), distribution of the antibodies specific to different α-subunits
of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), and the effects of these antibodies on ACh-induced membrane currents
were studied in neurons of different autonomic ganglia of rats. It was shown that α3-, α5- and α7-subunits were present in
all studied cultured neurons of the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG), while the α4-subunit was present only in about half
of the neurons; this α-subunit distribution differed from that in cultured intracardial neurons of rats. Two nAChR populations
were found in rat SCG neurons, and a series of nAChR populations were found in murine superior mesenteric ganglion neurons;
they differed in kinetics of their ion channel activity, voltage dependence and the rate of their open channel blockade. The
possible functional role of neuronal nAChR heterogeneity is discussed. 相似文献
15.
It was often reported and suggested that the synchronization of spikes can occur without changes in the firing rate. However,
few theoretical studies have tested its mechanistic validity. In the present study, we investigate whether changes in synaptic
weights can induce an independent modulation of synchrony while the firing rate remains constant. We study this question at
the level of both single neurons and neuronal populations using network simulations of conductance based integrate-and-fire
neurons. The network consists of a single layer that includes local excitatory and inhibitory recurrent connections, as well
as long-range excitatory projections targeting both classes of neurons. Each neuron in the network receives external input
consisting of uncorrelated Poisson spike trains. We find that increasing this external input leads to a linear increase of
activity in the network, as well␣as an increase in the peak frequency of oscillation. In␣contrast, balanced changes of the
synaptic weight of␣excitatory long-range projections for both classes of postsynaptic neurons modulate the degree of synchronization
without altering the firing rate. These results demonstrate that, in a simple network, synchronization and firing rate can
be modulated independently, and thus, may be used as independent coding dimensions.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
16.
Tissue transglutaminase (TGase) has been implicated in both cell survival and apoptosis. Here we investigate the role of TGase
in β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity using retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated, neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. We show that β-amyloid-induced
cell death was reduced in RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells treated with the TGase inhibitor monodansyl cadaverine. Expression
of wild-type TGase enhanced β-amyloid1-42-induced apoptosis, whereas transamidation-defective TGase did not. These effects were specific for β-amyloid-treated cells,
as TGase reversed the neurotoxic effects caused by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Enhancement of β-amyloid1-42-induced cell death by TGase was accompanied by marked increases in TGase activity in the membrane fractions and translocation
of TGase to the cell surface. Overall, these findings suggest that the ability of TGase to exhibit pro-survival versus pro-apoptotic
activity is linked to its cellular localization, with β-amyloid-induced recruitment of TGase to the cell surface accentuating
neuronal toxicity and apoptosis. 相似文献
17.
Shubhro Pal John W. Bigbee Megumi Saito Toshio Ariga Robert K. Yu 《Neurochemical research》1996,21(4):403-409
Previous studies from this laboratory demonstrated the presence of a UDP-galactose:Gb3Cer α1-3galactosyltansferase activity
responsible for the synthesis of a unique glycosphingolipid (GSL), Galα1-3Gb3Cer, in cultured PC12 pheochromocytoma cells
(21). In this investigation, we examined the presence of this enzyme activity in isolated rat embryonic dorsal root ganglion
neurons (DRGN), which, like pheochromocytoma cells, originate from the neural crest cells. DRGN exhibited the α-galactosyltransferase
activity and the activity was comparable to that of the PC12 cells while several other rat tissues, with the exception of
kidney, showed minimal activity. In order to define the spatial and temporal expression of Galα1-3Gb3Cer in DRGN, we examined
the expression of Galα1-3Gb3Cer in cultured DRGN derived from embryonic day 16 rat embryos. Using a polyclonal antibody raised
against Galα1-3Gb3Cer, we examined the localization of this glycolipid in DRGN cells after, 5, 8, 12, and 15 days in culture.
Immunostaining was restricted to the neurons while Schwann cells were negative. At day 5, the immunostaining was weak and
confined to the cell body of the DRGN, though neurites were present at this stage. The period between days 5 and 15 represented
a period of rapid neuritic growth and continued enlargement of the cell bodies. Immunoreactivity in the cell bodies increased
dramatically by day 8. By day 12, immunoreactivity was present in neurites, and by day 15, was strong in both cell bodies
and neurites. The expression of Galα1-3Gb3Cer in vivo was confirmed by immunostaining of frozen sections of dorsal root ganglia.
Our present studies which demonstrate neuron-specific expression of Galα1-3Gb3Cer during neurotigenesis combined with previous
observations for its expression in PC12 cells, strongly implicates this GSL in neuronal development.
This paper is dedicated to Dr. Marion Smith. 相似文献
18.
E. Dráberová Zdenek Lukás Dagmar Ivanyi Vladimír Viklický Pavel Dráber 《Histochemistry and cell biology》1998,109(3):231-239
The class III β-tubulin isotype is widely used as a neuronal marker in normal and neoplastic tissues. This isotype was, however,
also immunodetected in certain tumours of non-neuronal origin such as squamous cell carcinoma. Using a newly described monoclonal
antibody we compared the distribution of class III β-tubulin in normal and neoplastic tissues. The TU-20 mouse monoclonal
antibody was prepared against a conserved synthetic peptide from the C-terminus of the human class III β-tubulin isotype,
and its specificity was confirmed by immunoblotting, by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by immunofluorescence
microscopy on cultured cells. In different cell lines of various origins the antibody reacted only with neuroblastoma Neuro-2a
cells and with embryonal carcinoma P19 cells stimulated to neuronal differentiation by retinoic acid. Immunohistochemistry
on formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded normal human tissues revealed the presence of the class III β-tubulin isotype in cell
bodies and processes of neuronal cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems. In other tissues, this β-tubulin isotype
was not immunodetected. Class III β-tubulin was found in all cases of ganglioneuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, medulloblastoma,
neuroblastoma, sympathoblastoma and in one case of teratoma. In contrast, no reactivity was detected in tumours of non-neuronal
origin, including 32 cases of squamous cell carcinoma. The results indicate a specific TU-20 epitope expression exclusively
in neuronal tissues. The antibody could thus be a useful tool for the probing of class III β-tubulin functions in neurons
as well as for immunohistochemical characterisation of tumours of neuronal origin.
Accepted: 29 July 1997 相似文献
19.
In this report, the input/output relations in an isolated ganglion of the leech Hirudo medicinalis were studied by simultaneously using six or eight suction pipettes and two intracellular electrodes. Sensory input was mimicked
by eliciting action potentials in mechanosensory neurons with intracellular electrodes. The integrated neural output was measured
by recording extracellular voltage signals with pipettes sucking the roots and the connectives. A single evoked action potential
activated electrical activity in at least a dozen different neurons, some of which were identified. This electrical activity
was characterized by a high degree of temporal and spatial variability. The action potentials of coactivated neurons, i.e.
activated by the same mechanosensory neuron, did not show any significant pairwise correlation. Indeed, the analysis of evoked
action potentials indicates clear statistical independence among coactivated neurons, presumably originating from the independence
of synaptic transmission at distinct synapses. This statistical independence may be used to increase reliability when neuronal
activity is averaged or pooled. It is suggested that statistical independence among coactivated neurons may be a usual property
of distributed processing of neuronal networks and a basic feature of neural computation.
Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 3 March 2000 相似文献
20.
Dispersal, defined as a linear spreading movement of individuals away from others of the population is a fundamental characteristic
of organisms in nature. Dispersal is a central concept in ecological, behavioral and evolutionary studies, driven by different
forces such as avoidance of inbreeding depression, density-dependent competition and the need to change breeding locations.
By effective dispersal, organisms can enlarge their geographic range and adjust the dynamic, sex ratio and genetic compositions
of a population. Birds are one of the groups that are studied intensively by human beings. Due to their diurnal habits, diverse
life history strategies and complex movement, birds are also ideal models for the study of dispersal behaviors. Certain topics
of avian dispersal including sex-biased, asymmetric dispersal caused by differences in body conditions, dispersal processes,
habitat selection and long distance dispersal are discussed here. Bird-ringing or marking, radio-telemetry and genetic markers
are useful tools widely applied in dispersal studies. There are three major challenges regarding theoretical study and methodology
research of dispersal: (1) improvement in research methodology is needed, (2) more in-depth theoretical research is necessary,
and (3) application of theoretical research into the conservation efforts for threatened birds and the management of their
habitats should be carried out immediately.
__________
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(4): 1354–1365 [译自: 生态学报] 相似文献