云南中新世杉科化石木研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜首次对云南省楚雄州晚中新世石灰坝组石鼓村层的钙化木材进行了解剖学研究.鉴定出两种类型的木材:柳杉型落羽杉型木(Taxodioxylon cryptomeripsoides Schonfeld)和杉木型落羽杉型木(Taxodioxylon cunninghamioides Watari).二者分别与现代柳杉属和杉木属具有最接近的亲缘关系.根据这两种杉科化石木现存最近亲缘种的生态环境,并综合其他资料,推测该地区在晚中新世为温暖湿润的亚热带气候环境.     

中国东北辽宁省西部几种中生代化石木

对产自辽宁省西部中生代化石木进行了解剖学研究。经鉴定,它们是：朝阳原始云杉型木（新种）（Ｐｒｏｔｏｐｉｃｅｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｃｈａｏｙａｎｇｅｎｓｅ Ｄｕａｎ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）,西部南洋杉型木（Ａｒａｕｃａｒｉｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｓｉｄｕｇａｗａｅｎｓｅ Ｓｈｉｍａｋｕｒａ）,巴图南洋杉型木（新种）（Ａｒａｕｃａｒｉｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｂａｔｕｅｎｓｅ Ｄｕａｎ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）和辽西紫杉型木（新种）（Ｔａｘｏｘ     

Permineralized Callixylon woods from the Late Devonian Cleveland Shale of Ohio, U.S.A. and that of Kettle Point, Ontario, Canada

Two permineralized woods are described in this paper, one from the Late Devonian Cleveland Shale of Ohio, USA and the other from the Late Devonian Huron Shale of Kettle Point, Ontario, Canada. Both samples of wood are satisfactorily preserved with primary and secondary xylem but without cortex and bark. Both are identified as Callixylon. They differ in specific characters from each other and from other described species. Hence two new species are designated, Callixylon beckii and Callixylon huronensis, respectively, to accommodate them in the class Progymnospermopsida (Progymnospermophyta) under the group Archaeopteridales.     

Tyloses and ecophysiology of the early carboniferous progymnosperm tree Protopitys buchiana

Trunk woods of Early Carboniferous Protopitys buchiana show the earliest example of tylose formation and the first record for a progymnosperm. Protopitys tyloses are more densely located in inner trunk woods and near growth layer boundaries. We suggest, therefore, that an altered physiological state of living ray cells, during dormancy and/or following water stress, was necessary to make the woods vulnerable to tylose formation. Coupled with the distribution and proximity of abundant wood ray parenchyma to large xylem conducting cells, the positions of conduits filled with tyloses can be interpreted as ecophysiological responses of the plant to changes in local environment. In addition, some xylem conducting cells might have functioned as vessels. Fungal hyphae are present in some tracheary cells and in some areas with tyloses, but there is no evidence for wood trauma; we conclude, therefore, that these particular cases of tyloses are probably not induced by wound trauma. Protopitys buchiana wood thus shows structure/function similarities to modern woods with vessels, such as those of dicot angiosperms. This implies that ancient and modern plant ecophysiological responses correlate well with the physical parameters of their cellular construction.     

Javelinoxylon,an Upper Cretaceous dicotyledonous tree from Big Bend National Park,Texas, with presumed malvalean affinities

Well-preserved petrified woods from the Maastrichtian of Big Bend National Park, Texas, with a combination of characters seen in the Malvales are described as Javelinoxylon multiporosum gen. et sp. nov. One log is over 70 cm in diameter and is riddled with termite galleries; this specimen provides additional documentation for the occurrence of dicotyledonous trees in the Late Cretaceous. These woods have structure different from any other known Cretaceous dicotyledonous wood and are advanced in the Baileyan sense as vessel elements are relatively short, perforations are exclusively simple, vessels are commonly in long radial multiples, and rays are storied. This is the earliest record for woods with storied structure. The occurrence of large dicotyledonous trees with advanced wood structure in Big Bend suggests there were differences between the Late Cretaceous vegetation of the northern Rocky Mountains and the Big Bend region.     

Hettangian Asteriidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from southern Germany: taxonomy,phylogeny and life habits

Germanasterias amplipapularia andHystrixasterias hettangiurnus are new genera and species of Asteriidae (Asteroidea: Forcipulatida) described from the Hettangian (lowest Jurassic) of southern Germany. They are among the oldest known relatively complete asteroids assignable to surviving families, yet they are remarkably similar to certain living species. Modern asteriids are efficient predators of sessile and slow-moving stoutly-armored mullusks, however much asteriid morphology is suggested to have originated with suspension-feeding habits. The lineage leading to the modern Forcipulatacea might have separated from that of the remainder of the modern asteroids as early as the Carboniferous.     

贺兰山北段呼鲁斯太石炭纪羊虎沟组的牙形刺

首次报道呼鲁斯太晚石炭世羊虎沟组的牙形刺４属９种。根据化石组合面貌,自上而下可建立两个组合,即：Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓ ｐａｒｖｕ－Ｉｄｉｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓ ｍａｇｎｉｆｉｃｕ组合和Ｎｅｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓ ｂａｓｓｌｅｒｉ－Ｉｄｉｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓ ｄｅｌｉｃａｔｕｓ组合,其时代为晚石炭世维斯发期和晚纳缪尔期。为本区石炭纪地层划分对比及盆地格局的研究提供了新的资料。     

Some fossil woods from the Palaeogene of Northern Kyushu,II

Four new species of petrified dicotyledonous woods obtained from the Oligocene of Tsuyazaki, fukuoka Prefecture have been described in a continuation of work from the previous paper;Acer palmatoxylum (Aceraceae),Cornus tsuyazakiensis (Cornaceae),Fraxinus oligocenica (Oleaceae) andHovenia palaeodulcis (Rhamnaceae). The fossil woods of those families are new records from the Palaeogene of Japan.     

8种引起木材腐朽的伞菌的培养特性

描述了8种 引起木材腐朽的伞菌的培养特性,它们隶属于口蘑科和球盖菇科,在林地中多生长在腐木上(为木材腐朽的次要原因或处于木材腐朽演替的后期阶段),这8种菌是真姬菇Hypsizygus marmoreus、洁丽香菇Lentinus lepideus、粘小奥德蘑 Oudemansiella mucida、止血扇菇Panellus stypticus、铃形干脐菇Xeromphalina campanella、簇生黄韧伞Naematoloma fasciculare、滑菇 Pholiota nameko和尖鳞伞Pholiota squarrosoides。     

Revision of the Lower Cambrian brachiopod Heliomedusa Sun & Hou, 1987

Jin Yugan & Wang Huayu 1992 01 15: Revision of the Lower Cambrian brachiopod Heliomedusa Sun & Hou, 1987. Lethaia , voi. 25. pp. 35–49. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164.
Fossils referred to Heliomedusa , from the Chiungchussu Formation of Early Cambrian age in Yunnan. are extraordinarily preserved. They were previously considered to represent jellyfish. and have been suspected more recently of being an obolellid brachiopod. A study of the morphology of this genus indicates that it is related closely lo the non-pediculate craniopsids. which occurred from Early Ordovician to Carboniferous time. The soft parts of this brachiopod. such as setae and nerves, which usually are not preserved in fossils also are described. Brachiopoda, Inarticulata, Craniapsidue, anatomy, setae, nervous system, mantle canals, Early Cambrian .     

Some fossil woods from the palaeogene of northern Kyushu,III

Petrified woods obtained from the Oligocene of Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka Prefecture have been studied, and four new species ofPrunus (Rosaceae) are described:Prunus palaeozippeliana, P. ascendentiporulosa, P. uviporulosa andP. polyporulosa. These four species are very similar to each other in gross anatomical features and are characterized by the diffuse porosity, exclusively simple perforation plates, spiral thickenings on vessel walls, heterogeneous rays and the presence of traumatic gum canals. The petrified woods ofPrunus are new records from the Tetiary of Japan.     

Brachiopod ecology in mid-Palaezoic sediments near Khenifra,Morocco

The modes of occurrence of a Silurian atrypid and a Devonian rhynchonellid near Khenifra in central Morocco are described. They are both thought to have lived on isolated shoals within muddy basins. A substrate for brachiopod attachment in each case was provided by lime-secreting algae. Most of the Devonian rhynchonellids are preserved in olistostromes, within Carboniferous shales, but some are in situ. The rhynchonellid, which is identified as Eoperegrinella, is thought to have taken over the ecological niche previously occupied by the atrypid, identified as Dubaria, during Devonian times. Descendent rhynchonellids of the same group in the Mesozoic lived in a similar way.     

福建宁化晚石炭世有孔虫Pseudoendothyra动物群的发现及其意义

报道了福建宁化晚石炭世黄龙组下部白云岩中的Pseudoendothyra动物群,共描述鲢类化石1属21种,包括4个未定种。该动物群壳体微小,一般为扁圆形及凸镜形,轴率小于1,旋壁四层式,化石保存尚好,且具排它性分布。该动物群的发现丰富了筵类古生态学及其生物地层学研究领域的新资料。     

A carboniferous chondrichthyan assemblage from residues within a Triassic karst system at Cromhall quarry,Gloucestershire, England

Abstract. Sixteen different Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian Courceyan to Chadian age, Mississippian) chondrichthyan teeth types have been extracted from Triassic erosional/aeolian fills in shallow karst systems found in the limestone quarry at Cromhall, Gloucestershire, England. These Carboniferous teeth have been found within a much larger assemblage of disarticulated bones and teeth belonging to small late Triassic terrestrial reptiles, for which Cromhall quarry is famous. The Carboniferous teeth are derived fossils, released during subaerial dissolution of the surrounding limestones. Owing to low specimen numbers and uncertainty of intraspecific character, 10 types of teeth are left in open nomenclature, although it is likely they represent new taxa. They belong to Jalodus, Ctenacanthiformes, Protacrodus, Orodus, Chomatodus, Petalodontidae, Euchondrocephali?, Helodus and Psephodus. A new genus and species, Cromhallia parvunda, of indeterminate phylogenetic relationships, is also erected. The assemblage includes also an identified suite comprising Thrinacodus ferox, Bransonella cf. nebraskensis and Stethacanthus cf. altonensis. The identification of all fish teeth found in the Cromhall assemblages as derived fossils from the Carboniferous removes any ambiguity regarding the fully terrestrial nature of the late Triassic fauna preserved in the residue‐bearing karst systems.     

Dicotyledonous woods from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Illinois

Dicotyledonous woods from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern IllinoiS. Five species of fossil dicotyledonous wood are described from an Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian; locality in Alexander County, IllinoiS. U.S. A. Paraquercimum cretaceum has structure similar to the Fagaceae (evergreen Oak- Lithocarpus ) and Casuarinaceae and represents the earliest known occurrence of this structural type (large solitary pores and uniseriate and large multiseriale rays). Paraphyltanthoxyhin illirioisense and Icacinoxylon alternipunctata are species of genera represented at other Cretaceous and Early Tertiary localities In large diameter trees. Parabombacaceoxylon magniporosum has large diameter pores and scalariform perforation plates, a combination of characters that is extremely rare in the extant flora. Paraapocynaceoxylon barghoorni has a combination of characters represented in extant Apocynaceae. These five species lack growth rings, have high vulnerability indices (mean vessel diameter divided by mean number of vessels per square millimeter, and a relatively high proportion of ray parenchyma. They lack specialized wood anatomical characters, and a compilation of vessel element lengths in these and other Cretaceous woods indicates that short vessel elements (a derived character) were less frequent in the Cretaceous than in extant dicotyledonous trees.     

Arachnids from the Carboniferous of Russia and Ukraine,and the Permian of Kazakhstan

New finds of Late Palaeozoic arachnids, based on three well-preserved carapaces from the Carboniferous of Russia and Ukraine and one complete, albeit poorly preserved, specimen from the Permian of Kazakhstan, are described. The spider genus Arthrolycosa is reported from the Late Carboniferous (Late Pennsylvanian: Kasimovian–Gzhelian) of Chunya in the Tunguska Basin of Siberia; it is the first find of a spider outside the Carboniferous tropics. Another fossil assigned to the same genus comes from the Late Carboniferous (Early Pennsylvanian: Bashkirian) of Kamensk–Shakhtinsky in the Donets Basin of Russia; it is probably the oldest fossil spider known. A thelyphonid (whip scorpion) carapace is described from the Late Carboniferous (Late Pennsylvanian: Kasimovian) of the adjacent Lugansk Province of the Donets Basin of Ukraine.     

中国浙江新昌化石木研究

本文介绍了发现于中国东南沿海地区浙江省新昌县中生代地层中的一种化石木新种———新昌南洋杉型木 (AraucarioxylonxinchangenseDuansp .nov .)。这种化石木保存在早白垩世馆头组中、下部的紫红色泥砂岩中 ,分布在新昌县城西部 ,南北绵延 2 5公里、东西宽约 2公里的狭长地区。由于在化石木产区曾发现过多种植物化石 ,因而确定了该区在早白垩世时期处于我国的欧洲 中国植物区内 ,属亚热带 热带气候区 ,种种迹象表明此时气候有些干旱。同区发现的松柏目叶化石 ,其气孔构造与南洋杉科有一定的亲缘关系 ,这一点似乎与化石木之属可以对应。     

北祁连山东段早石炭世棘鱼类、辐鳍鱼类和软骨鱼类--北祁连山东段石炭纪鱼类序列研究之一

对甘肃靖远一带和内蒙古自治区黑山地区早石炭世前黑山组、臭牛沟组和靖远组中三亚纲鱼类微体化石进行了形态学和古组织学研究。这些化石涉及 7个目或亚目 ,含 4属 4种 ,其中有 2新种。文中记述的属均为全球广布的属。建立了 3个早石炭世鱼类组合 ,这是我国早石炭世第一个鱼类组合序列。辐鳍鱼类和软骨鱼类中 2个目的化石均为我国早石炭世鱼类的首次记录     

A second lamprey from the Lower Carboniferous (Namurian) of Bear Gulch,Montana (U.S.A.)

A second fossil lamprey is described from the Lower Carboniferous (Namurian) locality of Bear Gulch (Montana, U.S.A.), which had already yielded the type specimen of Hardistiella montanensis, the oldest and, probably, the most primitive of all known lampreys. This new specimen, which may possibly belong to the latter species, is badly preserved, but clearly shows the impressions of four to six branchial pouches which are relatively small and closely set, like those of the other Carboniferous lamprey Mayomyzon pieckoensis. They differ thus from extant lampreys, in which the branchial apparatus extends relatively far behing the eyeballs. This concentration of the branchial apparatus in early lampreys is regarded here as a primitive condition, which is also met with in many anaspids, as evidenced from their closely-set external branchial openings. The presence of an impression which recalls the loop of the trabecles in larval extant lampreys suggests that this specimen was a larval individual.