青岛汉族颅骨某些角度的测量(续)

本文对青岛地区出土的已知性别成人颅骨312例(男154、女158)进行了十七个角度的测量,并按测量结果对颅骨某些角度的性差进行了讨论。     

国人颅骨某些角度的测量

本文对青岛和长春地区出土的124例(男71,女53)成人颅骨进行了某些角度的测量。测量结果,进行了颅骨的人类学特征和性别差异的讨论。并与其它地区的国人资料进行了比较。     

青岛汉族颅骨某些角度的测量

1.本文对青岛地区出土的已知性别成人颅骨304例(男153,女151)进行了十六项角度的测量,并按测量结果进行了分型。 2.讨论了颅骨某些角的性别差异。 3.将所测结果与湖南资料进行了比较,发现多无差异,可能与同为汉族有关。     

洛浦县山普拉出土颅骨的初步研究

本文研究洛浦县山普拉公社出土的成人颅骨59例(男26、女33),其时代为公元前一世纪—公元三世纪。山普拉人显示出既有大蒙古人种的大部分特征,也有欧罗巴人种的许多特征。山普拉人是一个混血的民族。根据发掘情况,可以肯定他们是当地土著。经t值检验有半数测量性体征在两性之间有非常显著或显著差异。     

男性特小颅一例报告

本例特小颅T1的死者为男性,年龄约40岁,身高168cm,中国人。经颅骨各项指标测量和观察,该颅骨的脑颅特小,尤其是额部特别窄小;而面颅则相对较大,上、下颌骨向前突出。颅骨主要的长、宽、高各径和弧、弦、周长等的测量值均比其他报道中的最小值要小;颅容量为602ml,比已报道的最小颅容量1340ml还要小一倍多,故将其称为特小颅。     

物体形态的三维测量技术

人体测量学 (anthropometry)是人类学的一门分支学科 ,主要研究人体测量和观察方法 ,并通过人体整体测量与局部测量来探讨人体的特征、类型、变异和发展规律 (邵象清 ,1 985)。人体测量在医学、人类学、考古学研究中很重要。传统的人类学测量方法是用直脚规、弯脚规、三脚平行规、特殊量角器等专用仪器 ,量度人体或骨骼表面两点间的直线距离或弧线长度 ,以及线、面间的角度。测量的准确度和速度均有一定的局限性 ,而且获得的是一维数据。众所周知人体及人类骨骼为复杂的三维结构 ,一维的数据结果难以真正充分体现人体或骨骼的某些特征 ,为此…     

颅骨测量与X线头影测量方法的比较研究

本文对传统的颅骨测量法与口腔医学上使用的X线头影测量法在测量标志点的选取定位及测量结果的差异方面进行了对比研究。测量标志点重叠对比显示颅骨测量中的大多数标志点在X线片上可以较为准确地定位。方差分析表明两种测量方法测量结果差异不显著(P>0.05)。本文就如何准确地在X线片上确定标志点以及测量数据的放大误差问题进行了讨论并提出了将放大率划分为三个等级计算X线头影片测量值的标准。作者认为采用X线头影测量方法进行人类学研究有着良好的应用前景。     

男性巨颅一例报告

本例颅骨F31的颅容量为2330毫升,其长宽高诸径、颅围与全颅重量也特别大。为此,进行了全面观察与测量、对比与分析,见表l—3。经鉴定为中国人,男性,年龄约40岁。经用颅骨(男颅G39、女颅E15)拍照对比(图版I)与放射线摄影分析,排除脑积水、脑肿瘤以及巨人症等病理因素。     

西安现代人脑颅的性差

本文对西安现代人成年颅骨一百例(男50,女50)进行了廿个项目的测量。对其中性差非常显著的八项,进行了性差鉴别。 中颅、高颅和狭颅型的出现,两性均占多数,与湖南、长春男性的资料作了比较,高颅型的出现率在三个地区之间无差异,似乎可作为国人之代表型。     

亚洲叶猴属（Presbytis）的颅骨研究

本研究测量了亚洲叶猴８个种成年颅骨１１项变量。通过童因子方差分析、多元统计分析包括差判别分析和由判别分析筛选的变量所组成的星状图等表明,亚洲叶猴能够明显地分成４个亚属;Ｋａｓｉ与Ｐｒｅｓｂｙｔｉｓ有更密切的关系。提出了不同于前人的线系分支图。     

Craniometric measurements of artificial cranial deformations in Eastern European skulls

Standardized lateral cephalograms of eleven skulls with artificial cranial deformations from Eastern Europe and twenty normal skulls from the same population were made, digitized and imported into the AutoCAD 2005 computer program. The x- and y-coordinates of defined measuring points were determined and angle measurements were made. The form difference of the skulls was tested with the Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA) and the difference of the angle measurements were compared statistically using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. All deformed skulls belonged to the tabular fronto-occipital type of deformation. The results of the EDMA and the angle measurements indicated significant differences for the neurocranium and the facial cranium in height between the normal and the deformed skulls, but not in the cranial length. It can be concluded that in Eastern Europe one method of cranial molding was used. The deformation of the neurocranium also affected the development of the facial cranium regarding facial height. This may indicate a dependency of the developmental fields of the neurocranium and facial cranium.     

Development and application of portable manual non-contact-type anthropometric instruments for measuring human anatomical longitudinal parameters

Several contact-type anthropometric instruments have been previously established for use in population surveys that contribute to the construction of anthropometric databases. Manual anthropometric measurements need to comply with or fulfill the following conditions: anatomical landmarks (term, location, and detecting method); measuring methods (item and subject's posture); five contact-type instruments (anthropometer, large sliding caliper, sliding caliper, spreading caliper, and tape measure); and well-trained examiners. Here, two manual non-contact-type portable anthropometric instruments were developed for measuring small regions such as the head and for larger regions such as the trunk of the human body, and for obtaining anatomical longitudinal parameters (length, height, breadth, and depth) based on the principle of projection by spot irradiation using laser markers. A new landmark-detecting method, based on the idea of visual landmarks, was proposed instead of the conventional palpation method (direct feeling with fingers), which was not appropriate for a non-contact measuring system. The accuracy of each instrument was tested using industrial tools, and performance was compared with contact-type instruments using a skeletal model (four measurements), a free posture manikin (eight measurements), and the healthy human body (five males and five females; nine measurements). Measurement errors and visual inspection to detect landmarks were discussed. The instruments show applicability to non-contact anthropometry.     

Ultrasonic and skinfold caliper measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness in elderly men and women

Ultrasonic and skinfold caliper measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken in a sample of elderly men and women, 65 to 99 years of age with an A-mode Ithaco Body Composition Meter and a Holtain skinfold caliper. For most of the measurements, standard deviations for the ultrasonic measurements were three or more times larger than corresponding caliper measurements. Also, mean absolute interobserver errors for the ultrasonic measurements were considerably larger than those for skinfold calipers. At best, the interobserver reliability for the ultrasound machine was 68% while the poorest reliability for the skinfold caliper was 88%. In the form tested, the Ithaco Body Composition Meter is not as accurate for measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness in the elderly as a Holtain skinfold caliper.     

Cranial thickness of modern and neolithic populations in Japan

Cranial vault thicknesses were measured directly with a spreading caliper at six anatomical reference points in the modern Japanese and Neolithic Jomon series. Because no statistically significant correlation was found between age and cranial thickness in our study, the age-related change in thickness was not indicated in the modern Japanese. The cranial thicknesses at the frontal and parietal eminences were significantly greater in the female than in the male in modern Japanese. In the male series the cranial thickness of the Neolithic Jomon was significantly greater than that of modern Japanese. It is suggested that the temporal change that has occurred in Japan during the last 2000 years is consistent with the trend toward decreasing cranial thickness during the last 10,000 years in many parts of the world.     

Components of error in predictions of species compositional change

Abstract. A method is given for measuring two components of error (rate and direction) in predictions of compositional change through time. Observed compositional change between two times can be represented as a vector between two points in multidimensional species space. The point at the tail of this vector is the species composition at one particular time. A vector of predicted compositional change will diverge from the vector of observed change to some degree. The error in the predicted rate of change is measured by the difference between the lengths of the two vectors. The error in the predicted direction of change is measured by the angle between the vectors. The cosine of this angle is a non-standardized correlation coefficient (r_n) between the predicted and observed species compositions. The quantity 1 - r_n² measures the error in direction of the predicted dynamics without being influenced by the overall rate of change. These measures in Euclidean space have useful counterparts in city-block space. The method is illustrated by comparing actual long-term changes in Midwestern old-growth forests with the changes predicted by a growth and yield model, TWIGS.     

Zeitgebers for animals in the continuous daylight of high arctic summer

Summary To find out which of daily oscillating environmental factors in the continuous daylight of arctic summer are responsable for synchronization of animal activity period with the rotation of the earth, in Spitsbergen (78° N) a whole summer continuous measurements of temperature (°C), light intensity (lux) and spectral composition of the light (colour temperature in °K) were done. With a daily amplitude of 4–5° C in the air, resp. 10° C at the ground surface, temperature can only act as a Zeitgeber for heterothermic animals. Measurements of light intensity (with a photocell directed vertical upward to the zenith) showed relatively large daily oscillations. But since light intensity depends on the cosine of the angle of incidence of the light (Lambert's cosine law) and in high latitudes the angle of incidence of the sun is always very great, in fact measurements have to be done with the photocell directed to the sun or, as the latter meets with mechanical problems, all dates got with the photocell vertical upward must be converted after Lambert's cosine law. Converted dates of light intensity oscillate not nearly as intense as measured dates. This small daily amplitude of light intensity, which in addition is strongly influenced by sudden changes of the wheather, can hardly come into consideration as a Zeitgeber of animal activity period. Colour temperature however showed large and regular daily oscillations and therefore could be a Zeitgeber of animal activity period in high arctic summer, particularly because in the laboratory the synchroniing effect of an artificial daily alternation of colour temperature is already proved. Nest (feeding) activity of local snowbuntings and perch hopping activity of greenfinches, brought from Germany, were registrated with light traps. Activity period of both bird species was clearly synchronized with the rotation of the earth. In a narrow valley the activity pattern of greenfinches was identical as in open country, in spite of temporarily total other conditions of light intensity (shading by mountains). Apparently even the activity period of non arctic animals can be synchronized by weak Zeitgebers like colour temperature.     

The reliability and reproducibility of foot type measurements using a mirrored foot photo box and digital photography compared to caliper measurements

The height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) is thought to be a predisposing factor to various lower extremity injuries. Discrepancy exists as to whether MLA height plays a role in injury prevention. The purpose of this study was to determine the intertester and intratester reliability, and the validity of the mirrored foot photo box (MFPB) and caliper measurements to radiographic measurements. METHODS: Thirty subjects with equal numbers of men and women were recruited. Both feet were tested (n=60) in a 90% weight bearing stance. A set of anatomic landmarks were palpated, marked, and measured using a caliper, MFPB, and radiographs. The protocol was completed by two testers on 2 days approximately 1 week apart. Intertester and intratester reliability were determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)(2,k) and the ICC(2,1), respectively. Validity of both measurement techniques to radiographic measurements was determined using the ICC(2,k). RESULTS: The intertester reliability ranged from 0.991 to 0.577, while the intratester reliability ranged from 0.994 to 0.527, with first metatarsal angle being the only variable with poor reliability. Most variables demonstrated acceptable validity between the MFPB and the caliper measurements, and acceptable validity between the MFPB and calipers compared to radiographic measurements. The MFPB took 51.3+/-19.6s per foot while the caliper measurements averaged 227.4+/-68.9s to complete the measurements. DISCUSSION: The MFPB is as reliable as the caliper measurements, and offers better intertester reliability. Both the caliper and MFPB measurements demonstrated acceptable validity to radiographic measurements and testing time was reduced when using the MFPB compared to calipers.     

Cranial base and jaw relationship

The lateral skull radiographs of 124 boys aged approximately 10 years divided equally between the four angle classes were digitized in an effort to establish the relationship between cranial base size and shape and jaw relationship. Comparison of the means for occlusal groups showed a trend from class II to class III as cranial base dimensions and angle decreased. The condyle was also more distally positioned with respect to nasion, point A and the Pterygomaxillary vertical in the class II groups. Cranial base length correlated strongly with maxillary length but weakly with mandibular length. Nevertheless, the size of the maxilla did not influence its prognathism. The cranial base angle was strongly correlated (-0.7) with angle sella-nasion-point B. It is concluded that cranial base size and shape influence mandibular prognathism by determining the anteroposterior position of the condyle relative to the facial profile.     

Measurement of scrotum and testis size of unrestrained captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus)

Reproduction is restricted to a small number of animals within both captive and wild groups of callitrichid monkeys (marmosets and tamarins). Sexual development of nonbreeding group members might differ from that of active breeders. Measurements of physical growth typically involve animal handling. However, capture and restraint of callitrichid monkeys can disrupt natural behaviors and physiology. This study introduces a method for estimating size of external genitalia by measuring frontal scrotum width of unrestrained cotton-top tamarin males. We examined whether scrotum width was a reliable indicator of testis size, and whether the method provided information useful for comparisons of growth and development among individuals. Animals were lured to a standardized position, and maximum width of the scrotum was systematically compared to a card with a series of rectangles graded in 1 mm increments. Card measures were validated with caliper measurements of scrotum width and testicle dimensions. Regressions of testes dimensions measured by caliper on scrotum width measured by card were between 82 and 93%, suggesting that measures of frontal scrotum width provide consistent estimates of relative testis sizes. The period of rapid growth ended by roughly two years of age, after which scrotum size did not differ from that of breeding males.     

The simulation of aerial movement--I. The determination of orientation angles from film data

Quantitative mechanical analyses of human movement require the time histories of the angles which specify body configuration and orientation. When these angles are obtained from a filmed performance they may be used to evaluate the accuracy of a simulation model. This paper presents a method of determining orientation angles and their rates of change from film data. The stages used comprise the synchronization of data obtained from two camera views, the determination of three-dimensional coordinates of joint centres, the calculation of an angle from a sequence of sine and cosine values and the curve fitting of angles using quintic splines. For each stage, other possible approaches are discussed. Original procedures are presented for obtaining individual error estimates of both the film data and the calculated angles to permit the automatic fitting of quintic splines for interpolation and differentiation and for deriving the time history of an angle as a continuous function from a sequence of sine and cosine values. The method is applied to a forward somersault with 1 1/2 twists and the average error estimate of 17 orientation angles is obtained as 2.1 degrees.