转cry1C基因抗虫水稻吉生粳3号外源基因整合分析与品系特异性检测

利用染色体步移方法分离获得转cry1C基因抗虫水稻吉生粳3号外源基因旁侧序列及其水稻基因组中的插入位点,并建立了吉生粳3号品系特异性PCR检测方法。通过对吉生粳3号外源基因左、右边界旁侧序列分别与水稻基因组序列和T-DNA序列的比对分析确定其插入位点,发现T-DNA在水稻基因组(日本晴)2号染色体上的基因间区2790685-2790589位点(GenBank登记号:NC_029257.1)。根据T-DNA插入位点,在插入位点两侧基因组区域和T-DNA左边界设计特异性引物,建立了吉生粳3号事件特异性PCR检测方法,为吉生粳3号的身份识别提供了准确、快速的检测技术手段。     

基于启动子捕获系统的水稻基因的分离

为了分离水稻的基因及其启动子,该实验室构建了T-DNA(GUS)结构的水稻启动子捕获系统,对其中编号为113#、T-DNA单拷贝插入、GUS报告基因为组成型表达的阳性捕获系进行了进一步分析。潮霉素筛选结合GUS组织化学染色获得了T-DNA插入的纯合株(113#-22和113#-26);Inverse法分离得到T-DNA插入位点水稻基因组DNA旁邻序列,测序和BLAST结果表明,T-DNA反方向插在水稻基因组4号染色体预测基因的内含子中;扩增T-DNA插入位点上游2kb左右DNA片段,构建启动子分析质粒转化水稻‘中花11’胚性愈伤组织,获得转基因植株,GUS组织化学染色模式与113#阳性株系一致。结果表明,该预测基因及其启动子是利用启动子捕获系统所捕获到的候选基因。     

含Ds转座因子的T-DNA在水稻染色体上的分布研究

应用农杆菌介导的方法获得了有Ds因子插入的3000多株水稻转化群体, 用Inverse PCR方法, 从部分独立转化植株中分离了590条含Ds因子的T-DNA插入位点处的右侧旁邻水稻染色体序列. 根据旁邻序列中T-DNA右边界与侧翼水稻序列之间的插入序列的特征可分成6个主要类别, 其中类型Ⅰ是主要类型, 为通常的T-DNA整合, 即T-DNA右边界序列与水稻染色体序列相连, 或者其间插入小于50 bp的序列片段; 类型Ⅱ为T-DNA右边界旁先接T-DNA载体序列, 再与水稻序列相接的重组类型. 340个类型Ⅰ和Ⅱ的旁邻序列通过与已知的水稻染色体序列数据库一致性比较分析, 确定了它们在水稻染色体上的分布位置, 构建了一个Ds因子在水稻12条染色体插入的框架结构. 这340个有Ds因子插入的位点在整个染色体上平均相距0.8 Mb. 分析在第1条染色体上T-DNA(Ds)插入情况显示有21％的频率插入到预测基因的外显子中. T-DNA(Ds)在染色体上分布位置的确定, 使我们可以选择合适的Ds因子插入株作为起始株系, 导入Ac转座酶基因后, 使Ds发生转座, 从而获得新的Ds插入突变株, 为进一步利用Ds转座标签法分离水稻基因创造了条件.     

转基因水稻BPL9K-2事件特异性检测方法的建立

利用hiTAIL-PCR(high efficient thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR)法扩增获得了转基因水稻BPL9K-2的外源基因插入位点的左旁侧序列450bp,与水稻参考基因组数据比对发现其左边界插入在水稻基因组第10号染色体短臂的1 037 765位核苷酸残基之后。根据水稻参考基因组序列和外源基因右边界序列,设计引物扩增得到485bp的特异片段,通过数据库比对发现其右边界插入在水稻基因组第10号染色体短臂的1 037 825位核苷酸残基之前。因为外源基因插入和非正常重组,水稻基因组上缺失了59个核苷酸。基于左右旁侧序列,建立了转基因水稻BPL9K-2的事件特异性定性PCR检测方法,可以分别扩增到片段大小为449bp和485bp的特异条带。该方法特异性好,灵敏度高,能够在BPL9K-2基因组DNA相对含量为0. 1%的模板中检测出转基因成分。依据旁侧序列,建立了快速鉴定转基因后代植株外源基因型的三引物PCR检测方法。这些方法的建立,为转基因水稻BPL9K-2的应用和检测提供了技术支持。     

大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)lpxM突变株的构建

目的:lpxM基因失活可以产生极低内毒素活性的脂多糖。构建大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)的lpxM突变株,并考察该突变株的生长状态和表达重组蛋白的能力。方法:构建同源臂长500bp左右的打靶载体,借助Red同源重组系统,使E.coliBL21(DE3)的lpxM基因发生插入失活,再导入编码FLP位点特异性重组酶的质粒pCP20去除抗性基因。PCR鉴定发生插入突变的菌株,应用SDS-PAGE分析突变前后的脂多糖,考查对重组蛋白表达的影响。结果:PCR鉴定结果说明lpxM基因发生了插入突变。与出发株比较,突变株的脂多糖电泳图谱发生了明显变化,但其生长状态与表达重组蛋白的能力与出发株基本一致。结论:大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)的lpxM突变株可以用于重组蛋白的表达。     

水稻转座子研究进展

转座子是植物基因组的重要组成部分,对于研究植物基因组进化等具有重要意义。随着水稻全基因组测序计划的开展和完成,水稻转座子研究取得了极大进展,目前已经在水稻基因组中发现了几乎所有类型的转座子,约占水稻基因组的35%。在正常情况下,大多数水稻转座子不具有转座活性,但是在特定的条件下（如组织培养或辐射等）,水稻基因组中沉默的转座子可以被激活,从而可能导致插入突变并影响基因的表达。在水稻中已鉴定出6个有活性的转座子,其中Tos17已被应用到水稻功能基因组研究中。转座子序列的新的分子标记转座子展示（transposon display,TD）现已被开发,并在水稻遗传作图和遗传分化研究中得到应用。     

水稻转座子研究进展

转座子是植物基因组的重要组成部分, 对于研究植物基因组进化等具有重要意义。随着水稻全基因组测序计划的开展和完成, 水稻转座子研究取得了极大进展, 目前已经在水稻基因组中发现了几乎所有类型的转座子, 约占水稻基因组的35%。在正常情况下, 大多数水稻转座子不具有转座活性, 但是在特定的条件下(如组织培养或辐射等), 水稻基因组中沉默的转座子可以被激活, 从而可能导致插入突变并影响基因的表达。在水稻中已鉴定出6个有活性的转座子, 其中Tos17已被应用到水稻功能基因组研究中。转座子序列的新的分子标记转座子展示(transposon display, TD)现已被开发, 并在水稻遗传作图和遗传分化研究中得到应用     

不同启动子控制下Ac转座酶基因的表达对玉米Ds因子在水稻中切离频率的影响

用水稻愈伤组织比较了Ac启动子、35S启动子与Ubi启动子控制下Ac转座酶基因（Ts）的表达对Ds因子切离频率的影响。结果表明Ubi启动子与Ac转座酶编码区嵌合基因（Ubipro-Ts）反式激活Ds因子的切离频率最高,达到了72.9%。通过杂交将Ubipro-Ts基因导入Ds因子转化植株,得到9株Ubipro-Ts基因与Ds因子共存的F1代杂交水稻植株,其中有8株Ds因子发生了切离。用Inverse-PCR的方法从其中一株杂交植株中克隆到Ds因子的旁邻序列,其DNA顺序与亲本中Ds因子原插入位点的序列不同,表明Ds因子转座到了新的基因组位点。     

一个中国Gilbert综合征家系的遗传学分析

对一个中国汉族Gilbert综合征遗传家系致病基因突变位点进行鉴定,以期了解该病的分子遗传学基础。首先提取先证者基因组DNA,PCR扩增尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶UGT1A1基因的5个外显子,以琼脂糖电泳鉴定PCR产物,纯化后直接测序鉴定。基因扫描显示,与血清胆红素水平密切相关的UGT1A1基因在第1和第5外显子存在纯合突变,而 UGT1A1基因启动子区域和内含子/外显子剪接边界位点序列未检测到突变。进一步对其他家系成员该基因的相应位点进行突变检测,结果显示他们在第1和第5外显子也存在杂合突变,其中还有两个成员在启动子区域检测到(TA)插入突变。对家系成员未抗凝新鲜血液进行生化检测证实了基因突变分析的结果。综合以上结果发现该家系三种突变并存,致病因素为第1和/或第5外显子突变,为显性遗传,两种突变位点纯合导致先证者出现严重胆红素代谢功能障碍。该家系因此成为Gilbert综合征突变位点及其致病机理研究的一个典型临床病例。     

不同启动子控制下Ac转座酶基因的表达对玉米Ds因子在水稻中切离频率的影响

用水稻愈伤组织比较了Ac启动子、35S启动子与Ubi启动子控制下Ac转座酶基因（Ts）的表达对Ds因子切离频率的影响。结果表明Ubi启动子与Ac转座酶编码区嵌合基因（Ubipro-Ts)反式激活Ds因子的切离频率最高,达到了72．9％。通过杂交将Ubipro-Ts基因导入Ds因子转化植株,得到9株Ubipro-Ts基因与Ds因子共存的F1代杂交水稻植株,其中有8株Ds因子发生了切离。用Inverse-PCR的方法从其中一株杂交植株中克隆到Ds因子的旁邻序列,其DNA顺序与亲本中Ds因子原插入位点的序列不同,表明Ds因子转座到了新的基因组位点。     

Disruption of a novel gene for a NAC-domain protein in rice confers resistance to Rice dwarf virus

Rice dwarf virus (RDV) is a serious viral pest that is transmitted to rice plants ( Oryza sativa L.) by leafhoppers and causes a dwarfism in infected plants. To identify host factors involved in the multiplication of RDV, we screened Tos17 insertion mutant lines of rice for mutants with reduced susceptibility to RDV. One mutant, designated rim1-1 , did not show typical disease symptoms upon infection with RDV. The accumulation of RDV capsid proteins was also drastically reduced in inoculated rim1-1 mutant plants. Co-segregation and complementation analyses revealed that the rim1-1 mutation had been caused by insertion of Tos17 in an intron of a novel NAC gene. The rim1-1 mutant remained susceptible to the two other viruses tested, one of which is also transmitted by leafhoppers, suggesting that the multiplication rather than transmission of RDV is specifically impaired in this mutant. We propose that RIM1 functions as a host factor that is required for multiplication of RDV in rice.     

逆转座子Tos17的激活与水稻白叶枯病成株抗性的关系

为了研究水稻白叶枯病成株抗性是否与逆转子激活有关,运用SSAP (sequence-specific amplification polymorphism) 对成株抗性品种苗期和成株期接种白叶枯病原菌、清水接种及健康植株的基因组进行了逆转座子扫描。在筛选的约2000个逆转座子基因片段中,9个受苗期生长发育诱导激活,两个受成株期生长发育诱导激活,苗期和成株期各有3个受病原菌诱导激活。苗期生长发育诱导激活产生的逆转座子数目高于成株期,而病原菌诱导产生的逆转座子数目与成株期相当,表明水稻白叶枯病成株抗性可能与生长发育诱导的逆转座子激活相关。     

Characterization of a rice chlorophyll-deficient mutant using the T-DNA gene-trap system

We have previously generated a large pool of T-DNA insertional lines in rice. In this study, we screened those T-DNA pools for rice mutants that had defective chlorophylls. Among the 1,995 lines examined in the T2 generation, 189 showed a chlorophyll-deficient phenotype that segregated as a single recessive locus. Among the mutants, 10 lines were beta-glucuronidase (GUS)-positive in the leaves. Line 9-07117 has a T-DNA insertion into the gene that is highly homologous to XANTHA-F in barley and CHLH in ARABIDOPSIS: This OsCHLH gene encodes the largest subunit of the rice Mg-chelatase, a key enzyme in the chlorophyll branch of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. In the T2 and T3 generations, the chlorina mutant phenotypes are co-segregated with the T-DNA. We have identified two additional chlorina mutants that have a Tos17 insertion in the OsCHLH gene. Those phenotypes were co-segregated with Tos17 in the progeny. GUS assays and RNA blot analysis showed that expression of the OsCHLH gene is light inducible, while TEM analysis revealed that the thylakoid membrane of the mutant chloroplasts is underdeveloped. The chlorophyll content was very low in the OschlH mutants. This is the first report that T-DNA insertional mutagenesis can be used for functional analysis of rice genes.     

Severe reduction in growth rate and grain filling of rice mutants lacking OsGS1;1, a cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;1

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants possess three homologous but distinct genes for cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1): these are OsGS1;1, OsGS1;2, and OsGS1;3. OsGS1;1 was expressed in all organs tested with higher expression in leaf blades, while OsGS1;2, and OsGS1;3 were expressed mainly in roots and spikelets, respectively. We characterized knockout mutants caused by insertion of endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 into the exon-8 (lines ND8037 and ND9801) or the exon-10 (line NC2327) of OsGS1;1. Mendelian segregation occurred in each progeny. Homozygously inserted mutants showed severe retardation in growth rate and grain filling when grown at normal nitrogen concentrations. Abnormal mRNA for GS1;1 was transcribed, and the GS1 protein and its activity in the leaf blades were barely detectable in these mutants. The glutamine pool in the roots and leaf blades of the mutants was lower than that of the wild type. Re-introduction of OsGS1;1 cDNA under the control of its own promoter into the mutants successfully complemented these phenotypes. Progeny where Tos17 was heterozygously inserted or deleted during segregation showed normal phenotypes. The results indicate that GS1;1 is important for normal growth and grain filling in rice; GS1;2 and GS1;3 were not able to compensate for GS1;1 function.     

Target site specificity of the Tos17 retrotransposon shows a preference for insertion within genes and against insertion in retrotransposon-rich regions of the genome

Because retrotransposons are the major component of plant genomes, analysis of the target site selection of retrotransposons is important for understanding the structure and evolution of plant genomes. Here, we examined the target site specificity of the rice retrotransposon Tos17, which can be activated by tissue culture. We have produced 47,196 Tos17-induced insertion mutants of rice. This mutant population carries approximately 500,000 insertions. We analyzed >42,000 flanking sequences of newly transposed Tos17 copies from 4316 mutant lines. More than 20,000 unique loci were assigned on the rice genomic sequence. Analysis of these sequences showed that insertion events are three times more frequent in genic regions than in intergenic regions. Consistent with this result, Tos17 was shown to prefer gene-dense regions over centromeric heterochromatin regions. Analysis of insertion target sequences revealed a palindromic consensus sequence, ANGTT-TSD-AACNT, flanking the 5-bp target site duplication. Although insertion targets are distributed throughout the chromosomes, they tend to cluster, and 76% of the clusters are located in genic regions. The mechanisms of target site selection by Tos17, the utility of the mutant lines, and the knockout gene database are discussed. --The nucleotide sequence data were uploaded to the DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank nucleotide sequence databases under accession numbers AG020727 to AG025611 and AG205093 to AG215049.     

Isolation and characterization of rice phytochrome A mutants

To elucidate phytochrome A (phyA) function in rice, we screened a large population of retrotransposon (Tos17) insertional mutants by polymerase chain reaction and isolated three independent phyA mutant lines. Sequencing of the Tos17 insertion sites confirmed that the Tos17s interrupted exons of PHYA genes in these mutant lines. Moreover, the phyA polypeptides were not immunochemically detectable in these phyA mutants. The seedlings of phyA mutants grown in continuous far-red light showed essentially the same phenotype as dark-grown seedlings, indicating the insensitivity of phyA mutants to far-red light. The etiolated seedlings of phyA mutants also were insensitive to a pulse of far-red light or very low fluence red light. In contrast, phyA mutants were morphologically indistinguishable from wild type under continuous red light. Therefore, rice phyA controls photomorphogenesis in two distinct modes of photoperception--far-red light-dependent high irradiance response and very low fluence response--and such function seems to be unique and restricted to the deetiolation process. Interestingly, continuous far-red light induced the expression of CAB and RBCS genes in rice phyA seedlings, suggesting the existence of a photoreceptor(s) other than phyA that can perceive continuous far-red light in the etiolated seedlings.     

Screening of the rice viviparous mutants generated by endogenous retrotransposon Tos17 insertion. Tagging of a zeaxanthin epoxidase gene and a novel ostatc gene

The rice (Oryza sativa) retrotransposon Tos17 is one of a few active retrotransposons in plants and its transposition is activated by tissue culture. Here, we present the characterization of viviparous mutants of rice induced by tissue culture to demonstrate the feasibility of the use of retrotransposon Tos17 as an endogenous insertional mutagen and cloning of the tagged gene for forward genetics in unraveling the gene function. Two mutants were shown to be caused by the insertion of Tos17. Osaba1, a strong viviparous mutant with wilty phenotype, displayed low abscisic acid level and almost no further increase in its levels upon drought. The mutant is shown to be impaired in the epoxidation of zeaxanthin. On the other hand, Ostatc, a mutant with weak phenotype, exhibited the pale green phenotype and slight increase in abscisic acid levels upon drought. Deduced amino acids of the causative genes of Osaba1 and Ostatc manifested a significantly high homology with zeaxanthin epoxidase isolated from other plant species and with bacterial Sec-independent translocase TATC protein, respectively. This is the first example of transposon tagging in rice.