虎奶菇化学成分分析

本文采用氨基酸自动分析仪、系统溶剂提取成分的ＴＬＣ等方法,分别对虎奶菇菌核中的氨基酸和次生代谢产物等成分进行分析。结果表明,虎奶菇菌核中含有１６种氨基酸,其中总氨基酸为１１．５７％、必需氨基酸为５．８２％。从醚溶成分中分离得一针状无色透明结晶,显甾体定性颜色反应;极性组分中含有多种蓝色荧光成分,这些荧光化合物在水中溶解度大,不溶于石油醚,且均为首次从虎奶菇中分得。另外还分析了蛋白质含量为１４．２７     

胶束电动色谱法分析奶中两种主要的共轭亚油酸异构体

以胶束电动色谱法对奶样中共轭亚油酸主要的两种异构体进行了分析。在优化条件下(80 mM pH9.0的磷酸盐缓冲液,54 mMSDS,4%(w/v)β-CD,8 M尿素,4%(v/v)乙醇作为运行缓冲液,分离电压25 kV,柱温20℃),胶束电动色谱可在15 min内对奶样中两种主要CLA,即9c,11t-CLA和10t,12c-CLA进行分离测定,最低检出限为0.081 ng/mL。分析结果显示,不同处理奶样中的CLA含量差异显著(P<0.001),但CLA的组成相近,其中的10t,12c-CLA含量差异不显著P=0.999,约为3%;不同品种奶样,如牛奶、水牛奶和羊奶中的CLA含量差异显著(P<0.001),其中CLA含量次序为牛奶>羊奶>水牛奶,并且不同品种奶的9c,11t-CLA与10t,12c-CLA比例差异显著(P<0.05)。     

奶犊牛直肠主要正常菌群的检测及其定植规律

采用稀释滴种法,对奶犊牛直肠内容物8种主要正常菌群（双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、真杆菌、类杆菌、大肠杆菌、消化球菌、梭菌、肠球菌）进行定性和定量分析,将所得结果进行统计学处理,得到奶犊牛直肠八种主要正常菌群的对数均值。犊牛出生6h后可检测到大肠菌、类杆菌和梭菌;12h后,8种菌群全部检测出来,并以大肠杆菌、类杆菌和梭菌为优势菌。随着厌氧菌大量增殖,需氧菌和兼性厌菌逐渐下降,1周后形成以乳杆菌、双歧杆菌为优势菌群的微生态区系。8种细菌的数量随饲草采食量增加呈下降趋势。断奶后1个月完成定植,此时直肠的优势菌是双枝杆菌、真杆菌,为7－8（logCFU/g),然后依次为乳杆菌、梭菌7(logCFU/g),类杆菌、大肠杆菌、消化球菌6(logCFU/g) ,肠球菌5（logCFU/g)。     

奶膏的研制

本文介绍采用本实验室研制的微小毛霉凝乳酶制作奶膏的工艺流程及参考数据,并对影响奶膏制作的几个重要因素：奶浓度、酶反应温度、凝乳时间以及奶膏的保存等方面进行了初探。     

虎奶菇深层发酵及氨基酸成份分析

本文采用不同发酵培养基培养３虎奶菇,结果表明,以玉米组成的培养基培养的虎奶甘、菌丝长势相对较好,总干重为０．８６３／１００ｍｌ培养液,且通过氨基酸分析,总氨基酸含量为１１．６８０２％,氨基酸总产量为０．１ｇ／１００ｍｌ培养液,必须氨基酸含量为７．１１６９％,占总氨基酸的６０．９３％,且检出的氨基酸中,以亮氨酸和异亮氨酸含量相对较高。麦芽糖组成的培养基培养的虎奶菇菌丝体总干重为０．６３８ｇ／１００ｍ     

“奶香富士”苹果种植与果实主要营养成分分析

在我国,苹果产业在促进农民脱贫致富、改善农村经济状况、促进农业产业化等方面起到了重要作用,但在苹果产业的发展过程中,供给总量与质量结构失衡、苹果品种单一、树龄老化、科技支持力度不足等问题突出,正面临着发展的转折点。辽宁省大连市东马屯村,结合稀释羊奶浇灌和残次苹果制作的发酵生物肥料还田,在普通红富士苹果的基础上开发出了“奶香富士”新品类。该种苹果的口感、“冰糖心”等指标明显优于普通红富士苹果。实验测定发现,“奶香富士”较普通红富士苹果在总糖、还原糖、糖酸比等关键营养成分含量方面具有显著优势。对此,文章从果肉营养成分方面解释了苹果口感改善的原因,提出了一种提高果品品质的有效方法。     

三聚氰胺事件对奶站及奶农的影响——以内蒙古为例

在内蒙古呼和浩特周边地区通过分层随机抽样的方法抽取20个奶牛村、140个奶户及30个奶站进行三聚氰胺事件对牛奶供应链中游奶站带来的影响以及对奶农的饲料投入和牛奶收益带来的影响研究,研究结果表明：三聚氰胺事件后,奶站从散户那里收购的牛奶规模有所下降,从养殖小区收购的比例有所上升。与此同时,奶站对牛奶的安全和质量要求比事件前有明显提高,检验要求变得更加严格。另外,对比其它奶站,选择养殖小区奶站的奶农的牛奶净收益高于选择其他奶站的奶农。根据研究结论,本文提出了相关政策建设。     

21例奶蛋白过敏患儿临床特征分析及诊治方法

目的：探讨奶蛋白过敏患儿的临床特点及诊治方法。方法：收集2012年2月-2013年2月我院接诊的21例奶蛋白过敏患儿的临床资料,将临床表现、特异性皮肤点刺试验、回避试验等结果进行总结分析。结果：患儿皮肤粘膜、消化道等症状出现时间较早,湿疹症状出现最多（71．43％）,仅有1例患儿出现发育迟缓（4．76％）;皮肤点刺试验奶蛋白阳性者12例（57．14％）,回避试验阳性率为100．00％;经过改善饮食及对症治疗,21例患儿皮肤粘膜、消化道、呼吸道系统等症状一般在4周内消失,发育迟缓在正规治疗2．4周开始缓解,8周内消失。结论：奶蛋白过敏缺乏特异症状表现,临床在出现症状后加强实验室检查。结合详细病史进行确诊,才能减少误诊的发生,及时治疗,保证患儿的正常生长发育。     

不同奶量乳母营养状况的分析及对新生儿发育情况的影响

目的：不同奶量乳母营养状况的分析及对新生儿发育情况的影响。方法：选取青岛城阳人民医院妇产科2017年9月—2018年9月随机筛选的240名乳母进行观察,根据奶量情况将140名奶量充足的乳母分为奶量充足组,100名奶量不足的乳母分为奶量不足组。通过3d膳食记录法对所有乳母进行膳食调查,比较两组乳母的各类营养摄入情况、血液生化指标;观察新生儿神经发育［生理发育量表（PDI评分）、智能量表（MDI评分）］、体格发育（体重增长速率、头围增长速率、身高增长速率）、免疫系统情况。结果：奶量充足组乳母各类营养摄入量、甘油三脂、血清葡萄糖水平均高于奶量不足组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。奶量充足组新生儿的MDI评分、PDI评分、体重增长速率、头围增长速率、身高增长速率均高于奶量不足组,且胃肠道及呼吸系统感染发生率更低,有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：奶量充足的乳母的维生素A、脂肪、热能等各类营养摄入量大,满足新生儿的营养需求,能够促进新生儿体格及神经功能发育,增强免疫功能,降低感染发生率。     

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Milk, as the sole source of nutrition for the newborn mammal, provides the necessary nutrients and energy for offspring growth and development. It also contains a vast number of bioactive compounds that greatly affect the development of the neonate. The analysis of milk components will help elucidate key factors that link maternal metabolism and health with offspring growth and development. The laboratory rat represents a popular model organism for maternal studies, and rat milk can be used to examine the effect of various maternal physiological, nutritional, and pharmacological interventions on milk components, which may then impact offspring health. Here a simple method of manually collecting milk from the lactating rat that can be performed by a single investigator, does not require specialized vacuum or suction equipment, and provides sufficient milk for subsequent downstream analysis is described. A method for estimating the fat content of milk by measuring the percentage of cream within the milk sample, known as the creamatocrit, is also presented. These methods can ultimately be used to increase insight into maternal-child health and to elucidate maternal factors that are involved in proper growth and development of offspring.     

河南省猛禽的调查

主要论述河南省猛禽的种类、数量、分布及迁徙规律,河南省的猛禽共计41种,其中隼形目鸟类2科29种,Hao形目鸟类2科12种。     

Milk composition and lactational output in the greater spear-nosed bat, Phyllostomus hastatus

Growth rates of mammalian young are closely linked to the ability of the mother to provide nutrients; thus, milk composition and yield provide a direct measure of maternal investment during lactation in many mammals. We studied changes in milk composition and output throughout lactation in a free-ranging population of the omnivorous bat, Phyllostomus hastatus. Fat and dry matter of milk increased from 9 to 21% and from 21 to 35% of wet mass, respectively, throughout lactation. Energy increased from 6 to 9 kJ · g⁻¹ wet mass, primarily due to the increase in fat concentration. Total sugar levels decreased slightly but non-significantly. Mean sugar level was 4.0% of wet mass. Protein concentration increased from 6 to 11% of wet mass at peak lactation and then decreased as pups approached weaning age. Total milk energy output until pups began to forage was 3609 kJ. Milk levels of Mg, Fe, Ca, K, and Na averaged 0.55 ± 0.26, 0.23 ± 0.2, 8.75 ± 4.17, 5.42 ± 2.11, and 9.87 ± 4.3 mg · g⁻¹ dry matter, respectively. Of the minerals studied, calcium appears to be most limiting in this species. The high degree of variability in foraging time, milk composition and milk yield between individuals at the same stage of lactation could potentially yield high variance in reproductive success among females of this polygynous species. Accepted: 23 January 1997     

哺乳动物乳蛋白基因的表达与调控

本文在介绍了乳蛋白基因组结构及进化关系的基础上,就其乳蛋白基因表达的影响因素：顺式调控成分,反式作用因子及激素对表达的诱导进行了讨论,最后就该系统作为生物反应器的开发前景作了展望。     

安徽省桃花水母的初步研究

桃花水母属Craspedacusta隶属于刺胞动物门Cnidaria水螅纲Hydrozoa淡水水母目Limnomedusae笠水母科Olindiidae。我国的桃花水母种类丰富,分布广泛,近年来多地有新种和分布新纪录的报道。安徽曾发现桃花水母,但均未进行详细描述和研究。本文对采自安徽省金寨县梅河河谷水潭内的桃花水母进行了初步研究,依据其伞形、缘膜宽度、触手及平衡囊数目、刺丝囊疣形状和排列方式、生殖腺形状和颜色等形态特征对其进行初步的分类鉴定。结果表明,此次在金寨县发现的桃花水母更接近于宜昌桃花水母Craspedacusta kawaii Oka,1907。这是对安徽省发现的桃花水母首次进行较为明确的分类鉴定和初步的形态学研究。     

The Selenium Levels of Mothers and Their Neonates Using Hair,Breast Milk,Meconium, and Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood in Van Basin

The objective of the present study is to calculate linear regressions between a mother and her child with respect to their selenium concentration (ng/g) in the following traits: maternal blood and umbilical cord blood, maternal and child hair, maternal milk and child umbilical cord blood, maternal milk and meconium, maternal blood plasma, and child meconium. The data were collected at Research Hospital of the University of Yüzüncü Yıl from 30 pairs of mothers and their newborn baby. The mean maternal serum Se level in 30 mothers was 68.52 ± 3.57 ng/g and cord plasma level was 119.90 ± 18.08 ng/g. The Se concentration in maternal and neonatal hair was 330.84 ± 39.03 and 1,124.76 ± 186.84 ng/g, respectively. The Se concentration of maternal milk at day 14 after delivery was determined as 68.63 ± 7.78 ng/g (n = 13) and the concentration of Se was 418.90 ± 45.49 ng/g (n = 22) for meconium of neonatal. There was no significant difference between maternal blood and milk Se levels. However, hair Se concentration was significantly higher than milk and maternal blood Se level. For each trait comparison, the average absolute difference in log₁₀-transformed Se concentration was calculated between a mother and her child. The observed average absolute difference was compared with a test distribution of 1,000 resampled bootstrap averages where the number of samples was maintained but the relationship between a mother and her child was randomized among samples (α = 0.05).     

Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Blood Status and Milk,Urine, and Fecal Excretion in Pregnant and Lactating Camel

Ten pregnant female camels divided into two groups received, after a 2-week adaptation period, an oral selenium (Se) supplementation (0 and 2 mg, respectively) under sodium selenite form for 6 months from the three last months of gestation up to the three first months of lactation. Feed intake was assessed daily. Blood samples and body weight were taken on a biweekly basis, both in dams and their camel calves after parturition. Feces and urine samples were collected monthly and milk on a biweekly basis. The Se concentration in serum increased significantly in the supplemented group and was threefold higher than the concentration compared to the control group, respectively, 305.9 ± 103.3 and 109.3 ± 33.1 ng/mL. The selenium concentration increased in similar proportion in milk (86.4 ± 39.1 ng/mL in the control group vs 167.1 ± 97.3 ng/mL in treated group), in urine, and feces. The gluthathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity varied between 18.1 ± 8.7 IU/g hemoglobin (Hb) in control group and 47.5 ± 25.6 IU/g Hb in treated group but decreased after parturition in both groups. Vitamin E did not change significantly and was, on average, 1.17 ± 0.72 and 1.14 ± 0.89 ng/mL in the control and treated groups, respectively. Significant correlations were reported between serum Se, milk Se, GSH-Px, and fecal and urinary excretion or concentration. Blood values in camel calves were similar to those of the dams. The results seemed to confirm the sensitivity of camel to Se supplementation with an important increase of selenium in serum and milk.     

Milk production and composition in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): effect of lactational stage

Milk yield and composition of major milk constituents were measured in captive, nursing reindeer. Registration of milk production was performed during two successive lactations (2001 and 2002). The milk yield was significantly affected by week of lactation (P<0.001) and by individual (P<0.001). The lactation curve had an asymmetrical peak 3 weeks postpartum and the milk yield at peak lactation was 983 g/day (range 595-1239). The length of lactation varied from 24 to 26 weeks and average total milk production was 99.5 kg. From peak lactation the milk production decreased linearly (P<0.001) until milk production was terminated. Mean values for content of major milk constituents were 15.5% fat, 9.9% protein and 2.5% lactose. The content of fat and protein increased markedly with the lactation stage (P<0.001), while lactose showed a slight decrease (P<0.001). The milk composition was significantly affected by stage of lactation (P<0.001). There was a marginally significant decrease in protein:fat ratio (P=0.06) as protein was substituted by fat with stage of lactation. The caloric value of the milk averaged 8.7 kJ/g and increased significantly with the stage of lactation (P<0.001). The overall increase in milk gross energy content during lactation was 67.6%. The energy output averaged 7996 kJ/day at peak lactation and decreased significantly during the course of lactation (P=0.002).     

河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类资源调查

2006年9月～2007年8月,对河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类进行野外调查,结合文献共统计鸟类16目53科247种.留鸟69种,候鸟176种,迷鸟2种 .国家一级重点保护鸟类9种,如黑鹳、大鸨等.国家二级保护鸟类37种.列入IUCN受威胁物种15种.其中极危等级1种,为白鹤.濒危等级3种,为东方白鹳、鸿雁、丹顶鹤.易危等级11种.列入中国物种红色名录受威胁物种15种.濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ、附录Ⅱ共39种.