奇鸟荟萃

自然界现已查明的鸟类中,有许多鸟类具有独特的外貌,奇特的生活习性,说来让人赞叹不已。喷雾鸟在秘鲁的目布库尔大森林里生活着一种会“喷云吐雾”的小鸟,当地人称它为“喷雾鸟”。这种鸟的腹囊里有一种绿色的液体。液体经过口腔喷出来,在空气中便会迅速蒸发成一种白雾。“喷雾鸟”不常吐雾,只有在遇到敌害时,才喷出云雾迷惑敌人,保护自己。送奶鸟在南美洲的玻利维亚有一种奇特的鸟,雌鸟腹部有一奶囊,可分泌许多营养丰富的奶汁。它自己不用奶汁哺雏,因而每隔一段时间,便飞到地面上,让人帮它挤出奶汁,人可食用,因而称之为     

三聚氰胺事件对奶站及奶农的影响——以内蒙古为例

在内蒙古呼和浩特周边地区通过分层随机抽样的方法抽取20个奶牛村、140个奶户及30个奶站进行三聚氰胺事件对牛奶供应链中游奶站带来的影响以及对奶农的饲料投入和牛奶收益带来的影响研究,研究结果表明：三聚氰胺事件后,奶站从散户那里收购的牛奶规模有所下降,从养殖小区收购的比例有所上升。与此同时,奶站对牛奶的安全和质量要求比事件前有明显提高,检验要求变得更加严格。另外,对比其它奶站,选择养殖小区奶站的奶农的牛奶净收益高于选择其他奶站的奶农。根据研究结论,本文提出了相关政策建设。     

奶膏的研制

本文介绍采用本实验室研制的微小毛霉凝乳酶制作奶膏的工艺流程及参考数据，并对影响奶膏制作的几个重要因素：奶浓度、酶反应温度、凝乳时间以及奶膏的保存等方面进行了初探。     

谈牛奶与乳酸菌奶

对牛奶和乳酸菌奶作了全面的概述,介绍了乳酸菌奶的保健功能.     

谈牛级与乳酸菌奶

对牛奶和乳酸菌奶作了全面的概述,介绍了乳酸菌奶的保健功能。     

辽宁省居民奶类摄入状况及变化

目的：探讨辽宁省不同性别、地区、年龄和收入水平居民的奶类摄入状况及变化。方法：利用2002年和2012年中国居民营养与健康监测资料,分析不同年份辽宁省居民饮奶率、饮奶量及奶类所提供钙的变化。结果：辽宁省居民饮奶率为22.5%,城市是农村的7倍（35.8 % VS 5.1%）,女性高于男性,不同年龄组和收入水平均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。平均每日奶类摄入量为34.10±81.4g/d,城市是农村9.6倍（55.8±99.1g/d VS 5.8±32.0g/d）,高收入组是低收入组的2倍（53.4±85.7g/d VS 26.2±70.8g/d）;饮奶者饮奶量平均为151.9±107.8g/d,其中农村饮奶者奶类摄入量最低,为114.6±89.2g/d;60岁以上年龄组最高,为160.9±116.1g/d。同2002年相比,居民饮奶率增长了21.6%（18.5% VS 22.5%）。其中农村和低收入组增长幅度较大,饮奶率分别增加了1.7倍（1.9% VS 5.1%）和1.1倍（8.7% VS 18.0%）;平均每日奶类摄入量基本持平,农村奶类摄入量虽然增加了近1倍（5.8±32.0g/d VS 2.9 ±23.9g/d）,但仍处于最低水平。居民膳食钙平均每日摄入量为357.3±207.6mg/d,饮奶者钙的摄入量为非饮奶者1.6倍（506.8±224.1mg/d VS 313.9±180.8mg/d）,不同性别、年龄、地区和收入水平中饮奶者钙的摄入量是非饮奶者1.5～2.0倍。饮奶者和非饮奶者钙摄入量小于EAR人群,比例分别为89.2%和96.3%,非饮奶者钙摄入不足的风险是饮奶者的1.1倍。同时,居民钙摄入量达到和超过RNI人群,比例仅为2.2%,饮奶者和非饮奶者钙摄入量达到和超过RNI人群,比例分别为4.4%和1.6%,饮奶者是非饮奶者的2.8倍。结论：10年间辽宁省居民饮奶率虽然上升,但饮奶量仍处于较低水平,同时影响了居民膳食钙的供给,尤其是农村地区居民饮奶状况亟待解决。     

乳酸菌发酵制备天然奶味香精的工艺研究

本文通过6组实验,对供试的6株乳酸菌通过发酵奶油的方法制备天然奶味香精进行了实验研究,结果发现在6株乳酸菌中保加利亚乳杆菌发酵所得到的天然奶味香精风味最佳,不仅奶味丰满浓郁,还带有淡淡的麦香。另外,添加适量的乳清粉能够明显的改善奶味香精的味道,希望通过本文的研究可以对天然奶精制备工艺进行不断的改进和完善,提高奶味香精制备水平。     

奶牛场夏季坏奶原因及其防治措施

龙城区奶牛场饲养107头黑白花奶牛。该场一到夏季,经常发生环奶,1988-1994年,每年环奶2万多公斤,经济损失较大。笔者进行了坏奶情况调查和乳质检测试验研究,查明了夏季坏奶原因,并提出了防止坏奶措施,使该场夏季坏奶率降低了94％,收效较大。1试验方法1．1牛乳新鲜度测定1．1．l＠精R＄R＆我们在不显乳房炎临床症状的107头产乳牛早、午、晚”三次挤奶时,分别用灭菌容器在接接取鲜乳乳样。吸取ZInl牛乳于15X150rum试管中,加入等量力。中性酒精,振摇后观察有无絮片状凝集物出现。判定标准：出现絮片即为酒精阳性乳,其酸度为18”…     

通过转基因改善家畜奶的品质

通过大量的研究报道,综述了转基因技术在改善家畜奶品质方面的研究概况,如提高奶中κ,αsl-,αs2-和β－酪蛋白含量,增加溶菌酶含量,生产人乳铁蛋白和乳白蛋白,降低乳糖含量,使其品质更接近人奶。     

中国白蜡虫(Ericerus pela Chavannes)泌蜡量研究

通过对我国不同地区繁育的白蜡虫泌蜡实验,表明云南、四川、贵州三省白蜡虫泌蜡量多,其它省区的白蜡虫泌蜡量少。据此建议生产部门在以上三省大力提倡发展白蜡虫生产。     

Effect of thyroxine on the diurnal rhythm of the mitotic activity and parameters of the life cycle of cells of the liver and esophagus]

The duration of the cellular cycle and the diurnal rhythm of the amount of mitosis were studied in young rats in normality and under the influence of thyroxin. The parenchymal and connective-tissue cells of the liver and cells of the liver and the cells of the oesophagus epithelium basal layer were studied. It was found that under the influence of thyroxin there occured a shortening of the periods of the cellular cycle and a 3--6 h shift to the left of the diurnal rhythm curve of the amount of mitoses. In thyroxinized animals the 21--95% increase of the amount of mitoses in the period of maximum values of the mitotic index during a day was observed as compared with control animals. A conclusion is made about the diurnal rhythm of sensitivity of G0-phase cells to the synchronizing factor, suggesting the decisive significance of the state of the cell population in the interaction of the tissue and hormone cells. The data obatained in the work show that the thyroid hormones regulate the cellular reproduction in the organism by stimulating the cells in the division cycle, synchronization of greater amount of cells by the moment of beginning of the mitotic cycle at a definite time of day and by shortening the period of the cell mitotic cycle.     

Cooperative properties of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase]

The structure of the active center of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the arrangement of subunits in the tetrameric molecule is delineated. The mechanism of cooperative effects in the oligomer is considered, and the involvement of various regions of the active center and of different-subunit contact area in the realization of the cooperative phenomena is discussed. A special attention is paid to the effect of NAD+ bound to one of the subunits of the tetramer on the structure of an adjacent subunit and to the problem of the participation of the coenzyme in the creation of anion-binding sites of the enzyme. The conditions of reversible dissociation of the tetrameric apoenzyme molecule into dimers are depicted, and the role of NAD+ in the organization of the quaternary structure of the dehydrogenase is discussed. The problem of catalytic activity of the dimeric form of the enzyme is argued.     

The protein arrestin as a regulator of the phototransduction process and as a factor of pathogenesis of the eye diseases

In the first part of the paper, the results of the investigation of the rhodopsin arrestin interaction are presented. The results were mainly obtained with the technique of the selective labelling of the rhodopsin and arrestin SH-groups and the rhodopsin limited proteolysis. These results are discussed in the frame of the latest data on the three-dimensional structure of arrestin. In the second part of the paper, results of the antigenic properties of arrestin (S-antigen) and its role in the pathogenesis of the retina diseases are summarized. The data on the role of the autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy are presented. We have also described the results of the use of the elaborated technique of the immune diagnostics in the prognosis of the diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of the premature babies.     

Immunoenzyme analysis of the change in the expression of class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex under the influence of interferon preparations

The interferons (IFN's) are natural regulators of the immune response. This quality of IFN depends to a large extent on their capacity to change the expression of the antigens of the second (II) class of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. The most effective modulator of the expression of the antigens of the class II MHC is beta-IFN. The aim of this work is to explore with the aid of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) peculiarities of an action of the preparations alpha- and beta-IFN's of a man on the expression of the antigens of the second class on macrophages of mice with using monoclonal antibodies to the products of subregions I-A and I-E MHC. As a result of exploration we have the following: both preparations IFN's (leukinterferon and beta-IFN) reinforce the expression of the antigens of the second class on the macrophages of mice spleens. With combined influence preparation alpha-IFN and beta-IFN show interweakened effect on the expression of the antigens of the class MHC. Exposed regularities of the expression have the same type for products of subregions I-A and I-E H-2 of mice complex. ELISA is the sensible method of determination of a level of the expression of the antigens of the class II MHC on the cell's populations.     

Sequential maturation of skeletal muscle groups during postnatal ontogenesis of rats]

Experiments were conducted on rats during the early postnatal period; a study was made of the membrane potential (MP) establishment of the fibers of the skeletal muscles of the neck, the anterior and the posterior limbs. At birth the most mature were the muscles of the neck, and the least -- the muscles of the posterior limb. Establishment of the stationary MP level in the muscles of the neck occurred during the first week after birth, in the muscles of the anterior limbs -- by the 10th-12th day, and of the posterior limbs -- by the 15th-20th day. The order of maturation of various groups of the skeletal muscles was associated with the peculiarities of the neuro-trophic influences at various age periods. Muscles of the neck were characterized at all the developmental stages by a rhythmic low-frequency electromyographic activity. In the muscles of the limbs the rhythmic electromyographic activity was transformed into the discharge high-frequency activity by the period of termination of increase of the MP of the muscles.     

Microscopic studies on the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the internal jugular vein

The author studied the structure of the tissue components of the tunicae of the terminal segment of the sigmoid sinus, particularly at the level of the transition between the sigmoid sinus, the superior bulb of the jugular vein and the first portion of the human internal jugular vein; it was established that the transition between the sigmoid sinus and the first portion of the internal jugular vein occupies the whole extension of the superior bulb of the jugular vein up to the inferior third of the first portion of this vessel. These vascular walls exhibit a structure similar to that of the dura, i.e. the tunica adventitia is formed by fascicles of collagenic fibers which describe discontinuous spirals, more open proximal to the beginning of the first portion of the internal jugular vein. Approximately in the inferior third of the first portion of the internal jugular vein, there appear fascicles of smooth muscle fibers which are arranged similarly to those of the venous walls. The tunica intima of these vascular segments exhibits an endothelium resting on a network of elastic fibers which may play the role of an internal elastic lamina. From the bony border of the jugular foramen there originates a connective system whose fascicles of collagenic and elastic fibers incorporate to the wall of the internal jugular vein after describing a stretch in spiral around the vascular lumen.     

Adrenergic mechanisms regulating the motor reactions of rats in the early postnatal period

In 12-day-old rats, L-DOPA, a precursor of catecholamine synthesis, provokes an increase in the rate of the motor reactions (MR) of the shudder type. Reserpine which promotes catecholamine release from the tissues, leads to the diminution of the rate of the MR of the shudder type in rats of the same age. Aminazine, an alpha-adrenoblocker and antagonist of dopamine receptors, decreases the rate of the MR of the shudder type. Administration of aminazine in a dose of 10 mg/kg at different age periods produces inconclusive changes in the diminution of the rate of the MR of the shudder type. During sudden changes in the growth, the rate of the above-described modulations substantially decreases. The high rate of the MR of the shudder type seen in rats in the early postnatal period is a consequence of the marked activity of the catecholaminergic (dopaminergic) systems during that period. Reduction in the effect of the decreased MR rate produced by the same dose of aminazine during the critical periods of the growth also attests to the high activity of the catecholaminergic (dopaminergic) system in rats at that period.     

Differentiation of the Shoot Apex and its Relationship to the Development of the Vegetative Organs in Spring Wheat (Yu-Chung-Hung and Kansu 96) under Conditions of Different Soil Water Contents

1. In each stage of the differentiation of the growing cones of these two varieties of wheat, their morphological characters are the same as of the general wheat, their fourth stage being the sign of the beginning of their reproductive structures. 2. The sequence of the differentiation in the development of spikelets is as follows: first the outer glume, then the inner glume, the lemma of the first flower, the primordium of the first flower, the lemma of the second flower and finally the primordium of second flower, etc.; while it is the palea, the stamens, the pistil and the lodicules for the flower part. 3. The differentiations of the primordiums of stamens and pistil start at the same time as the appearance of the awn. 4. It was found that in Kansu 96 the rate of the differentiation of the growing cones is more rapid, its volume bigger, the number of its spikelets and flowers, the chance of fruitification and its yield higher, than those of Yu-Chung-Hung, but the average individual weight of the grain is lower than that of the latter. 5. The rate of the differentiation of the growing cones will be slowed, and the numbers of spikelets, flowers and grains increased if a high moisture content of soil is present. The shape of the spike is grand and close under irrigation, but under drought it is slender and soft. Although the yield of Yu-Chung-Hung is lower than that of Kansu 96, but it appears to have a higher hydronasty than the latter. 6. It was shown in our investigation that the Kansu 96 appears to be of drought resistance. 7. Under normal conditions and in the same variety, the appearances of the leaf and the node of the stem, and the developmental phases of plants may be suggested as an indication of the differentiation of the growing cones. It is recommended that they can be used as a field crop.     

Age-related characteristics of the human acromioclavicular joint

By birth in the acromioclavicular joint the acromial end of the clavicle is osseous, and the acromion of the scapula is cartilaginous. The most intensive formation of the relief and configuration of the articular surfaces of the joint occurs from 1 to 3 years of age. In mature persons the form of the articular surface of the acromial end of the clavicle is often oval and that of the acromion of the scapula--ellipsoid. In newborns the areas of the articular surfaces are nearly equal. The area of the articular surface of the acromial end of the clavicle is significantly more than that of the acromion of the scapula during the periods from 1 to 3, from 13 to 17 and from 21 to 30 years of age. The articular cleft is revealed in the roentgenograms by 17 years of age, when synostosis process of the acromion of the scapula is completed. The thickness of the articular cartilage at different poles of the articular surfaces from birth up to 70 years of age is not equal and therefore it is possible to judge about nonequivalent functional loading on different areas of the articular cartilage. The articular cartilage of the acromial end of the clavicle from birth to 16 years of age is hyaline, after 17 years of age, they acquire the structure of the fibrous cartilage. In the articular cartilage of the acromion of the scapula, this rearrangement is realized more slowly: its fibrous structure is revealed after 23-24 years of age. Involutional changes in the joint are revealed during the fourth decade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)