Some British Phidoloporidae (Bryozoa: Gheilostomatida)

Five British species of Reteporella Busk, 1884 are described and figured. A neotype specimen is selected for R. beaniana (King), and R. incognita sp. nov. is described, and distinguished from R. couchii (Hincks).     

Names, types, and distribution of neotropical species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae)

A list is provided of all 358 taxa ofErythroxylum described from the Neotropics through the year 2000, including type specimen citations, probable synonymy, geographic distribution, and designation of 41 new lectotypes and one new neotype. The list includes 187 accepted species, eight accepted varieties, 27 infraspecific names of uncertain status, and 136 synonyms. A searchable specimen database and type image archive may be accessed at www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/database.htm. T. Plowman, deceased 7 January 1989.     

Morphological and molecular identity of Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae), the nominotypical member of a malaria vector species complex in Southeast Asia

A neotype for Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Rodenwaldt), the nominotypical member of a malaria vector species complex, is selected from the progeny of a female collected at Pandan Beach near Lundu, Sarawak, Malaysia. Siblings of the neotype and other topotypic specimens are used to characterize and fix the morphological and molecular identity of the species as a foundation for systematic studies of the species complex. The species is described and illustrated in the adult, pupal and larval stages, and DNA sequence data are included for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and the nuclear ITS‐2 region.     

Redescription of Ilyocryptus sarsi Stingelin, 1913

Ilyocryptus sarsi Stingelin, 1913, earlier regarded as a subspecies of I. sordidus Liévin, 1848, is a valid species, relatively common and widely distributed in South America. It is here redescribed based on material from a number of localities in Brazil. The type specimen is lost, and therefore a neotype is selected from Sars' (1901) specimens, hatched from dried mud from Ipiranga, Paraná, Brazil. Differences between I. sarsi, I. sordidus and some other species are indicated. Recent problems in the systematics of the sordidus-group are discussed. The validity of all species in the sordidus-group described after Liévin and Stingelin is in need of checking.     

Redescription of Naja siamensis (Serpentes: Elapidae), a widely overlooked spitting cobra from S.E. Asia: geographic variation, medical importance and designation of a neotype

The Indochinese spitting cobra, Naja siamensis Laurenti, 1768, is redescribed. In order to avoid future confusion with other Asiatic Naja species, and to fix this scientific name irrefutably, we designate a neotype for this species, and designate the same specimen as neotype for the junior synonym Naja naja isanensis Nutaphand, 1982. The pattern of geographic variation in this species is investigated by means of multivariate analysis of morphological characters. We summarize the literature concerning this species, with particular emphasis on separating information concerning N. siamensis from that relating to other Asiatic cobra species. This species is of considerable medical importance, and we present case histories of local envenoming and snake venom ophthalmia.     

Redescription and designation of a neotype for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphthalmichthys kuro</Emphasis> Kuroda 1947, and its placement in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Callechelys</Emphasis> (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae)

Aphthalmichthys kuro, described by Kuroda (1947) based on a specimen from Suruga Bay, Japan, is referred to Callechelys (family Ophichthidae, subfamily Ophichthinae). It differs from its congeners in its vertebral number (142–146), tail length (2.0–2.1 in TL), and coloration (brownish black). The holotype is lost; we herein designate a neotype and redescribe and illustrate the species based on 5 specimens from Japan and 2 from Taiwan.     

Two new species of Stivalius (Siphonaptera--Pygiopsyllidae--Pygiopsyllinae) from Indonesia

The fleas, S. meridionalis n. sp. from Timor and S. franciscae n. sp. from Sulawesi, Indonesia are described and illustrated. S. meridionalis was collected in Central Timor (Timor Tengah) at elevations between 930 m and 1,520 m, mainly from the murine rodent Rattus tanezumi, although one specimen was recovered from a house shrew, Suncus murinus. S. franciscae was collected in Central Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tengah) at known elevations between 950 m and 2,255 m from six species of native endemic murine rodents, especially Rattus hoffmanni, and from two species of commensal murine rodents. One specimen of S. franciscae was also collected from the native endemic murine Paruromys dominator in North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara) at 1,780 m. These two new flea species are compared with the previously described taxa included in the genus Stivalius sensu stricto.     

The taxonomic status of Hylopsis platycephalus Werner, 1894 and Centrolenella Noble, 1920 (Amphibia: Anura)

On the assumption that the holotype of the South American frog Hylopsis platycephalus, described by Franz Werner in 1894, had been lost, Lynch (1981) designated a neotype, but in so doing incorrectly associated a centrolenid species with that name. As a result of the neotype designation, the genus Centrolenella Noble, 1920 (Centrolenidae) became a junior subjective synonym of Hylopsis Werner, 1894.
The holotype of Hylopsis platycephalus, which has never been lost, was obtained from the Institut fur Zoologie der Universität Wien and on examination was found to be a species of Sphaenorhynchus Tschudi, 1838 (Hylidae) distinct from other known members of the genus. Centrolenella Noble is thus validated and Hylopsis (ayn. nov.) becomes a junior subjective synonym of Sphaenorhynchus.
The rules of nomenclature relating to the neotype are discussed and Sphaenorhynchus platycephalus comb. nov. is redescribed. The centrolenid species which Lynch (1981) assigned to Hylopsis platycephalus is named Centrolenella savagei sp. nov.     

THE CARBONIFEROUS FISH GENERA STREPSODUS AND ARCHICHTHYS (SARCOPTERYGII: RHIZODONTIDA): CLARIFYING 150 YEARS OF CONFUSION

Abstract:  The Carboniferous genus Strepsodus contains several described species, but has been mired in taxonomic confusion for nearly 150 years. The little-known genus Archichthys (with two described species) is usually treated as a junior synonym of Strepsodus . These problems have been caused by, among other things, the poor quality of most specimens, and a heavy reliance on tooth and scale morphology when erecting new species. Both genera are known from Upper and Lower Carboniferous river and lake deposits in the UK, particularly coal shales, cementstones and freshwater limestones. However, Strepsodus has also been discovered at a number of North American localities (e.g. Greer in Iowa, USA, and Horton Bluff in Nova Scotia, Canada) and more recently in Australia (Ducabrook, Queensland). Rhizodontid remains from two Upper Devonian sites (one in Colombia, one in Turkey) have been attributed to Strepsodus , due to a misunderstanding of the defining characteristics (autapomorphies) of the genus. This paper reviews what is known of Strepsodus and Archichthys , and advocates that each be treated as a monospecific genus until reliable morphological evidence of further speciation is found. A neotype specimen for Strepsodus sauroides is proposed, and a check-list of published rhizodontid species is appended.     

Microbial maceration and carbonate dissolution on cold‐temperate shelves

Nummulites beaumonti d'Archiac & Haime, 1853, originally described from El Basatin, Gebel Mokattam, Greater Cairo, is redefined from a nummulitic bank at the base of the Maadi Formation from its type locality as neotype. Schaub (1981) described the species from Libya and the type example of this species is still unknown. N. discorbinus Schlotheim (1820) is described as neotype from a nummulitic bank in the Mokattam Formation, which is located in the site of the Citadel tombs, near the Salah El Din Citadel, Gebel Mokattam, Egypt. According to Schaub (1981), the type example of this species is also unknown. For this reason the establishment of the neotypes of these two widespread nummulites species: N. discorbinus (Late Lutetian) and N. beaumonti (Bartonian) is important and tackled in this paper. N. qurnensis n. sp. ( = N. sp. cf. beaumonti in Boukhary et al. 2002) is introduced as a new species from the lower Bartonian part of the Qurn Formation of Helwan. Biometrical studies are carried out on the three species to present up to date information on these Nummulites, with particular attention to their biostratigraphic correlation with the Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZ) of Serra-Kiel et al. 1998. The authors would like to stress the importance of a careful designation of a neotype to avoid the introduction of complicated and unnecessary taxonomic problems.     

Neotypification of Lulworthia fucicola

There are no herbarium specimens or culture material for the type of Lulworthiafucicola G.K. Sutherl. With the absence of original material, and to preserve current usage of the name, a neotype is designated hereby. The neotype chosen for L. fucicola is a specimen from Chile.     

A revision of the South-east Asian catfish genus Silurichthys

The taxonomy of the catfish genus Silurichthys is revised, and eight species are now recognized. A neotype is designated for S. hasseltii . Two new species are described: S. gibbiceps from the Barito basin in southern Borneo and S. marmoratus from north-western Borneo. Silurichthys leucopodus Fowler, 1939, is considered a subjective junior synonym of S. schneideri Volz, 1904. The extent of the gape and the relative positions of the dorsal and pelvic fins show considerable infraspecific variation and are of little taxonomic value. The number of anal-fin rays is useful if used with other meristic data such as the number of vertebrae. Colour varies infraspecifically as individuals become paler and less mottled at night, but can still be used as a secondary character in separating some species. The head and caudal fin shapes are useful discriminating characters. Mature males are smaller than females and have prominent posterior serrae on the pectoral spine and articulated segments of the first pectoral-fin element. The shape and number of these serrae are also diagnostic for some species.     

Morphological redescription and neotype designation of Sulcospira paludiformis (Yen, 1939) from Hainan,China

Semisulcospira paludiformis, collected from Hainan Island, China, was described by Yen in 1939. While the type specimens of S. paludiformis were destroyed in World War II, the systematic classification of this species has remained dubious because of the lack of further study. In 2015 we collected fresh specimens from near the type locality, based on which we have described the morphology and have designated a neotype. The anatomy shows that the species belongs to the genus Sulcospira Troschel, 1858 (family Pachychilidae).     

Resupinate basidiomycetes from Costa Rica. New or rare species of Atractiellales (Auriculariales s.l.), Exidiaceae, Sirobasidiaceae y Tremellaceae

Species of Atractiellales (Auriculariaceae s.l.), Exidaceae, Sirobasidaceae and Tremellaceae are reported as new for Costa Rica or as new to science, Tremella coalescens L.S. Olive, Sirobasidium minutum Kisim., Oberw. & Gómez sp. nov., Heterochaete vitrea Kisim., Oberw. & Gómez sp. nov., Exidiopsis mucedinea (Pat.) K. Wells, Helicogloea aurea Baker, Saccoblastia sphaerospora M?ller and Occultifur internus (L.S. Olive) Oberw. All the new species are described and illustrated. Since the original material collected in Brazil by M?ller is lost, a neotype for Saccoblastia sphaerospora M?ller is proposed. This Costa Rican collection represents the first record since the discovery of the species in 1891. Hyphoderma argillaceum (Bres.) Donk is reported for the first time from Costa Rica as the fungal host of Occultifur internus.     

A neotype and 2 topotypes for Bola chaptis Hamilton, 1822 (Pisces, Sciaenidae)

Hamilton (1822) described and figured Bola chaptis from the River Ganges, but left no type material. Trewavas & Talwar (1972, p. 11) have described a species that they believe identical with B. chaptis and placed it in the genus Bahaba Herre. Since their specimens came from Burma they did not propose a neotype from among them. During the course of a taxonomic study of the family Sciaenidae, 3 well-preserved specimens in the collections of the Zoological Survey of India were recognized by us as the same species. They were collected by the junior author at Chinsura in the Hooghly estuary during September 1954. This discovery supports the decision of Trewavas and Talwar to use Hamilton's name and after consultation with Dr Trewavas we have decided to select one of these specimens as neotype of Bahaba chaptis (Hamilton).     

RESTUDY OF SHANTUNGOSUCHUS BRACHYCEPHALUS YOUNG, 1982

ThreespecieshavebeenreferredtoShantungosuchustodate.ThetypespeciesS.chuhsienensis(Young,1961)isrepresentedbyanarticulatedskeletonpreservedasanimpressionofitsventralsurface.S.hangjinensiswasrecentlydescribedbyWuetal.(1994)onthebasisofanincompleteskull(withthemandible)andthepartofthepostcranialskeleton.ThethirdspeciesisS.brachycephalus,whichwillberestudiedinthepresentpaper'sbrachycephaluswaserectedbyYoungforaspecimen,consistingofpartialskullandsomepostcranialelements(V4020).Itwaspublishedinon…     

Revision of the Cales noacki species complex (Hymenoptera,Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae)

The genus Cales (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) includes 13 species worldwide, of which 10 form a highly morphologically uniform species complex with a native range in the Neotropical region. We recognize ten species previously attributed to a single Neotropical species, Cales noacki Howard, which in the strict sense is a species broadly disseminated to control woolly whitefly. A neotype is designated for C. noacki, and it is redescribed based on specimens molecularly determined to be conspecific with the neotype. Newly described species include: C. bicolor Mottern, n.sp ., C. breviclava Mottern, n.sp ., C. brevisensillum Mottern n.sp ., C. curvigladius Mottern, n.sp ., C. longiseta Mottern, n.sp ., C. multisensillum Mottern n.sp ., C. noyesi Mottern, n.sp ., C. parvigladius Mottern, n.sp . and C. rosei Mottern, n.sp . Species are delimited based on a combination of morphological and molecular data (28S‐D2 rDNA and COI). Additional specimens are included in the phylogenetic analyses and although these likely represent several new species, we lack sufficient specimen sampling to describe them at this time. Cales are highly morphologically conserved and character‐poor, resulting in several cryptic species. A molecular phylogeny of the known Neotropical species based on 28S‐D2–5 rDNA and a 390‐bp segment of COI is included, and identification keys to males and females are provided. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7FEB0479‐9B2E‐48E8‐8603‐4B7C2759D4EC .