我国对3种外来入侵植物的利用

主要介绍了我国在防治生物入侵时,对水葫芦、紫茎泽兰、互花米草等入侵植物的综合利用.     

Morphophysiological investigations in some dominant alien invasive weeds

Abstract

The campus of the University of Pune represents a unique deciduous forest ecosystem as it is highly dominated by an introduced shrub Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. This campus shows rich herbaceous phytodiversity of native and invasive plants. At present most of the alien weeds are suppressing the native diversity. The morphological and ecophysiological studies clearly revealed their faster growth and biomass production rate, very high reproductive abilities and tolerance to different biotic and abiotic stresses leading to successful invasions. This might be ascribed to their richness in different types of allelochemicals like triterpenes, phenols, steroids, flavonoids bitter principles along with the osmolytes like proline, glycine betaine. This subsequently creates an inhospitable environment to native plants and threatens their survival causing an inception of biodiversity losses. The present attempt may provide some clues to understand the mechanism of their invasion and dominance.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal status of some Kashmir Himalayan alien invasive plants

In view of the recently reported role of arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) in plant invasions, we examined 63 alien plant species representing 26 families, collected from diverse habitat types in the Kashmir Himalaya, India, for the extent and type of their AM association. Based on the percent AM fungal root length colonization (% RLC), the investigated plants were categorized into five classes (class A = 0–5% RLC, class B = 6–25%, class C = 26–50%, class D = 51–75%, and class E = 76–100%). The number of species belonging to each of these classes was 7, 6, 22, 19, and 9, respectively. The AM colonization in 33 plant species was of Arum-type, 18 species was of Paris-type, and eight species harbored an intermediate type. Such baseline information on a large number of alien plants inhabiting diverse habitats in different biogeographical regions is needed for elucidating the role of AM fungi in alien plant invasions.     

Allelopathic potential of two invasive alien Ludwigia spp.

The allelopathic potential of two invasive alien Ludwigia [Onagraceae: L. peploides (Kunth) Raven and L. grandiflora (Michaux) Greuter and Burdet], that have developed quasi-monotypic stands in many aquatic ecosystems in France, was investigated. Since allelopathy involves the release of compounds into the environment, the water of monospecific experimental cultures was directly tested against two target species: Lactuca sativa L., the standard cultivar for bioassays, and Nasturtium officinale R. Brown, a resistant and widespread native hydrophyte. The treatment was carried out at the three main phases of development of both Ludwigia in February, May and August. For each experiment, the germination, mortality and culture yield percentages, the seedling growth (radicle and hypocotyl elongation) and the health of 15-day-old-seedlings were measured. The water of each Ludwigia tank induced: (1) a decrease in germination for watercress in August (control: 68.6%, L. peploides: 48.6%, L. grandiflora: 61.1%); (2) an increase in mortality in May only for watercress (control: 3.4%, L. peploides: 13.5%, L. grandiflora: 12%) and in August for both target species (up to 22.3% vs. 3% for lettuce and 27% vs. 12.5% for watercress); (3) a disturbance of seedling elongation for lettuce in all seasons; and (4) a seedling chlorosis of both target species, particularly in May and August. This study showed that L. peploides and L. grandiflora possess an allelopathic activity that influences the water quality throughout the year. Combined with the various competitive attributes, allelopathy may contribute to the great success of these two invasive Ludwigia in Europe. In threatened wetland communities of the Mediterranean area, in particular, allelopathy might have an important impact by diminishing the seedling survival of the most vulnerable species.     

New records of endoparasitic helminths in alien invasive fishes from the Carpathian region

Six non-native invasive fish species from the Slovak part of the Tisa River basin, namely Carassius gibelio, Pseudorasbora parva, Ameiurus melas, A. nebulosus, Lepomis gibbosus, Perccottus glenii, and three gobiid species from the Danube River, namely Neogobius melanostomus, N. fluviatilis and N. kessleri, were investigated for endohelminth parasites. The expanding Asian cestode Nippotaenia mogurndae (syn. Amurotaenia perccotti) (Nippotaeniidea) has been introduced to Europe with its invasive host P. glenii. Pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus, is a new definitive host of Proteocephalus percae and it is reported as the second intermediate host of the bothriocephalidean cestode Triaenophorus nodulosus in Slovakia.     

外来入侵杂草假高梁的化感潜力

利用种子萌发和幼苗生长的生测方法研究了假高粱(Sorghum halepense(L.)Pers.)对3种农作物小麦、玉米和棉花的化感潜力,并进行化感作用的评价.结果表明:假高粱能够抑制作物种子萌发和幼苗生长,其化感作用强度随浓度升高而增强,随时间而降低;其中对小麦种子萌发率在第3天时0.1 g·ml-1浓度下抑制强度达40.4%,第20天时相同浓度下已经丧失化感活性;第3天和第10天时对作物幼苗生长有抑制作用,第20天时对3种作物幼苗生长均无影响;假高梁的化感潜力可能是其成功入侵的原因之一.     

Predicting the potential distribution of the alien invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) in Brazil

The non-native invasive anuran Lithobates catesbeianus is presently distributed in Brazil, especially in the Atlantic Rainforest biodiversity hotspot. Here, we use a maximum entropy ecological niche modeling algorithm (i) to model the North American native geographic distribution of this species and (ii) to project that model onto the whole of Brazil. After applying a threshold value that balances commission and omission errors, the projection results suggested high probabilities of occurrence mostly in southern and southeastern Brazil. We also present the first report on the species known distribution in Brazil, showing good agreement with model predictions. If the predictive map is interpreted as depicting invasiveness potential of L. catesbeianus, strategies to prevent further invasion in Brazil should be focused especially in the Atlantic Rainforest biodiversity hotspot.     

Ecological niche modelling of an invasive alien plant and its potential biological control agents

Invasive alien plants are of concern in South Africa. Pompom weed (Campuloclinium macrocephalum) is currently invading the Grassland and Savannah biomes of South Africa and is likely to continue spreading in the southern African sub- region. Two possible biological control agents (Liothrips tractabilis and Cochylis campuloclinium) have been identified for control of pompom weed. We used ecological niche modelling to predict which areas in southern Africa are likely to be suitable for pompom weed and the two potential biological control agents. The overlap between areas predicted to be highly suitable for pompom weed and areas suitable for the biological control agents was assessed. Methods of reducing sampling bias in a data set used for calibrating models were also compared. Finally, the performance of models calibrated using only native range data, only invaded range data and both were also compared. Models indicate that pompom weed is likely to spread across a greater region of southern Africa than it currently occupies, with the Savannah and Grassland biomes being at greatest risk of invasion. Poor overlap was found between the areas predicted to be highly suitable for pompom weed and those areas predicted to be suitable for the biological control agents. However, models of the potential distribution of the biological control agents are interpreted with caution due to the very small sample size of the data set used to calibrate the models. Models calibrated using both native range and invaded range data were found to perform best whilst models calibrated using only native range data performed the worst. There was little difference found between models that were calibrated using spatially reduced (selecting only one record per 30 min grid cell) and randomly reduced (randomly selecting 50% of available records) biased data sets.     

Challenges and trade-offs in the management of invasive alien trees

Over 430 alien tree species worldwide are known to be invasive, and the list is growing as more tree species are moved around the world and become established in novel environments. Alien trees can simultaneously bring many benefits and cause substantial environmental harm, very often leading to conflicts over how they should be managed. The impacts grow over time as invasions spread, and societal perceptions of the value of alien trees also change as understanding grows and as values shift. This leads to a dynamic environment in which trade-offs are required to maximise benefits and minimise harm. The management of alien tree populations needs to be strategic and adaptive, combining all possible management interventions to promote the sustainable delivery of optimal outcomes. We use examples, mainly from South Africa (where issues relating to invasive alien trees introduced for forestry have received most attention), to argue for holistic and collaborative approaches to alien tree management. Such approaches need to include bold steps, such as phasing out unsustainable plantation forestry that is based on highly invasive species, and in which the costs are externalised. Furthermore, it would be advisable to impose much stricter controls on the introduction of alien trees to new environments, so that problems that would arise from subsequent invasions can be avoided.     

The potential for biological control of invasive alien aquatic weeds in Europe: a review

A retrospective analysis shows that invasive, alien, free-floating and emergent aquatic weeds in Europe are good targets for classical biological control, and that genus-specific chrysomelid and curculionid beetles offer the most potential. Ludwigia spp., Azolla filiculoides, Lemna minuta, Crassula helmsii and Hydrocotyle ranunculoides should be prioritised as targets. Fungal pathogens have been under-utilised as classical agents but, whilst they may have some potential against free-floating weeds, they appear to be poor candidates against submerged species, although the suitability of arthropod agents against these difficult targets still merits investigation. The use of indigenous pathogens as inundative agents (mycoherbicides) shows some promise.     

Modelling the damage costs of invasive alien species

Biological Invasions - The rate of biological invasions is growing unprecedentedly, threatening ecological and socioeconomic systems worldwide. Quantitative understandings of invasion temporal...     

Ecological effects and management of invasive alien Vespidae

Insect species associated with human goods continue to be accidentally introduced into new locations. A small proportion of these introduced species become invasive, causing a range of impacts in the receiving community. It is therefore important to evaluate the patterns of which species become invasive and which strategies are most successful in managing them. This review assesses the distribution, abundance, impact and management of the invasive Vespidae worldwide. We identified 34 vespid species known to be introduced around the world, but the seven most invasive species are all eusocial. Most introduced Vespidae only occur in one or two countries, but some areas have become geographic hotspots of invasion: Hawaii (15 species), North America (eight species), New Zealand (five species), Australia (four species) and South America (four species). Two invasive species, Vespula vulgaris and V. germanica have become particularly widespread and abundant with a range of impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Other successful invasive species include several Polistes spp., which affect local biodiversity through direct predation or competition for food or space. Toxic baiting has been the most successful control strategy against invasive vespids to date, although this has mostly been small scale experimental management as it has proved difficult to develop commercial control products. Development of shelf-stable lures or baits combined with suitable toxins or pathogens could overcome some of the commercial impediments. Several attempts at biological control using parasitoids have not successfully reduced invasive wasp populations, although the biocontrol agent has only established in one case. The social structure of colonies and their high reproductive efficiency have facilitated invasion by these species, but it also means management at the population level will be difficult. This emphasises the need to prevent such invasions from occurring in the first place.     

苏州地区外来入侵植物组成及分布

为了解苏州外来入侵植物的种类组成及分布概况,对苏州地区6个县市(包括常熟、昆山、苏州、太仓、吴江和张家港)26个样点内不同生境中的外来入侵植物进行了调查分析.调查结果显示:每个样点有外来人侵植物7～25种,平均每个样点有17.9种.在26个样点中观察到外来入侵植物57种,隶属于19科45属;其中菊科(Compositae)种类最多(23种),占总种数的40.4％;豆科(Leguminosae)、玄参科(Scrophulariaceae)、禾本科(Poaceae)、伞形科(Apiaceae)、苋科(Amaranthaceae)和旋花科(Convolvulaceae)种类也较多.原产于北美洲和欧洲的种类分别有20和12种,分别占总种数的35.1％和21.0％;还有17种原产于美洲的其他区域,少数种类原产于非洲、西亚和地中海地区.在57种外来入侵植物中,草本植物有55种,非多年生植物有44种,分别占总种数的96.5％和77.2％.有18种的频度超过50％,其中加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)和一年蓬[Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.]的频度最高,分别达到96.15％和92.31％,且多度等级均属于极多级(Soc);空心莲子草[ Ahernanthera philoxeroides( Mart.) Griseb.]和白车轴草(Trifolium repens L.)的频度也均在80％以上,且多度等级也属于极多级(Soc).调查结果表明:苏州地区外来植物入侵现象比较严重.     

黑龙江省外来入侵植物的种类组成

近年来,黑龙江省外来入侵植物种类呈逐渐增多趋势。为摸清本地区外来入侵植物状况,我们于2008年6月至2010年10月对原产地在国外、已经在黑龙江省内自然或半自然生态系统建立种群、威胁或者破坏当地经济和生态环境的植物种类(包括种下分类单位)进行了全面调查。根据实地调查和文献资料,我们给出了目前黑龙江省外来入侵植物名录,对它们的原产地、引入途径以及区系成分等进行了分析。黑龙江省目前共有外来入侵植物41种,隶属于17科35属,以菊科种类为最多,有12种,占外来入侵植物总种数的29.3%,并且它们以草本植物为主,共39种,占95.1%。从来源地来看,来自美洲、欧洲的种类分别为22种和14种,占外来入侵植物总种数的53.7%和34.2%。从传入途径看,基本上为有意或无意引入(40种,占97.6%)。本区外来入侵植物属的区系成分共包括9个分布区类型,其中温带成分占明显优势,共17属,占68.0%。根据对黑龙江省外来植物的入侵现状及有效防治进行的探讨,我们建议实行具有地域特色的外来物种引进风险评估制度。     

Essential elements of online information networks on invasive alien species

In order to be effective, information must be placed in the proper context and organized in a manner that is logical and (preferably) standardized. Recently, invasive alien species (IAS) scientists have begun to create online networks to share their information concerning IAS prevention and control. At a special networking session at the Beijing International Symposium on Biological Invasions, an online Eastern Asia–North American IAS Information Network (EA–NA Network) was proposed. To prepare for the development of this network, and to provide models for other regional collaborations, we compare four examples of global, regional, and national online IAS information networks: the Global Invasive Species Information Network, the Invasives Information Network of the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network, the Chinese Species Information System, and the Invasive Species Information Node of the US National Biological Information Infrastructure. We conclude that IAS networks require a common goal, dedicated leaders, effective communication, and broad endorsement, in order to obtain sustainable, long-term funding and long-term stability. They need to start small, use the experience of other networks, partner with others, and showcase benefits. Global integration and synergy among invasive species networks will succeed with contributions from both the top-down and the bottom-up.