新的热带假丝酵母载体-宿主系统的建立

热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)是一种可以利用多种非糖碳源代谢的微生物,在石油发酵、石油化工生产领域已得到长期应用^[1]。随着分子生物学研究技术的发展。通过代谢工程技术改变热带假丝酵母的代谢途径和流向．发展出能够把石油中的烃类物质发酵转化成各种重要化工原料、中间体的新型生产菌株,已普遍受到国内外研究机构的重视。另一方面,热带假丝酵母具有细胞生长密度高,分泌蛋白能力强等特点,可以发展成一个重要的异源蛋白表达体系。建立稳定高效的热带假丝酵母载体一宿主系统是实现上述构想的前提和关键。迄今为止,在热带假丝酵母细胞内尚未发现能游离于染色体外自主复制的天然质粒存在。目前已有20余种热带假丝酵母基因被克隆和鉴定。大部分与热带假丝酵母的氧化代谢过程有关,其中5个过氧物酶体蛋白基因的结构和2个细胞色素P450系统基因的表达调控规律巳被阐明^[2-5],与DNA复制过程有关的基因或功能序列均未见报道。本文研究和探索Candida属其他微生物基因元件在热带假酵母中的功能作用,选用热带假丝酵母细胞色素P450单加氧酶基因的启动子和侧翼调控序列^[3],构建了一套新的热带假丝酵母载体一宿主系统,并成功地表达了小鼠CYPlAl基因。     

棉蚜细胞色素P450 CYP6J1的克隆与表达

为了深入了解细胞色素P450 CYP6J1蛋白的结构和功能,本实验克隆获得了棉蚜Aphis gossypii P450CYP6J1基因,对该基因进行信息学及原核表达分析,通过SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白的表达结果,并用Western-blot进行验证。结果表明,P450 CYP6J1序列长1 398 bp,编码氨基酸数为465,理论分子量为53.67 k D,理论等电点为8.80。氨基酸序列分析表明该序列具有完整的开放阅读框,且没有信号肽。同源性分析表明,棉蚜c DNA序列推导的氨基酸与豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum的保守性最为接近,一致性可达92%。在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21中表达获得的His-CYP6J1蛋白,并用Western-blot检测目的蛋白大小正确。这些研究结果为棉蚜P450 CYP6J1多克隆抗体制备提供了基础。     

苹果蠹蛾细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19和CYP337B19的克隆及表达分析

【目的】本研究旨在通过克隆苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19和CYP337B19,并对其进行序列和表达分析,以更好地了解这两个P450基因在植物次生物质解毒方面的作用,为进一步的功能研究提供依据。【方法】采用本地BLAST搜索苹果蠹蛾转录组数据库获得细胞色素P450基因cDNA序列,采用RT-PCR技术克隆目的基因的编码区。利用生物信息学软件分析目的基因的序列特征及与其他近缘物种的P450基因的系统进化关系。采用RT-qPCR技术测定目的基因在苹果蠹蛾不同发育阶段(卵、1-5龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)、4龄幼虫不同组织(头部、表皮、脂肪体、中肠和马氏管)以及4龄幼虫分别取食添加0.1%香豆素和0.5%槲皮素的人工饲料2 d后的表达水平。【结果】克隆获得苹果蠹蛾细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19(GenBank登录号: MF574708)和CYP337B19(GenBank登录号: MF574697)的全长cDNA序列,开放阅读框(ORF)分别长1 518和1 491 bp,分别编码505和496个氨基酸,其蛋白质分子量分别为58.586和57.734 kD,理论等电点分别为8.99和7.61。结构域分析显示,CYP332A19和CYP337B19中均包含包括血色素结合区在内的5个保守的细胞色素P450结构域。系统发育树显示,苹果蠹蛾CYP332A19与苹淡褐卷蛾Epighyas postvittana CYP332A9等CYP332A基因聚在一枝,而CYP337B19与稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis CYP337B12和六星灯蛾Zygaena filipendulae CYP337B11等CYP337B基因聚在另一枝。RT-qPCR分析结果表明,CYP332A19和CYP337B19在苹果蠹蛾幼虫期的表达水平高于卵期的,分别在4龄幼虫脂肪体和中肠中的表达量最高。取食分别含0.1%香豆素和0.5%槲皮素的人工饲料2 d后,4龄幼虫体内的CYP332A19和CYP337B19相对表达量显著高于对照组(取食含2%DMSO的人工饲料)。【结论】CYP332A19和CYP332B19分别在苹果蠹蛾幼虫脂肪体和中肠中高表达,且在取食含香豆素和槲皮素的人工饲料的苹果蠹蛾幼虫体内表达量升高,说明这两个基因可能参与苹果蠹蛾对外源物质的解毒代谢过程。本研究的结果有助于我们了解苹果蠹蛾对寄主次生物质解毒代谢机理,为苹果蠹蛾防治提供新思路。     

产甘油假丝酵母TRP1基因的克隆与功能分析

产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes) WL2002-5 是我国发酵甘油生产菌种, 具有高产甘油和耐高渗透压的优良性能。本文采用遗传互补的方法从产甘油假丝酵母基因文库中克隆了TRP1基因(CgTRP1)。序列分析显示, 该基因编码区全长735 bp, 编码的磷酸核糖氨基苯甲酸同分异构酶(CgPRAI)氨基酸序列与其他酵母来源的PRAI蛋白同源性在32.9%~49.2%之间。功能互补实验显示, CgTRP1基因在高拷贝情况下可以互补酿酒酵母trp1基因功能但在低拷贝情况下只能部分互补酿酒酵母trp1基因功能, 是一条功能明确、结构完整的酵母新基因。在CgTRP1 基因下游发现另一蛋白编码基因, 编码的氨基酸序列与酵母无机焦磷酸酶有很高的相似性。     

刺五加细胞色素P450基因的克隆与表达分析

根据已报道的人参、三七等植物的细胞色素P450(Cytochrome P450,P450)基因的cDNA序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR法克隆刺五加P450基因的cDNA全长序列,并分析其在不同生长发育时期和器官中的表达情况。结果显示,克隆了全长为1 410 bp的刺五加P450基因的cDNA序列,该基因编码469个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质。GenBank登录号为KF498590,与人参、三七的P450氨基酸序列一致性分别为91.5%和90.4%。刺五加的P450基因在不同生长发育时期和器官中均有表达,但表达量具有显著差异(P0.05)。最大表达量出现在盛花期,为最低表达量(萌芽期)的1.26倍。各器官中,叶片的表达量最高,是最低量幼茎的1.49倍。     

马尾松细胞分裂素羟化酶基因PmCYP735A克隆与表达分析

该文首次在针叶树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)中采用cDNA末端快速克隆(RACE)技术克隆,并鉴定出1个CYP735A基因。结果表明:马尾松CYP735A基因(PmCYP735A) cDNA全长为1 744 bp,包括1 647 bp的开放阅读框,44 bp的5'端非翻译区和53 bp的3'端非翻译区。该基因编码蛋白由548个氨基酸残基组成,其二级结构含有丰富的α-螺旋和无规则卷曲。该基因编码蛋白不含跨膜区域,且无信号肽酶切位点,在399～406个和475～484个氨基酸残基存在P450超家族保守特征序列ETLRLYP(ExxRxxP)和血红素结合区域(Heme-binding region) FSFGPRKCVG (FxxGxRxCxG)。系统进化树分析表明,马尾松PmCYP735A与水稻、玉米、拟南芥CYP735A蛋白归属于同一小的进化枝,可可、毛果杨、麻风树和橡胶树等的CYP735A同源蛋白相对集中的定位于另一进化分支。实时定量PCR检测发现,PmCYP735A基因在马尾松根和茎中的表达量显著高于叶,该基因响应外源生长素NAA诱导表达,随着诱导时间呈现先上升再下降的表达趋势。以上结果有助于深入探究CYP735A基因家族的生物学功能及其在物种间的表达调控异同,为进一步挖掘马尾松优异基因资源奠定基础。     

褐飞虱细胞色素P450单加氧酶基因CYP4CE1的克隆及表达谱

为了解P450基因在褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens适应水稻品种过程中的重要作用,利用反转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）,快速扩增cDNA末端（RACE）和长距离聚合酶链式反应（LD-PCR）技术,克隆了褐飞虱4龄若虫的CYP4家族的一个P450单加氧酶基因,被命名为CYP4CE1。该基因的全长cDNA序列（2 160 bp）含有一个1 626 bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,编码541个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。通过GenBank数据库中的blastx搜索引擎进行同源性分析,结果表明CYP4CE1编码的蛋白与岸蟹 Carcinus maenas的CYP4C39（GenBank登录号：JC8026）的相似性最高,两者的氨基酸序列同源性达43％;其次与热带蟑螂 Blaberus discoidalis的CYP4C1（AAA27819）及黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的CYP4C3（NP_524598）的相似性也较高,氨基酸序列同源性分别达42％。氨基酸序列比对表明该蛋白含有CYP4家族成员的所有保守特征序列,如螺旋K（E--R--P）,氧结合结构域即螺旋I（AG--T）,血红素结合区（PF--G---C-G--F）以及CYP4成员的特有特征序列（EVDTFMFEGHDTT）等。使用Northern杂交检测CYP4CE1随时间的表达变化,结果表明：与饲养于感虫水稻台中1号（Taichung Native 1,TN1）上的若虫相比,在取食中度抗性水稻Minghui 63（MH63）秧苗12,24,48,72 h的各时间段的褐飞虱体内,该基因有2.1倍的过量表达且表达水平保持稳定。进一步通过Northern杂交检测该基因的组织表达特异性,结果显示：该基因在取食TN1秧苗的若虫脂肪体中表达量最高,在肠道组织及体壁中的表达水平较低;褐飞虱取食MH63秧苗24 h后,该基因在体壁及脂肪体中的表达量略有上升（各约1.2倍）,而在肠道组织中的表达量则大幅升高（约12倍）。肠道整体原位杂交表明,CYP4CE1在取食TN1秧苗的若虫的肠道组织及马氏管中均有本底水平的表达;若虫取食MH63秧苗后,该基因在上述肠道各区段表达水平明显增强。结果提示,在褐飞虱与水稻互作过程中CYP4CE1的重要功能之一可能是参与水稻有毒次生物质的代谢。     

唐鱼细胞色素P450 1A基因cDNA克隆及分析

鱼类细胞色素P450 1A(CYP1A)基因作为一种有效的生物标志物已被广泛应用于环境污染物的评价,唐鱼在水环境污染监测中有较好的应用优势,为建立唐鱼在水环境的检测的有效生物标志物方法,本研究对其CYP1A基因进行克隆。利用RT-PCR法扩增出一条651bp的唐鱼CYP1A基因cDNA片段,该片段与其他物种的CYP1A基因具有很高的相似性。在此基础上进行5'端扩增和3'RACE获得了唐鱼CYP1A基因的全长cDNA序列,其长度为2177bp,其中编码区长1566bp,编码521个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,推测该蛋白质分子量大小为58.5kDa,理论等电点为5.65。所得序列具有CYP1A分子的主要特征和功能域,包括亚铁血红素结合区、酶功能所需的精氨酸密码子和终止密码子。推导出的氨基酸序列与斑马鱼、底鳉、虹鳟、大西洋鳕、人、鼠等脊椎动物同源性分别为87.7%、70.1%、76.2%、62.2%、54.5%、55.7%。     

家蚕P450基因CYP18A1的克隆、序列分析及转录活性

蜕皮激素对昆虫生长、发育和繁殖有重要调控作用,尤其对蜕皮和变态过程。利用GenBank上登录的蜕皮激素C₂₆羟基化酶候选基因CYP18A1的氨基酸序列对家蚕Bombyx mori全基因组数据库进行BLASTP比对,发现了家蚕直向同源基因(ortholog),其完全编码序列经RT-PCR检测和克隆、测序验证后,再以此为信息探针检索家蚕表达序列标签(expressed sequence tags,EST)数据库进行拼接延伸,获得了一条包括5′非翻译区在内的长度为1 737 bp的cDNA序列,验证结果也表明与电子克隆序列完全一致(GenBank登录号为EF421988,P450命名委员会将其命名为CYP18A1)。该基因的开放阅读框为1 623 bp,编码541个氨基酸,含有包括P450s特征结构域在内的所有昆虫P450基因的5个保守结构域,其推定的分子量为61.67 kD,等电点为 8.54。将该基因cDNA序列与家蚕基因组序列进行比对,结果表明该基因具有6个外显子,5个内含子,外显子／内含子边界符合经典的GT-AG规则。同源性分析也发现家蚕CYP18A1与其他昆虫的直向同源基因具有较高相似性。用RT-PCR方法对家蚕主要发育变态时期与组织进行检测,显示出该基因的转录表达不仅具有时空特异性,而且在表达时期上与已报道的蚕体内蜕皮激素含量变化有紧密的一致性。该研究进一步证实了CYP18A1基因与昆虫体内蜕皮激素代谢平衡相关联。     

两种泥鳅芳香化酶基因的克隆与时空表达

鱼类的性别分化易受发育环境的影响。向性成熟的泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅个体注射绒毛膜促性腺激素,获得卵子和精子进行人工授精。把胚胎分别置于20℃、25℃和30℃条件下,使其发育。经性腺检查发现随着温度的升高两种泥鳅中雄性个体所占的比例明显升高,获得明显的偏雄比率群体。根据已知细胞色素P450芳香化酶CYP19 b基因序列设计嵌套简并引物用巢式PCR扩增并克隆出了两种泥鳅的CYP19 b的DNA片段。MaCYP19 b片段和Pd-CYP19 b片段分别长1337bp和1473bp。在此基础上用各自的特异引物克隆出两种泥鳅CYP19 b的相应cDNA片段。通过基因组DNA和cDNA序列的比较证明两种泥鳅的CYP19 b基因均包含三个内含子和四个外显子,编码的蛋白质序列长145氨基酸残基。以GAPDH基因为对照,分别对两种泥鳅成体组织和不同发育阶段的胚胎的CYP19 b进行了半定量RT-PCR表达分析,结果表明泥鳅CYP19 b基因只在成体泥鳅卵巢、肾以及原肠胚和神经胚中表达。大鳞副泥鳅CYP19 b基因在成体的脑、卵巢和肾以及神经胚和卵黄吸收期表达。这些结果为揭示细胞色素P450芳香化酶基因与环境性别决定机制的关系奠定了基础。       

Characterization of a second alkane-inducible cytochrome P450-encoding gene, CYP52A2, from Candida tropicalis

A second alkane-inducible cytochrome P450-encoding gene (CYP52A2) from the yeast Candida tropicalis was sequenced and characterized. CYP52A2 is located 1 kb upstream from CYP52A1, the previously characterized P450 gene [Sanglard and Loper, Gene 76 (1989) 121-136] and shows the same orientation. Like CYP52A1, CYP52A2 is induced by growth on alkane. Both promoter regions share repeats of the sequence CATGTGAA that could be of importance for the induction of the two genes. At the amino acid level, alk2 shows an overall identity of 68.2% and an overall similarity of 81.6% to alk1. Regions of high homology between the two proteins are found in the distal and proximal heme binding sites which contain the highly conserved cysteine residue as the fifth ligand to the heme iron. However, marked differences between the two proteins exist at their N-terminal end, which includes the transmembrane domain, and at the putative substrate-binding domain. Upon expression of CYP52A2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alk2 was shown to hydroxylate hexadecane, but had no hydroxylation activity towards lauric acid, whereas alk1 showed both activities. Comparative immunoblots demonstrate that neither alk1 nor alk2 expressed in S. cerevisiae corresponds to the main cytochrome P450 present in C. tropicalis when grown on alkane.     

Transformation of fatty acids catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzymes of Candida tropicalis

Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336 can grow on fatty acids or alkanes as its sole source of carbon and energy, but strains blocked in beta-oxidation convert these substrates to long-chain alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acids (diacids), compounds of potential commercial value (Picataggio et al., Biotechnology 10:894-898, 1992). The initial step in the formation of these diacids, which is thought to be rate limiting, is omega-hydroxylation by a cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase. C. tropicalis ATCC 20336 contains a family of CYP genes, and when ATCC 20336 or its derivatives are exposed to oleic acid (C(18:1)), two cytochrome P450s, CYP52A13 and CYP52A17, are consistently strongly induced (Craft et al., this issue). To determine the relative activity of each of these enzymes and their contribution to diacid formation, both cytochrome P450s were expressed separately in insect cells in conjunction with the C. tropicalis cytochrome P450 reductase (NCP). Microsomes prepared from these cells were analyzed for their ability to oxidize fatty acids. CYP52A13 preferentially oxidized oleic acid and other unsaturated acids to omega-hydroxy acids. CYP52A17 also oxidized oleic acid efficiently but converted shorter, saturated fatty acids such as myristic acid (C(14:0)) much more effectively. Both enzymes, in particular CYP52A17, also oxidized omega-hydroxy fatty acids, ultimately generating the alpha,omega-diacid. Consideration of these different specificities and selectivities will help determine which enzymes to amplify in strains blocked for beta-oxidation to enhance the production of dicarboxylic acids. The activity spectrum also identified other potential oxidation targets for commercial development.     

CYP52 (cytochrome P450alk) multigene family in Candida maltosa: molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the two tandemly arranged genes

Southern blot analysis under low-stringency conditions using a previously isolated n-alkane-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450alk) gene as a probe revealed the presence of multiple P450alk-related genes in the genome of Candida maltosa. Nine P450alk-related genes (one reported previously and eight in the present report) were isolated from a genomic library constructed from this strain, and these were classified on the basis of sequence similarities into three pairs of putative allelic genes and three nonallelic genes. Two pairs of these alleles were tandemly arranged in the genome. The complete nucleotide sequences of one of these pairs were determined and compared to other members of this P450 family (CYP52) in C. maltosa and C. tropicalis. Northern blot analysis further showed that these genes were regulated by carbon sources. These results provide evidence for a P450alk (CYP52) multigene family in C. maltosa.     

Isolation and sequence analysis of P450 genes from a pyrethroid resistant colony of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus.

Pyrethroid resistance has been demonstrated in populations of Anopheles funestus from South Africa and southern Mozambique. Resistance is associated with elevated P450 monooxygenase enzymes. In this study, degenerate primers based on conserved regions of Anopheles gambiae P450 CYP4, 6 and 9 families were used to amplify genomic and cDNA templates from A. funestus. A total of 12 CYP4, 12 CYP6 and 7 CYP9 partial genes have been isolated and sequenced. BLAST results revealed that A. funestus P450s generally have a high sequence identity to A. gambiae with above 75% identity at the amino acid level. The exception is CYP9J14. The A. gambiae P450 showing highest identity to CYP9J14 exhibits only 55% identity suggesting that CYP9J14 may have arisen from a recent duplication event. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequences also supported this hypothesis. Intron positions, but not size, were highly conserved between the two species. The high level of orthology that exists in the P450 gene families of these two species may facilitate the prediction of individual P450 protein function.     

Hydroxylation of phenol to catechol by Candida tropicalis: involvement of cytochrome P450

Microsomal preparations isolated from yeast Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) grown on three different media with or without phenol were isolated and characterized for the content of cytochrome P450 (CYP) (EC 1.14.15.1). While no CYP was detected in microsomes of C. tropicalis grown on glucose as the carbon source, evidence was obtained for the presence of the enzyme in the microsomes of C. tropicalis grown on media containing phenol. Furthermore, the activity of NADPH: CYP reductase, another enzyme of the microsomal CYP-dependent system, was markedly higher in cells grown on phenol. Microsomes of these cells oxidized phenol. The major metabolite formed from phenol by microsomes of C. tropicalis was characterized by UV/vis absorbance and mass spectroscopy as well as by the chromatographic properties on HPLC. The characteristics are identical to those of catechol. The formation of catechol was inhibited by CO, the inhibitor of CYP, and correlated with the content of cytochrome P450 in microsomes. These results, the first report showing the ring hydroxylation of phenol to catechol with the microsomal enzyme system of C. tropicalis, strongly suggest that CYP-catalyzed reactions are responsible for this hydroxylation. The data demonstrate the progress in resolving the enzymes responsible for the first step of phenol degradation by the C. tropicalis strain.