雾灵山草地早熟禾多胚囊和多胚的研究

无融合生殖是指未经炷卵事例而产生后代的特殊生殖方式,它可以分为单倍体无融合生殖和二倍体无融合生殖;对于作物意义更大的是二倍体无融合生殖。多胚囊和多胚现象ＳＨＩ是无融合生殖的表现形式。本文运用石蜡切片法、子房整体透明法研究了雾灵山草地早熟禾（Ｐｏａ ｐｒａｔｅｎｓｉｓ Ｌ．）多胚囊和多胚现象。结果表明,（１）草地早熟禾多胚囊来源有两种：一是自大孢子母细胞,二是来自珠心细胞;（２）草地早熟禾多 来源有     

草地早熟禾的多胚现象

草地早熟禾的多胚现象母锡金,王伏雄,梁铁兵（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００４４）草地早熟禾（Ｐｏａｐｒａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）无融合生殖的研究历时半个多世纪,近年来又有新的进展（ＢａｓｈａｗａｎｄＨａｎｎａ,１９９０）。为了同水稻“无融合多胚苗”进行比较...     

几种具无融合生殖特性的植物多胚和多苗现象的观察

报道6种具无融合生殖特性的植物种子的胚数和萌发实生苗数的观察结果。金桔(Fortunellamargarita (Lour.)Swingle)、蜜桔(Citrus unshiu Marcoritch)和花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)具珠心胚,含多胚种子频率分别为97.50％、100％和45.00％;多胚种子的胚数范围分别为2～49,3～54和2～6。草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)、滨草(Elymus rectisetus)和湖北海棠(Malus hupehensis(pampon.)Rehd.)具非减数配子体无融合生殖特性,含多胚种子频率依次为34.25％、8.11％和37.50％;前两种的多胚种子中胚数范围为2～3,后者为2～15。蜜桔、草地早熟禾和湖北海棠种子萌发多苗的频率分别为22.00％、6.14％和2.22％。描述了多胚种子中胚的形态、位置和分布。对6种植物含单胚种子的胚的来源进行了分析。初步结论:1.具无融合生殖现象的植物种子含多胚和萌发多苗的特性可作为寻找具无融合生殖特性的植物的形态学指标;2.对其筛选的材料进行大孢子发生、胚囊形成和早期胚胎发育的研究,以期阐明多胚来源和生殖类型。     

草地早熟禾胚胎学研究 Ⅲ．多胚囊及多胚现象

报道了草地早熟禾中多胚囊的起源、发育和结构。在１个胚珠中,大孢子母细胞周围可以有一到多个起源于珠心细胞的胚囊原始细胞,并可以发育成为多胚囊,其中具有两个胚囊的可以发育成为成熟胚囊。起源于珠心的体细胞无孢子生殖胚囊的发育属于山柳菊型。两个成熟胚囊中,都可以形成胚和胚乳,因而形成了具假多胚的种子。位于中部的胚来源于珠心还囊,属于无融合生殖形成的胚。两个以上的多胚囊不能形成成熟胚囊。     

草地早熟禾无融合生殖现象的研究

本文应用石蜡切片和子房整体染色透明法研究了草地早熟禾(Poa pratensisL.)的无融合生殖现象,结果表明,草地早熟禾的胚胎发育分为两种类型。一种是由孤雌生殖形成胚,即卵细胞分裂较早形成幼胚,少数胚囊中的一个或两个助细胞也分裂较早,同时形成幼胚,但两个极核并不融合,三个反足细胞明显增大。由孤雌生殖形成胚的约占观察总数的66%,其中3%为双胚,仅一个是三胚。在成熟种子中也有两个成熟胚并生的现象。另一种是形成胚和胚乳,约占34%。34%中形成种子有两种可能的途径,一是通过有性生殖形成种子,二是由孤雌生殖形成的胚和极核受精形成的胚乳共同组成的无融合生殖种子。本研究还首次观察到早熟禾完整的双胚囊结构。     

几种具有无融合生殖特性的植物多胚和多苗现象的观察

报道６种具无融合生殖特性的植物种子的胚数和萌发实生苗数的观察结果。金桔、密桔、和花椒具珠心胚,含多胚种子频率分别为９７．５％、１００％和５４．００％,多胚种子的胚数范围分别为２￣４９、３￣５４和２￣６。草地早熟禾、滨草和湖北海棠具非减数配子体无融合生殖特性,含多胚种子频率依次为４３．２５％、８．１１％和３７．５０％,前两种的多胚种子中胚数范围为２￣３,后为２￣１５。密桔、草地早熟禾和湖北海棠种子     

龙须草无融合生殖的胚胎学证据

采用石蜡切片技术对龙须草(Eulaliopsis binata(Rotz)C.E.Hubb)进行了系统的胚胎学研究,证明龙须草为禾本科植物中一种新的无融合生殖材料.龙须草无融合生殖方式为无孢子生殖,在胚珠发育早期,多个珠心细胞特化为无孢子生殖原始细胞,由原始细胞发育为单核胚囊,经两次有丝分裂形成4核胚囊,进一步分化形成两种类型的成熟胚囊:(1)具1个卵细胞,1个助细胞和2个极核,占观察总数的67.6%;(2)具1个卵细胞,2个助细胞和1个极核,占观察总数的32.4%.胚囊发育属大黍型.多个无孢子生殖原始细胞可以同时发育,最后形成2个或多个胚囊,其比例为17.7%.胚珠内没有有性胚囊的发育.胚的发生有两种类型:(1)早发生胚(74%),开花前1～2 d,极核未分裂前卵细胞分裂形成胚;(2)迟发生胚(26%),开花后2～3 d,极核分裂形成多个胚乳游离核后,卵细胞启动分裂形成胚.存在多胚现象,多胚来自不同胚囊内卵细胞的孤雌生殖,多胚发生率为13%.胚乳由极核不经受精自发分裂产生.     

龙须草无融合生殖的胚胎学证据

采用石蜡切片技术对龙须草(Eulaliopsisbinata(Rotz)C.E.Hubb)进行了系统的胚胎学研究,证明龙须草为禾本科植物中一种新的无融合生殖材料。龙须草无融合生殖方式为无孢子生殖,在胚珠发育早期,多个珠心细胞特化为无孢子生殖原始细胞,由原始细胞发育为单核胚囊,经两次有丝分裂形成4核胚囊,进一步分化形成两种类型的成熟胚囊:(1)具1个卵细胞,1个助细胞和2个极核,占观察总数的67.6%;(2)具1个卵细胞,2个助细胞和1个极核,占观察总数的32.4%。胚囊发育属大黍型。多个无孢子生殖原始细胞可以同时发育,最后形成2个或多个胚囊,其比例为17.7%。胚珠内没有有性胚囊的发育。胚的发生有两种类型:(1)早发生胚(74%),开花前1~2d,极核未分裂前卵细胞分裂形成胚;(2)迟发生胚(26%),开花后2~3d,极核分裂形成多个胚乳游离核后,卵细胞启动分裂形成胚。存在多胚现象,多胚来自不同胚囊内卵细胞的孤雌生殖,多胚发生率为13%。胚乳由极核不经受精自发分裂产生。     

高粱SSA-1无融合生殖胚胎学研究

经常规石蜡切片法,在光学水平观察了高粱（Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍ ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ （Ｌ．） Ｍｏｅｎｃｈ） ＳＳＡ－１ 无融合生殖的胚胎发生。高粱ＳＳＡ－１ 的无融合生殖为无孢子生殖和二倍体孢子生殖两种类型。两种生殖类型的单核胚囊经３ 次有丝分裂形成７ 细胞（８ 核）的成熟胚囊,由卵细胞、２ 个助细胞、２ 个极核和３ 个反足细胞组成。反足细胞迅速分裂增殖,形成由２０—３０ 个细胞组成的细胞团。此外,还具有一定频率的无孢子生殖多孢原和多胚囊现象。在未授粉情况下,卵细胞自发分裂形成典型的禾本科类型单子叶胚。经切片统计表明,ＳＳＡ－１ 的无融合生殖频率为４２％ ,证明该系为一兼性无融合生殖系。文中还讨论了ＳＳＡ－１ 无融合生殖过程的特点。     

水稻“双－3”多胚发生的研究

叶秀,陈泽濂,黎垣庆 　　水稻ＭＩＶ（双－３、籼稻）传粉后可以有多个花粉管同时进入胚囊．大多数胚囊的合子发育为一个正常的胚,但是有少数合子胚发生裂生并分化形成双胚芽和一胚根．有些胚囊的助细胞和卵细胞同时受精后,分别发育为助细胞胚和合子胚;有些胚囊中的反足细胞团可直接发育为胚．可见“双－３”水稻除有正常合子胚外还存在助细胞胚和反足细胞匹的多胚现象．     

Genome relationships in polyploid Poa pratensis and other Poa species inferred from phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences.

The genus Poa comprises approximately 500 species that occur throughout the world, including the widely grown Kentucky bluegrass (P. pratensis L.). Hybridization and polyploidization have played a prominent role in the evolution of this complex genus, but limited information is available regarding genome relationships in Poa. Thus, we amplified, cloned, and compared the DNA sequences of 2 nuclear genes (CDO504 and thioredoxin-like protein) and 2 chloroplast genome loci (ndhF and trnT-trnF) from 22 Poa species. Four distinct classes of sequences corresponding to 4 putative homoeologous loci from each nuclear gene were found within polyploid P. pratensis. Nuclear sequences from 15 other Poa species were found to group with at least 1 P. pratensis homoeolog, whereas 6 species displayed sequences not present in P. pratensis. The nuclear genome phylogenies presented here show the first evidence of diverse and related genomes in the genus Poa.     

Cytoembryological Studies on Polyembryonic Line SB-1 of Oryza sativa: Polyembryong and Its Origin

Anatomical observations, genetic and cytoembryological studies were conducted to determine the cytological factors in relation to the production of diploid polyembryony within one embryo sac occurring in polyembryonic line SB-1 of O. sativa L. The results showed that the diploid polyembryony in SB-1 was not originated from the fertilization of synergids, but presumably from the megagametophytes with supernumerary egg cells. Potentially polyembryonic megagametophytes at maturity contained either a conventional 3-celled egg apparatus (92.60% of megagametophytes) or the supernumerary eggs forming either a 4-celled (5.2 %) or 5-celled (2.2 %) egg apparatus. In megagametophyte with one additional supernumerary egg cells were almost situated side by side in adjacent to the synergids and recessed from the micropyle, whereas in megagametophyte with two additional supernumerary eggs, one egg cell occupied the conventional possition and the other two lay above the synergids. The arrangement of embryos in polyembryonic caryopsis at various developmental stages was concordant to that of egg cells in megagametophytes with supernumerary eggs. Karyotype analysis showed that most of the twins and triplets were of 2n--2n and 2n-2n-2n respectively. Polyembryony was observed in Fo and F1 caryopsis of cross SB-1 × Malaihong (Malaihong is of non-polyembryony) and in Fl caryopsis of its reciprocal but not in Fo caryopsis. This implies that polyembryony occurring in SB-1 is of a dominant character of embryo sac. Anatomical observations proved that each seedling from twins or triplets was completely independent with no vascular bundle connected with each other. The causes of polyembryony within one embryo sac, the entry of supernumerary sperms and the origin of supernumerary egg cells are discussed.     

The infection process of Colletotrichum graminicola and relative aggressiveness on four turfgrass species

Detached 3-week-old leaves of Agrostis palustris, Lolium perenne, Poa annua, and Poa pratensis were inoculated with conidial suspensions of two isolates of Colletotrichum graminicola obtained from A. palustris. Inoculated leaves were incubated at 23 degrees C under high relative humidity (>95%). The infection process was investigated by light microscopy from 2 to 168 h after inoculation (AI). Spore germination was observed within 2 h AI, appressoria within 6 h AI, and penetration pores within 8 h AI on all four hosts. Infection hyphae were observed inside epidermal cells within 24 h AI on all four hosts, but significantly greater infection was observed in A. palustris and P. annua than in L. perenne or P. pratensis at both 96 and 120 h AI. Acervuli appeared on leaves of A. palustris at 72 h AI and on L. perenne at 96 h AI but were not found on either P. annua or P. pratensis during the first 168 h AI. The infection process was similar to that reported for C. graminicola from other hosts; however, disease development of the two isolates of C. graminicola from A. palustris was faster or fungal growth more extensive on detached leaf tissue of A. palustris than on other turfgrass species tested.     

Partitioning of Electrons between the Cytochrome and Alternative Pathways in Intact Roots

To test the hypothesis that the cytochrome pathway is not invariably saturated when the alternative pathway is engaged, we titrated root respiration of several species with KCN (an inhibitor of the cytochrome pathway), both in the absence and presence of an inhibitor of the alternative pathway (salicylhydroxamic acid, SHAM). The slopes of the resultant KCN [rho] plots ([rho]cyt) were then used to determine whether the cytochrome pathway was saturated in each species. The species used were Festuca ovina ssp. ovina L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., and six Poa species (Poa pratensis L., Poa compressa L., Poa trivialis L., Poa alpina L., Poa costiniana Vick., and Poa fawcettiae Vick.). Although the cytochrome pathway was saturated in a number of species (i.e. [rho]cyt values were 1.0), several others exhibited [rho]cyt values of less than 0.5. Alternative pathway capacity correlated negatively with [rho]cyt, with [rho]cyt values of less than 1.0 occurring in tissues in which the alternative pathway capacity was greater than 25 to 30% of total respiration. The species that did not show full engagement of the cytochrome pathway rarely exhibited SHAM inhibition in the absence of KCN. We conclude that this lack of SHAM inhibition is not due to a lack of alternative pathway engagement but rather to the diversion of electrons from the alternative pathway to the unsaturated cytochrome path following the addition of SHAM.     

森林生态系统健康评估Ⅱ.案例实践

结合样地调查和他人对阔叶红松林生态系统相关指标的研究资料数据,利用健康距离(HD)评估法和上文建立的阔叶红松林生态系统健康评估指标体系框架,对不同人为干扰影响的长白山阔叶红松林生态系统进行系统健康的评估实践.结果按顺序依次为20%强度择伐林0.21<50%强度择伐林0.44<白桦中成林0.67<白桦中幼林0.72<红松人工林0.74<人工落叶松林0.77.     

Comparison of early development of three grasses: Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera and Poa pratensis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To improve the management of grass communities, early plant development was compared in three species with contrasting growth forms, a caespitose (Lolium perenne), a rhizomatous (Poa pratensis) and a caespitose-stoloniferous species (Agrostis stolonifera). METHODS: Isolated seedlings were grown in a glasshouse without trophic constraints for 37 d (761 degrees Cd). The appearance of leaves and their location on tillers were recorded. Leaf appearance rate (LAR) on the tillers and site-filling were calculated. Tillering was modelled based on the assumption that tiller number increases with the number of leaves produced on the seedling main stem. Above- and below-ground parts were harvested to compare biomass. KEY RESULTS: Lolium perenne and A. stolonifera expressed similar bunch-type developments. However, root biomass was approx. 30 % lower in A. stolonifera than in L. perenne. Poa pratensis was rhizomatous. Nevertheless, the ratio of above-ground : below-ground biomass of P. pratensis was similar to that of L. perenne. LAR was approximately equal to 0.30 leaf d(-1) in L. perenne, and on the main stem and first primary tillers of A. stolonifera. LAR on the other tillers of A. stolonifera was 30 % higher than on L. perenne. For P. pratensis, LAR was 30 % lower than on L. perenne, but the interval between the appearance of two successive shoots from rhizomes was 30 % higher than the interval between two successive leaf stages on the main stem. Above-ground parts of P. pratensis first grew slower than in the other species to the benefit of the rhizomes, whose development enhanced tiller production. CONCLUSIONS: Lolium perenne had the fastest tiller production at the earliest stages of seedling development. Agrostis stolonifera and P. pratensis compensated almost completely for the delay due to higher LAR on tillers or ramets compared with L. perenne. This study provides a basis for modelling plant development.     

洋葱卵细胞的分离

将洋葱的胚珠置于酶液中酶解50-110 min后剥去其珠被,可清楚地看到珠心中的胚囊轮廓。用解剖针将珠心从中部横切,然后挤压其珠孔部位,卵器细胞从胚珠的切口处逸出。再用显微操作仪的玻璃针将卵细胞和两个助细胞分开,达到分离洋葱卵细胞的目的。酶对分离卵细胞具有重要作用,在最佳的酶液浓度[0.02%果胶酶Y23、0.08%果胶酶（Serva）、0.05%纤维素酶和0.05%半纤维素酶]下酶解胚珠110 min后,解剖1 h可从24个胚珠中分离出10个卵细胞（41.67%）。随着胚囊的发育,两个助细胞的体积出现明显的二形性。洋葱生活卵细胞的分离为开展洋葱离体受精建立了基础,也为研究洋葱卵器细胞的发育创造了条件。