有机物生物降解性评价方法综述

评价有机物生物降解性的方法和文献很多,但缺乏系统性介绍评价方法及指导方法选择的综述性文献.本文围绕有机物的生物降解性评价,简要介绍了评价有机物生物降解性的指示性参数及厌、好氧有机物生物降解性评价方法,着重介绍了评价方法选择的标准和原则,并详细分析了不同试验方法使用过程中产生有机物生物降解率差异的原因.最后,以世界经济合作与发展组织(OECD)制定的标准为例,全面介绍了该评价方法的选择使用过程并整合这一评价体系绘制了方法选择路线图,指出了各项试验方法的优越性.     

生物医学数据分析中的深度学习方法应用

生物医学数据的积累速度史无前例,为生物医学研究带来机遇的同时,也让传统数据分析技术面临巨大挑战.本文综述了深度学习方法应用在生物医学数据分析中的最新研究进展.首先阐述了深度学习方法,列举深度学习方法的主要实现模型,随后总结了目前生物医学数据分析中的深度学习方法应用情况,分析了在数据处理、模型构建和训练方法等方面共有问题的解决方法,最后给出了深度学习方法应用于生物医学数据分析时可能存在的问题及建议.     

上下法在急性毒性试验中的应用进展

随着全球对动物福利的关注,各种传统急性毒性试验的替代方法得到了人们越来越广泛的关注。上下法作为OECD修订发布的急性毒性试验方法之一,是传统急性毒性试验的一个替代方法,有着巨大的应用价值和发展前景。本文简要介绍了该方法的发展历程和在实际应用中的注意事项,评价了上下法与传统方法及其他替代方法相比的优缺点,并综述了近年来该方法在国内外的应用进展。     

人类基因组结构变异检测方法

本研究介绍了基因组结构变异检测的生物信息学基本方法和前沿技术。对基于第二代测序技术的四种检测方法(读对方法,读深方法,分裂片段方法和序列拼接方法)的原理和特点进行了详细解读,分析了第二代测序技术应用在检测结构变异上的特点与发展趋势。最后介绍了三代测序、Linked-reads和光学物理图谱等新技术在基因组结构变异检测中的应用,论述了融合新技术的结构变异检测方法的特点与优势。     

量子化学在生物分子领域的研究进展

量子化学的方法对生物分子研究的发展提供了全新的思路和方法。本文介绍了量子化学的基本计算方法,并综述了近两年来量子化学方法在生物分子领域的研究进展。     

蛋白质组学的研究方法

近年来,蛋白质组学的研究在生物医学领域正逐步深入,研究方法也正逐步完善。本文综述了蛋白质组学的几种研究方法,指出了各种方法的优点及局限性,并且对蛋白质组学的研究方法和前景进行了展望。     

分子系统发育树构建的简易方法

以系统发育树构建的原有距离方法为基础,吸取了NJ法和FM法中的部分理论,提出了以节点引入为手段的新的简易方法,通过该方法构建了分子系统发育树,结果表明这种方法更加快捷,而且所得结果与FM法完全一致。     

微孔板蛋白质芯片技术应用于单克隆抗体分型研究

设计与构建了可用于单克隆抗体分型鉴定的微孔板蛋白质芯片,利用该芯片进行了12株单克隆抗体和2种多克隆抗体的分型鉴定,并与ELISA方法进行了对比。结果表明,蛋白质芯片方法对单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体进行鉴定的结果,与ELISA方法进行鉴定的结果一致;与ELISA方法相比,蛋白质芯片的方法降低了试剂与样品的用量,缩短了工作时间,提高了工作效率。对于高通量的单克隆抗体制备体系,单克隆抗体分型蛋白质芯片是一种敏感、快捷的分型鉴定工具。     

基于物种的大尺度生物多样性热点研究方法

生物多样性热点是建立保护区、制定保护决策的依据,是生物保护研究的热点问题之一。基于物种的研究方法是大尺度陆地生物多样性热点的主要研究方法,但数据的缺乏限制了直接根据物种丰富度确定热点的方法,因此研究中经常采用其他方法间接的反映物种情况,介绍了4种主要的基于物种的替代方法:指示种、高级分类单元、环境模型和景观异质性,详细阐述了各种方法存在的利弊,并从数据的可获取性、操作的便捷性和对物种特征的反映3个方面对各种方法进行了评价。任何单一的方法都无法准确反映出生物多样性热点的真实分布。合适的研究方法是权衡研究目的、时间和资金的结果,建议选择优势互补的多种方法。     

贝叶斯方法估计阈性状育种值的原理和计算技术

本文介绍了估计阈性状育种值的贝叶斯方法的原理,演示了描述阈性状观察值、建立后验概率密度函数、以及导出非线性方程组的方法．并就这一估计方法的计算技术进行了讨论,针对动物遗传育种中方程组系数矩阵往往很大,超出计算机内存的情况,提出了不需要建立方程组,在数据上迭代求解的计算方法．本文还综述了这一非线性方法与线性方法在阈性状育种值估计上的比较．     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.