转录因子SoxR的结构、调控机制及生理功能

转录因子SoxR是典型的汞抗性操纵子调节因子家族的成员,广泛存在于变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门等微生物类群中。SoxR感受胞内氧化还原电势,通过铁硫簇失去一个电子,而激活目标基因的表达。SoxR在大肠杆菌中能应答过氧化物,负责抗氧化胁迫的全局性调控;在铜绿假单胞菌中受群体感应终端信号分子绿脓菌素的激活,参与群体对环境变化的协同应答过程。本文综述了SoxR的结构、作用机制和生理功能。近年来关于SoxR的研究虽然已取得许多令人瞩目的成果,但SoxR激活的分子机制仍有待确立和验证,同时也亟待在更多微生物类群中开展相关研究。对这些问题的深入研究,不仅可以更全面地认识SoxR,而且可以对微生物体的整个代谢调控网络有更加深入地了解,并有可能获得里程碑式的重大发现。     

DNA-bound redox activity of DNA repair glycosylases containing [4Fe-4S] clusters

MutY and endonuclease III, two DNA glycosylases from Escherichia coli, and AfUDG, a uracil DNA glycosylase from Archeoglobus fulgidus, are all base excision repair enzymes that contain the [4Fe-4S](2+) cofactor. Here we demonstrate that, when bound to DNA, these repair enzymes become redox-active; binding to DNA shifts the redox potential of the [4Fe-4S](3+/2+) couple to the range characteristic of high-potential iron proteins and activates the proteins toward oxidation. Electrochemistry on DNA-modified electrodes reveals potentials for Endo III and AfUDG of 58 and 95 mV versus NHE, respectively, comparable to 90 mV for MutY bound to DNA. In the absence of DNA modification of the electrode, no redox activity can be detected, and on electrodes modified with DNA containing an abasic site, the redox signals are dramatically attenuated; these observations show that the DNA base pair stack mediates electron transfer to the protein, and the potentials determined are for the DNA-bound protein. In EPR experiments at 10 K, redox activation upon DNA binding is also evident to yield the oxidized [4Fe-4S](3+) cluster and the partially degraded [3Fe-4S](1+) cluster. EPR signals at g = 2.02 and 1.99 for MutY and g = 2.03 and 2.01 for Endo III are seen upon oxidation of these proteins by Co(phen)(3)(3+) in the presence of DNA and are characteristic of [3Fe-4S](1+) clusters, while oxidation of AfUDG bound to DNA yields EPR signals at g = 2.13, 2.04, and 2.02, indicative of both [4Fe-4S](3+) and [3Fe-4S](1+) clusters. On the basis of this DNA-dependent redox activity, we propose a model for the rapid detection of DNA lesions using DNA-mediated electron transfer among these repair enzymes; redox activation upon DNA binding and charge transfer through well-matched DNA to an alternate bound repair protein can lead to the rapid redistribution of proteins onto genome sites in the vicinity of DNA lesions. This redox activation furthermore establishes a functional role for the ubiquitous [4Fe-4S] clusters in DNA repair enzymes that involves redox chemistry and provides a means to consider DNA-mediated signaling within the cell.