Variation in Swidden practices in four central Brazilian Indian societies

It has been suggested that indigenous tropical forest agriculture, in contrast with other agricultural systems, is characterized by a high degree of polyculture, and, being similar in diversity to the forest itself, has little disturbing effect on the generalized ecosystem that surrounds native gardens. Our comparative study of four Central Brazilian Indian groups shows, however, that while each of these groups practices polyculture to some extent, the crop mix found in their swidden plots is highly patterned, and includes single crop stands at certain stages of garden life. Different crops are planted in the same swidden plot from year to year, in accordance with variation in soil fertility within the swidden cycle. None of the swiddens we observed compares in complexity to the surrounding forest. We suggest that polyculture, rather than being regarded as the distinguishing characteristic of swidden cultivation, should be considered as a varying dimension—along with other variables such as use of wild plants, soil fertility and exhaustion, tillage practices, the introduction of novel crops, and production for the market—within the overall subsistence strategy of a group.     

中国马尾松林土壤肥力特征

土壤肥力是各因素的综合作用和反映，也是林地生产力的基础。为了解马尾松分布区林下土壤肥力状况，利用499条文献数据、134条历史调查数据和131条当前调查数据中0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层的pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾，根据全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准和内梅罗指数法分别对土壤养分单一指标丰瘠水平和综合肥力状况进行评估，并分析马尾松天然林与人工林和纯林与混交林间土壤肥力特征的差异，为马尾松林可持续经营和生产力提高提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的平均值分别为4.79和4.91、33.78 g/kg和19.92 g/kg、1.82 g/kg和1.32 g/kg、0.46 g/kg和0.40 g/kg、14.49 g/kg和15.71 g/kg、88.00 mg/kg和59.41 mg/kg、4.94 mg/kg和2.38 mg/kg、71.72 mg/kg和52.99 mg/kg；（2）除土壤有机质、全氮和全钾含量外，两个土层其他土壤养分指标的丰瘠水平在"较缺"水平及其以下；（3）0-20 cm土层土壤肥力指数（0.97）大于20-40 cm土层（0.77），土壤有效磷含量的肥力指数均最小（0.60和0.33）；（4）除20-40 cm土层pH值、碱解氮和速效钾含量外，其他土壤养分指标和肥力指数均表现为混交林>纯林；这些指标在天然林与人工林间的差异因指标而异。总体来看，马尾松林土壤磷和钾养分的供给潜力和能力较弱，土壤综合肥力状况也偏"贫瘠"，其中土壤有效磷含量最低，肥力指数也最小；0-20 cm土层的土壤肥力状况优于20-40 cm土层，均受林分起源（天然林与人工林）和林分结构（纯林与混交林）的影响；但由于指标缺乏（如物理指标）和数据分布不均衡（天然林和混交林少），土壤肥力的估算以及林分特征对土壤养分和肥力的影响还有待于进一步研究。     

Factors affecting the fruiting of bilberries: an analysis of categorical data set

The present study is an application of categorical data analysis in ecological research. The approach is based on logistic regression following an exploratory graphical analysis. The material was collected in an extensive forest inventory in which a set of observations was made by eye in a stratified random sample of 262 mature upland forest stands in South Finland. The problem was to interpret the variation in the fertility of the tillers of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). In the field, the fertility was recorded as a three-class ordinal variable. The information available for the interpretation included the visually estimated density of the tree crowns, the soil fertility class determined using Cajander's forest site types and the percent cover of V. myrtillus.The GLM framework was employed in successive stages of the data analysis in order to find a model to fit the data. For this, the three-class ordinal response variable was reduced to two classes: stands characterized by (a) sterile and (b) fertile bilberry tillers. Successful prediction of the distribution of these two types of forest stands was achieved with a logistic-regression model by using canopy coverage and soil fertility classes as predictor variables. The generalized linear modelling framework is suitable for studying many ecological problems even when only rough categorical estimates of environmental scalars are available.     

桂北不同林龄桉树人工林土壤碳库管理指数和碳组分的变化特征

采用时空互代法,以广西北部低山丘陵地区不同林龄(1、2、3、4、5和8 a)桉树人工林为研究对象,探讨林龄对桉树人工林地土壤碳库管理指数的影响及其规律。结果表明:(1)随着林龄的增加,土壤有机碳总体表现为增加的趋势,1～8 a桉树土壤有机碳范围在5.79～15.57 g· kg^-1之间,随着土层的加深而降低; 0～40 cm土层土壤有机碳平均含量表现为8 a>5 a>3 a>4 a>2 a>1 a。(2)土壤非活性有机碳、碳储量随林龄和土层的变化规律与土壤有机碳基本一致。土壤活性有机碳含量大小依次表现为8 a>5 a>4 a>3 a>2 a>1 a,占土壤有机碳的比例随林龄变化无明显规律,8 a和其他林龄间均具有显著差异。(3)碳库管理指数随林龄增加整体呈上升趋势,8 a桉树人工林土壤碳组分含量及碳库管理指数均高于10 a对照马尾松林。碳库管理指数与土壤有机碳、非活性有机碳、活性有机碳、碳储量、碳库活度、全氮、容重呈极显著或显著的相关性,不同林龄和土层间碳库管理指数有差异性。适当延长桉树人工林的轮伐周期,减少人为对林地凋落物和林下植被的干扰,将有利于提高土壤的有机碳含量,进而改善土壤质量。     

色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林不同坡向土壤养分及肥力研究

以色季拉山不同坡向急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var.smithii)天然林为研究对象,采用单因素方差、化学计量比及内梅罗指数等方法对不同坡向0—100 cm土壤的pH和7种养分含量及肥力状况进行研究,以期为色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉的经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤pH7,为酸性。0—100 cm土层中除土壤全钾含量外,其他各养分含量及变异系数的均值均表现为:阳坡阴坡,且均属于中等变异程度。除全磷、全钾含量较低外,其他指标均处于"中等"及以上水平。(2)土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮随土层的增加而降低,总体上表层与深层差异显著(P0.05),其他土层之间差异不显著(P0.05);其他养分随土层变化规律不一致,各土层之间差异不显著(P0.05)。(3)阳坡各土壤化学计量比总体上表现为随土壤深度增加而降低,阴坡呈波动性变化,除C∶N外,阳坡C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K均小于阴坡。(4)阴坡的土壤肥力指数(1.44)大于阳坡(1.32),不同坡向土壤肥力均属于"中等"水平。坡向通过影响多种因素使土壤理化性质具有一定差异性,阴坡的土壤养分含量及肥力状况优于阳坡,全钾是第一限制因子,全磷是第二限制因子。     

The effect of soil desiccation on the nutrient status of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell seedlings

The poor growth of young Eucalyptus regnans seedlings in undried soil from the mature forest of E. regnans can be overcome by previously air-drying the soil or by adding sufficient amounts of complete soluble fertilizer or equivalent concentrations of P (as NaH₂PO₄) and N (as NaNO₃). A factorial pot experiment in which phosphate and nitrate were added to undried soil indicated that P was the primary deficiency for young seedlings and that response to N did not occur until this lack was satisfied. In dried soil, seedlings also responded to additions of complete fertilizer but most of this effect was due to N rather than P. Field trials in the mature forest also indicated greater growth in dried soil than undried soil and confirmed a response of young seedlings to superphosphate. In pot experiments, the concentration of P and N per g plant dry weight after four months was relatively constant irrespective of the final size of the plant. Seedlings in dried soil extracted up to 15 times more P than did those grown in undried soil. In general, chemical analysis of soil indicated more extractable P and N from dried soil although this was not always consistently so. Soil desiccation resulted in an increase in soil surface area due to the fragmentation of larger peds and to an increase in the number of microfractures which remained in the soil crumbs after rewetting. Mycorrhiza are likely to be important since the differentiation of the growth response of seedlings in dried and undried soil, which occurred at 5–6 weeks, corresponded with the establishment of full ectomycorrhizal development (80% root tips). The factors concerned with the increase in fertility after air-drying are discussed.Abbreviations GR Growth Ratio     

Farmers’ Perspectives on Vital Soil-related Ecosystem Services in Intensive Swidden Farming Systems in the Peruvian Amazon

A growing dilemma is how to conserve Amazonian forest while allowing local people to secure their livelihoods. Small-scale swidden farming in Amazonia is entirely dependent on the continued provision of ecosystem services (ES) that generate the conditions for agriculture. This study identified soil-related ES needed for, and enhanced by, productive swidden systems from the farmer’s perspective. Workshops in six farming communities in northeastern Peru discussed various land uses, swidden systems that continue to be productive, and swidden systems on degraded land. The participating farmers noted changes in their production systems and described the ES (or lack thereof) in terms of soil quality, crop production quantity and quality, burning practices, forest regeneration, and farming skill. The central elements described in farmers’ own strategies for managing soil-related ES were fallow management for biomass production and crop diversity, factors identified as central to future ES management work in established agricultural areas in Amazonia.     

Facilitation and Inhibition of Seedlings of an Invasive Tree (Acer platanoides) by Different Tree Species in a Mountain Ecosystem

Facilitation is known to be an important process structuring natural plant communities. However, much less is known about its role in facilitating the invasion of ecosystems by non-native plant species. In this study we evaluated the effects of invasive (Acer platanoides) and native (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest types on the performance of A. platanoides seedlings, and related these effects to structural and functional properties associated with the two forest types, in a native P. menziesii forest that is being invaded by A. platanoides. Acer platanoidesseedlings had higher densities, recruitment, and survival, and experienced less photoinhibition and water stress when beneath conspecific canopies than in the adjacent P. menziesii forest. Soil moisture and canopy cover were greater in the invaded patch than the native forest. There was no difference in soil fertility or understory light levels between locations. These demographic (i.e. seedling survival), physiological, and environmental differences appeared to be due to the effects of A. platanoides and P. menziesii trees. Thus, Acer trees appear to produce a more mesic environment by modifying the structure and phenology of the forest canopy and by altering the timing of transpirational water loss relative to P. menziesii. Environmental modification by invaders that lead to positive effects on conspecifics may help us to understand the dramatic success and lag periods of some invasive species     

Organic matter transformations and soil fertility in a treed pasture in semiarid NE Brazil

Planted silvo-pastoral systems are formed by sparing selected native trees when land is cleared for pasture establishment, or by planting selected species – often known agroforestry species – into the establishing pasture. Isolated trees within pastures and savannas are often associated with `resource islands', characterized by higher fertility and organic matter levels under the tree canopies. We here examine the processes underlying the differences in fertility and organic matter in a buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) pasture that contained two tree species (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., Spondias tuberosa Arruda Cam.) preserved from the native thorn forest and a planted agroforestry species (Prospois juliflora Swartz D.C). The objective is to distinguish effects of soil variability from those induced by the presence of trees or the planting of pasture. The ¹³C signatures of the original (largely C3) vegetation, the preserved and planted trees, and the planted C4 grass were used to distinguish the provenance of organic matter in the top soil (0–15 cm). This allowed the conclusion that all trees maintained C3 derived C at the original thorn forest level, while lower levels under pasture were due to mineralisation of organic matter. The net rates of forest-derived C loss under pasture varied with soil type amounting to between 25 and 50% in 13 years after pasture establishment. Only on Alfisol, C inputs from the pasture compensated for the C3-C losses. Analysis of organic and inorganic P fractions indicated Z. joazeiro and P. juliflora enriched the soil under their canopy with P, whereas S. tuberosa had no positive effect on fertility. A combination of ANOVA and spatial analysis and mapping was used to show vegetation effects.     

樟子松固沙林生长对土壤磷素变化的影响

磷是森林生态系统重要养分元素之一,是干旱半干旱地区植物生长的限制性因子。然而沙质草地转化为人工林生态系统后,林分的生长对沙地土壤磷素的变化及其影响机理还不清晰,为沙地合理经营和管理人工林带来了不确定性。以辽宁省章古台地区各生长阶段(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林和过熟林阶段)的20块樟子松固沙林样地(在各生长阶段林分附近寻找1块天然草地作为对照样地)为研究对象,取样并测定样地各土层(0—10、10—20、20—40、40—60、60—80、80—100 cm)的土壤磷(全磷和速效磷)、土壤氮(全氮和速效氮)、土壤钾(全钾及速效钾)、土壤有机碳等含量以及土壤含水率、土壤pH值、土壤质地、土壤容重等因子值,并进行统计分析。结果表明:沙质草地营造樟子松人工林后,土壤全磷含量随林龄的增加而逐渐递增,成熟林时期达到最高,过熟林地全磷降低,且土壤全磷对土层深度不敏感。成熟林地的速效磷含量略高于幼林和中龄林;虽然与幼林、中龄林没有显著差异,但过熟林的土壤速效磷含量是所有林分中最低的。除了林分生长影响外,草地营造樟子松林后,土壤全磷的变化还受土壤容重和土壤速效氮含量的影响,而土壤速效磷的变化受土壤有机碳和pH...     

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

为正确认识桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P时空分配格局及两者间的关系,对5个林龄尾巨桉林分凋落物及土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量比进行测定分析。结果表明,凋落物的C含量均显著大于土壤,且不同林龄间凋落物C含量无显著差异,1年生人工林土壤表层(0~20 cm)的C含量显著小于3~7年生,其他土层C含量在不同林龄间差异不显著。凋落物的N含量均显著高于土壤,且1年生人工林显著大于其他林龄的,而土壤表层的N含量以7年生人工林最大,1年生的最小。凋落物的P含量除1年生人工林显著大于3年生外,其他林龄间均无显著差异,土壤的P含量在不同林龄间的差异均不显著。凋落物C∶N随林龄呈逐渐增大趋势,且显著大于土壤层。凋落物的C∶P和N∶P在不同林龄间的差异不显著,但均显著大于土壤层。凋落物的N含量与表层土壤的C、N含量呈极显著负相关,凋落物的C∶N与表层土壤的C∶P,N∶P呈显著正相关,表层土壤C、N积累受到凋落物N的制约。因此,在桉树人工林经营管理过程中如何降低凋落物分解的N限制性、提高养分传递效率及合理施肥显得十分重要。     

Alder and lupine enhance nitrogen cycling in a degraded forest soil in Northern Sweden

Positive effects of legumes and actinorhizal plants on N-poor soils have been observed in many studies but few have been done at high latitudes, which was the location of our study. We measured N₂ fixation and several indices of soil N at a site near the Arctic Circle in northern Sweden. More than 20 years ago lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis Donn) and gray alder (Alnus incana L. Moench) were planted on this degraded forest site. We measured total soil N, net N mineralization and nitrification with a buried bag technique, and fluxes of NH⁺ ₄ and NO^– ₃ as collected on ion exchange membranes. We also estimated N₂ fixation activity of the N₂-fixing plants by the natural abundance of ¹⁵N of leaves with Betula pendula Roth. as reference species. Foliar nitrogen in the N₂-fixing plants was almost totally derived from N₂ fixation. Plots containing N₂-fixing species generally had significantly higher soil N and N availability than a control plot without N₂-fixing plants. Taken together, all measurements indicated that N₂-fixing plants can be used to effectively improve soil fertility at high latitudes in northern Sweden.     

武夷山不同林龄甜槠林土壤呼吸特征及影响因素

为揭示中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落优势种一甜槠天然林不同林龄林下土壤呼吸(Soil respiration,RS)差异及影响因素,采用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统对武夷山自然保护区不同林龄(18、36、54、72 a)天然甜槠林进行了1年的野外原位测定。结果表明:(1)不同林龄甜槠林RS季节动态呈现明显的单峰趋势,林龄对冬季RS影响并不显著(P>0.05),秋季18 a甜槠林RS与其他3种林龄差异显著(P<0.05),林龄对土壤含水率的季节变化没有显著影响(P>0.05);(2)不同林龄甜槠林5 cm深土壤温度与RS拟合R2明显高于土壤含水率与RS拟合R2,随着林龄增大,RS温度敏感性指数Q10值呈上升趋势,依次为1.551、1.589、1.640、1.664,且54、72 a甜槠林RS温度敏感性指数Q10值显著高于18、36 a(P<0.05);(3)土壤含水率与5 cm深土壤温度共同解释了RS变异的86%—90.3%;0—60 cm土层根系生物量与5 cm深土壤温度共同解释了RS变异的88.3%—91.8%,由此可见,生物因子与非生物因子双因素拟合可以更好地解释不同林龄RS差异。在对未来森林植被土壤呼吸及碳汇功能进行研究时,应在考虑林龄及季节差异的基础上,加强对生物因子的测定。     

大兴安岭北部天然针叶林土壤氮矿化特征

采用顶盖埋管法对大兴安岭地区天然针叶林(樟子松林、樟子松-兴安落叶松混交林和兴安落叶松林)土壤铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)、净氮矿化速率进行研究,并探索土壤理化性质与氮矿化之间的相关性,为大兴安岭地区森林生态系统土壤养分管理及森林经营提供帮助。结果表明:观测期内(5—10月)3种林型土壤无机氮变化范围为31.51—70.42 mg/kg,以NH~+_4-N形式存在为主,占比达90%以上,且与纯林相比混交林土壤无机氮含量较高。3种林型土壤净氮矿化、净氨化、净硝化速率月变化趋势呈V型,7、8月表现为负值,其他月份为正值。净氮矿化速率变化范围樟子松林为-0.54—1.28 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)、樟子松-兴安落叶松混交林为-0.13—0.55 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)、兴安落叶松林为-0.80—1.05 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)。土壤净氨化过程在土壤氮矿化中占主要地位,占比达60%以上。3种林型土壤净氮矿化、净氨化及净硝化速率垂直差异显著,0—10 cm土层矿化作用明显高于10—20 cm土层(P0.05)。土壤氮矿化速率与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤C/N、枯落物全氮含量和枯落物C/N均存在显著相关性。不同类型的森林土壤及枯落物的质量也存在差异,进而影响土壤氮矿化特征。     

固氮树种旱冬瓜对退化林地土壤修复和林下植被重建的生态驱动效应

固氮树种对退化土壤和森林的结构与功能修复和改良具有重要价值,但是,固氮树种的混交配置、林龄变化和人工与天然起源林分对土壤修复和林下植被重建方面的生态驱动效应与影响机制的认识尚不够深入。因此,在金沙江上游选择退耕地上不同混交配置模式、不同林龄旱冬瓜(Alnus nepalensis)人工林和旱冬瓜天然次生林,对比分析了土壤养分、林下植被生长、林下植被多样性和旱冬瓜材积等指标的差异,以期阐明固氮树种旱冬瓜对土壤养分状况及林下植被重建的生态驱动效应。结果表明：(1)不同旱冬瓜人工林配置模式中,旱冬瓜纯林的土壤养分综合指标显著高于旱冬瓜+云南松混交林和云南松纯林(P<0.05);(2)不同林龄旱冬瓜人工林中土壤有机质、总氮及土壤养分综合指标呈现8年生林均显著大于5年生林(P<0.05);(3)土壤有机质、总氮及土壤养分综合指标均为旱冬瓜天然林>旱冬瓜和云南松人工混交林>云南松天然林(P<0.05);(4)SEM模型分析发现,旱冬瓜材积与土壤养分综合指标呈极显著的正相关关系(R=0.473,P<0.001);(5)在不同旱冬瓜人工配置模式和不同优势种的天然林中...     

The effect of the presence of a forage legume on nitrogen and carbon levels in soils under Brachiaria pastures in the Atlantic forest region of the South of Bahia,Brazil

The impact of forest clearance, and its replacement by Brachiaria pastures, on soil carbon reserves has been studied at many sites in the Brazilian Amazonia, but to date there appear to be no reports of similar studies undertaken in the Atlantic forest region of Brazil. In this study performed in the extreme south of Bahia, the changes in C and N content of the soil were evaluated from the time of establishment of grass-only B. humidicola and mixed B. humidicola/Desmodium ovalifolium pastures through 9 years of grazing in comparison with the C and N contents of the adjacent secondary forest. The decline in the content of soil C derived from the forest (C3) vegetation and the accumulation of that derived from the Brachiaria (C4) were followed by determining the ¹³C natural abundance of the soil organic matter (SOM). The pastures were established in 1987, 10 years after deforestation, and it was estimated that until 1994 there was a loss in forest-derived C in the top 30 cm of soil of approximately 20% (9.1 Mg C ha^–1). After the establishment of the pastures, C derived from Brachiaria accumulated steadily such that at the final sampling (1997) it was estimated 13.9 Mg ha^–1 was derived from this source under the grass-only pasture (0–30 cm). Samples taken from all pastures and the forest in 1997 to a depth of 100 cm showed that below 40 cm depth there was no significant contribution of the Brachiaria-derived C and that total C reserves under the grass/legume and the grass-only pastures were slightly higher than under the forest (not significant at P=0.05). The more detailed sampling under the pastures showed that to a depth of 30 cm there was significantly (P<0.05) more C under the mixed pasture than the grass-only pasture. It was estimated that from the time of establishment the apparent rate of C accumulation (0–100 cm depth) under the grass/legume pastures (1.17 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1) was almost double that under the grass-only pastures (0.66 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1). The data indicated that newly incorporated SOM derived from the Brachiaria had a considerably higher C:N ratio than that present under the forest.     

CO2-induced growth enhancements of co-occurring tree species decline at different rates

To elucidate how enriched CO₂ atmospheres, soil fertility, and light availability interact to influence the long-term growth of tree seedlings, six co-occurring members of temperate forest communities including ash (Fraxinus americana L.), gray birch (Betula populifolia), red maple (Acer rubrum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) were raised in a glasshouse for three years in a complete factorial design. After three years of growth, plants growing in elevated CO₂ atmospheres were generally larger than those in ambient CO₂ atmospheres, however, magnitudes of CO₂-induced growth enhancements were contingent on the availability of nitrogen and light, as well as species identity. For all species, magnitudes of CO₂-induced growth enhancements after one year of growth were greater than after three years of growth, though species' growth enhancements over the three years declined at different rates. These results suggest that CO₂-induced enhancements in forest productivity may not be sustained for long periods of time. Additionally, species' differential growth responses to elevated CO₂ may indirectly influence forest productivity via long-term species compositional changes in forests.     

The combined role of topography and overstorey tree composition in promoting edaphic and floristic variation in a Mediterranean forest

This study aimed to address which factors, other than topography, contribute to the floristic variation of forested slopes. The natural forest studied is located in the Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina Nature Park (southwestern Portugal). We sampled topographic, edaphic, floristic and community structure variables along three bottom–top hillside transects. Multivariate analyses of soil variables (by PCA), and of woody species composition and floristic–environmental relationships (by CCA and pCCA) were performed. Environmental–floristic trends strongly associated with the elevation gradient were identified. At lower altitudes, the lowest species richness, the highest soil fertility, and the tallest and most dense (least available light) canopy occurred. The spatial variation in woody species composition and abundance was closely associated with Zn availability in the soil and litter groundcover, but these varibles had significant spatial structure in the studied forest. The non-spatially structured species variance was better predicted by soil NO₃^– and NH₄⁺. The spatial variation of species data not shared with environmental variables was also calculated. We suggest that the influence of topographic gradient on the variation of edaphic variables and on the distribution and abundance of woody species was mediated by overstorey tree composition. Locally dominant tree species, in particular Quercus faginea and Quercus suber, may function as ecosystem engineers promoting environmental changes (i.e., Zn availability in soil, litter accumulation and light availability) that influence overall floristic variation.     

重庆酸雨区不同林型对土壤酸化和真菌群落的影响

不同林型土壤的酸化缓冲能力不同,真菌在土壤系统中扮演着重要的角色,而对土壤真菌群落结构和组成与土壤酸化的关系缺乏深入研究。以重庆铁山坪林场的马尾松纯林（Pi）和经马尾松纯林改造后的香樟纯林（Ci）、木荷纯林（Sc）、马尾松-香樟混交林（Pi_Ci）以及马尾松-木荷混交林（Pi_Sc）为研究对象,每个林型分别设置4个20 m×20 m的样地,分别采集腐殖质层（O层）和淋溶层（A层）土壤进行土壤性质及真菌群落分析,以探讨酸雨区森林土壤真菌群落与缓解土壤酸化的关系。研究表明：（1）与Pi相比,Ci土壤酸化明显缓解（高pH低NH₄ ： NO₃）,且能有效提高土壤全磷（TP）含量;而Sc虽然土壤pH值与Pi没有显著差异,但显著（P<0.05）提高了NH₄ ： NO₃,且显著降低土壤TP和全钾（TK）含量（P<0.05）;（2）不同林型土壤真菌群落多样性以Ci最为丰富,且表征土壤酸化的指标pH值、阳离子交换量（CEC）与真菌多样性显著正相关（P<0.05）,NH₄ ： NO₃与多样性显著负相关（P<0.05）;（3）林型和土层都对真菌群落结构有显著影响（P<0.001）,且林型的影响大于土层的影响;而土壤酸化程度将五个林型的土壤真菌群落区分成两个大类：Ci和Pi_Ci;Pi,Sc以及Pi_Sc。（4） Ci中有益菌（如Mortierella）更多,Pi以外生菌根真菌占优势（Russulaceae、Russula、Tomentella以及Sebacina）;Sc以及Pi_Sc则含有更多的植物病原菌（Cladophialophora,Paecilomyces,Venturiales）、嗜酸菌及产酸菌（Paecilomyces,Penicillium）。在酸雨区受损马尾松林地种植香樟促进土壤真菌多样性提高,且产酸真菌、嗜酸菌丰度降低,而有益真菌丰度增加,可有效缓解土壤酸化;而种植木荷后土壤中的病原菌、嗜酸菌和产酸菌相对丰度增加,导致土壤进一步酸化。因此,通过将受酸雨损害严重的马尾松纯林改造成香樟纯林或马尾松-香樟混交林,有助于缓解土壤的酸化,实现酸雨区森林生态系统的可持续发展。     

The use of carbon isotope ratios to evaluate legume contribution to soil enhancement in tropical pastures

Soil carbon distribution with depth, stable carbon isotope ratios in soil organic matter and their changes as a consequence of the presence of legume were studied in three 12-year-old tropical pastures (grass alone —Brachiaria decumbens (C₄), legume alone —Pueraria phaseoloides (C₃) and grass + legume) on an Oxisol in Colombia. The objective of this study was to determine the changes that occurred in the¹³C isotope composition of soil from a grass + legume pasture that was established by cultivation of a native savanna dominated by C₄ vegetation. The¹³C natural abundance technique was used to estimate the amount of soil organic carbon originating from the legume. Up to 29% of the organic carbon in soil of the grass + legume pasture was estimated to be derived from legume residues in the top 0–2-cm soil depth, which decreased to 7% at 8–10 cm depth. Improvements in soil fertility resulting from the soil organic carbon originated from legume residues were measured as increased potential rates of nitrogen mineralization and increased yields of rice in a subsequent crop after the grass + legume pasture compared with the grass-only pasture. We conclude that the¹³C natural abundance technique may help to predict the improvements in soil quality in terms of fertility resulting from the presence of a forage legume (C₃) in a predominantly C₄ grass pasture.