稻壳作为缓释碳源及载体的改性研究

稻壳可作为废水处理的外加碳源, 通过适当改性处理可提高其应用性能。为探索稻壳的改性条件, 以不同浓度的NaOH、Ca(OH)2、NaClO为改性试剂对稻壳进行改性处理, 并研究了改性后稻壳的表面结构、芽孢杆菌吸附量、静态释碳量、可生化性以及成分含量变化。结果表明: 6% NaOH、0.9% Ca(OH)2和3% NaClO处理对稻壳表面糙化、芽孢杆菌吸附性和静态释碳能力有良好的提升效果。在此三组中, 6% NaOH处理后稻壳可生化效果最佳, CD600增长率为其他处理组的4倍; 纤维素含量增加了16.03%, 灰分含量显著降低, 仅剩4.9%; 且结构改性效果最为明显, 适用于稻壳改性优化。     

壳聚糖改性竹炭对铜吸附性能研究

为了提高竹炭去除废水中重金属离子能力,采用交联法设计合成新型的磁性壳聚糖改性竹炭复合吸附剂,并采用傅里叶红外光谱对改性竹炭复合吸附剂进行表征,同时开展不同Cu2+初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、pH和温度等因素对Cu2+吸附去除率的影响。结果表明,吸附效率与Cu2+初始浓度和吸附剂投加量成正效应;吸附平衡时间约8 h;在作用温度范围内,吸附效率随温度升高而上升;pH为7时吸附效果最好。振荡条件吸附效果优于静置处理。该结果为废水重金属深度处理及水环境保护提供依据。     

改性松香-丙烯酰胺共聚物对青蒿素的吸附性能研究

以改性松香(马来松香乙二醇丙烯酸酯,EGMRA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为聚合单体,采用悬浮聚合法合成了改性松香-丙烯酰胺二元共聚物。采用静态法研究了该聚合物对青蒿素吸附过程的热力学和动力学特性,对吸附过程进行控制机理判断。结果表明,该共聚物对青蒿素具有良好的吸附能力,最佳吸附条件为:以体积分数为60%的乙醇为溶剂配制青蒿素溶液,质量浓度为4.0 mg/mL,聚合物为20~40目,吸附温度50℃,振荡频率110 rpm,平衡吸附时间为5 h,饱和吸附量Qe=39.78 mg/g。聚合物等温吸附青蒿素的平衡吸附数据符合Langmiur方程,属单分子层吸附。吸附等温线与Langmiur方程高度相关,相关系数R20.99。拟一级吸附动力学模型可较好的描述吸附过程,膜扩散为此吸附体系控制步骤,通过菲克定律计算出膜扩散系数D=6.55×10-9cm2/s。     

镧改性虾壳低温热解制备的生物炭对池塘养殖废水磷吸附的研究

为提高生物炭对磷的去除效果和将厨余废弃物的资源化利用,文章以废弃虾壳为原料,用NaOH将LaCl₃以La(OH)₃沉淀形式附着在虾壳表面,进行热解得镧改性生物炭(CSLa)。采用XRF、SEM、BET、FTIR和XRD对改性前后的生物炭表征分析。采用吸附等温线模型和吸附动力学模型拟合生物炭的吸磷特征。研究了改性剂用量、初始pH、共存干扰离子对生物炭吸附磷的影响。结果表明镧化合物负载在生物炭表面,对磷吸附能力明显提高,最大理论吸附量为160.51 mg/g,与CS400磷最大吸附量(100.60 mg/g)相比约提高60%。在低浓度或高浓度磷溶液条件下,CSLa对磷吸附量和去除率均高于CS400,在实际水产养殖废水中更实用。吸附过程主要受化学吸附、颗粒内扩散控制。有关机理分析的结论表明表面沉淀作用、静电吸引、配体交换和内层络合作用是CSLa吸附磷的主要机理。CSLa更适合在弱酸性环境中除磷,不过在碱性环境条件下其吸附量也比较高。HCO₃^-和CO₃^2-对CSL...     

生物焦对土壤生态系统的影响效应

生物焦是生物残体在厌氧条件下高温裂解产生的,其主要成分为碳,芳香化程度很高,具有孔隙多、比表面积大、电荷密度高、不易分解等特点。目前的一些研究显示,生物焦具有提高土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）和pH、改善土壤肥力和健康状况、增加作物产量、减少温室气体排放等作用。生物焦施于土壤后,还具有增加土壤微生物量、改变土壤微生物群落结构,促进部分微生物生长等影响效应。然而,目前有关生物焦的研究还大都局限于表观效应上,缺乏对其微观内在机制的深入探讨。     

利用水蒸气活化稻壳生产活性炭的研究

研究了水蒸气法活化制备稻壳活性炭的工艺条件,探讨了炭化温度、活化温度、活化时间和水蒸气用量对活化效果的影响。结果表明最佳工艺条件为:炭化温度450℃、活化温度900℃、活化时间90 min和水蒸气用量为炭化料的1.5倍,制备的活性炭碘值844 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值138 mL/g。这些指标与木质活性炭相当。且投资少,能耗低,具有良好的社会效益与经济效益。     

纤维素酶酶解稻壳的条件试验

本文报道康氏木霉Ｎ_２－７８（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａｋｏｎｉｎｇｉ）纤维素酶产生和酶解稻壳的适宜条件。实验结果表明,在稻草粉麸皮固体培养基上,纤维素酶产生的适宜条件为稻草粉和麸皮的比例为７：３,培养基含水量为２５０％,ｐＨ为６．０—６．５,温度为３０℃,时间为３ｄ。酶解稻壳的最适条件为：ｐＨ为４．４,温度为４０℃,作用时间为３ｄ,酶曲量和底物量比例为１：３。     

糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛对大肠杆菌产丁二酸的影响

利用可再生生物质特别是木质纤维素水解液来生产平台化合物丁二酸,是目前研究的热点。虽然许多研究者相继报道了木质纤维素水解液对菌株生长和丁二酸生产存在一定抑制作用,但并没有水解液中各种抑制物对菌株影响的相关动力学研究及机理研究。我们选择了两种代表性木质纤维素水解液抑制物,即糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛,系统研究了它们对大肠杆菌的生长和丁二酸生产的影响。结果表明：糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛的初始抑制浓度均为0.8 g/L。当糠醛浓度大于6.4 g/L,5-羟甲基糠醛浓度大于12.8 g/L时,菌株生长完全受到抑制。在最高耐受浓度下,糠醛的存在使菌株生物量比对照菌株下降77.8%,丁二酸产量下降36.1%。5-羟甲基糠醛的存在使菌株生物量比对照菌株降低13.6%,丁二酸产量降低18.3%。糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛具有明显的协同作用。体外酶活测定表明丁二酸生产途径中关键酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、富马酸还原酶均受糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛抑制。研究结果对丁二酸生产用纤维素水解液的预处理和脱毒工艺开发具有指导作用,有利于实现丁二酸发酵生产的工业化。     

炒焦对山楂中氨基酸含量的影响分析

为探索炒焦对山楂中氨基酸的影响及山楂炒焦过程中氨基酸的变化,对炒焦前后山楂中氨基酸含量的变化进行了分析.测定结果显示,炒焦前后山楂中氨基酸的种类不变,各种氨基酸含量变化不一;方差分析显示炒焦前后氨基酸的含量变化不显著,炒焦对山楂中氨基酸的影响较小.由于山楂在炒焦过程具备发生美拉德反应的物质基础和客观条件,推测山楂中的氨...     

多菌种固体共发酵生物软化稻壳的研究

用NaOH对稻壳预处理 ,解除木质素和半纤维素对纤维素的保护作用以及破坏纤维素的晶体结构 ,使其更容易被微生物分解利用。据多种微生物共生及代谢特性 ,建立由瑞氏木霉AS3 371 1、黑曲霉AS3 31 6和啤酒酵母AS2 399组成的复合微生物体系。通过正交实验优化出一组具有实践前景的多菌种固体共发酵的技术路线和工艺方法 ,较好地实现了复合微生物软化稻壳的目的。实验结果显示 ,在发酵温度 30℃ ,pH4 5左右条件下 ,发酵7d后的最高滤纸酶活力为 5 64U/g发酵物 ,1 0d后的纤维素的降解率为 :2 8 0 5 %。     

Immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) on surface-modified rice husk ashes (RHA) via physical adsorption and cross-linking methods

In the present study, the recovery of activity of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) immobilized onto surface-modified rice husk ash (RHA) was 90% for both cross-linking and adsorption methods. Both cross-linked and adsorbed immobilized preparations were very stable, retaining more than 48% of their activity over the range of temperatures studied. The optimum temperature and optimum pH values were 37?°C and 7.0, respectively for both immobilized preparations, while the relative activities after storage at 4.0?°C for 60 days were 55% and 65% using cross-linking and adsorption methods, respectively. Also, the activity of the immobilized lipase began to decrease after 10 cycles, more than 58% of the initial activities were still retained after 10 cycles for both immobilization methods. These results indicated that lipase immobilized by cross-linking and adsorption not only effected activity recovery, but also remarkably effected stability, reusability and application adaptability. It can be concluded that, surface-modified RHA can be used as alternative supports for immobilization of CALB for polymerization reactions.     

Alkaline peroxide assisted wet air oxidation pretreatment approach to enhance enzymatic convertibility of rice husk

Pretreatment of rice husk by alkaline peroxide assisted wet air oxidation (APAWAO) approach was investigated with the aim to enhance the enzymatic convertibility of cellulose in pretreated rice husk. Rice husk was presoaked overnight in 1% (w/v) H₂O₂ solution (pH adjusted to 11.5 using NaOH) (equivalent to 16.67 g H₂O₂ and 3.63 g NaOH per 100 g dry, untreated rice husk) at room temperature, followed by wet air oxidation (WAO). APAWAO pretreatment resulted in solubilization of 67 wt % of hemicellulose and 88 wt % of lignin initially present in raw rice husk. Some amount of oligomeric glucose (?8.3 g/L) was also observed in the APAWAO liquid fraction. APAWAO pretreatment resulted in 13‐fold increase in the amount of glucose that could be obtained from otherwise untreated rice husk. Up to 86 wt % of cellulose in the pretreated rice husk (solid fraction) could be converted into glucose within 24 hours, yielding over 21 g glucose per 100 g original rice husk. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to visualize changes in biomass structure following the APAWAO pretreatment. Enzymatic cellulose convertibility of the pretreated slurry at high dry matter loadings was also investigated. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011     

Arsenic and fluoride removal by potato peel and rice husk (PPRH) ash in aqueous environments

Finding appropriate adsorbent may improve the quality of drinking water in those regions where arsenic (As) and fluoride (F^?) are present in geological formations. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of potato peel and rice husk ash (PPRH-ash)-derived adsorbent for the removal of As and F from contaminated water. Evaluation was done in batch adsorption experiments, and the effect of pH, initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dose were studied. Characteristics of adsorbents were analyzed using scanning electron micropcope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models fitted well for F^? and As sorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of adsorbent for As and F^? was 2.17 μg g^?1 and 2.91 mg g^?1, respectively. The As and Fi removal was observed between pH 7 and 9. The sorption process was well explained with pseudo-second order kinetic model. Arsenic adsorption was not decreased in the presence of carbonate and sulfate. Results from this study demonstrated potential utility of this agricultural biowaste, which could be developed into a viable filtration technology for As and F^? removal in As- and F-contaminated water streams.     

Characteristics of rice husk gasification in an entrained flow reactor

Experiments were performed in an entrained flow reactor to better understand the characteristics of biomass gasification. Rice husk was used in this study. Effects of the gasification temperature (700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C) and the equivalence ratio in the range of 0.220.34 on the biomass gasification and the axial gas distribution in the reactor were studied. The results showed that reactions of CnHm were less important in the gasification process except cracking reactions which occurred at higher temperature. In the oxidization zone, reactions between char and oxygen had a more prevailing role. The optimal gasification temperature of the rice husk could be above 900 °C, and the optimal value of ER was 0.25. The gasification process was finished in 1.42 s when the gasification temperature was above 800 °C. A first order kinetic model was developed for describing rice husk air gasification characteristics and the relevant kinetic parameters were determined.     

Adsorption of paraquat using methacrylic acid-modified rice husk

This work investigates the adsorption of paraquat from aqueous medium using a methacrylic acid (MAA)-modified rice husk. The carboxyl groups were chemically bound to the surface of the rice husk by graft copolymerization using Fenton's reagent as a redox initiator. The graft copolymerization was examined to determine the H(2)O(2) concentration and the amount of MAA monomer used. FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of carbonyl groups on the structural units of the rice husk derivative. The MAA-modified rice husks were hydrolyzed to sodium salt and used to adsorb paraquat. The adsorption was rapid in the first few minutes and quickly reached equilibrium. Equilibrium adsorption data are more consistent with the Langmuir isotherm equation than with the Freundlich equation. The maximum adsorption capacity of modified rice husks was 317.7mg/g-adsorbent. This value clearly exceeds the 60mg/g of Fuller's earth and the 90mg/g of activated carbon, which are the most commonly used binding agents for paraquat.     

Optimum Sorption Isotherm by Linear and Nonlinear Methods for Safranin onto Alkali-Treated Rice Husk

Rice husk, a lignocellulosic by-product of the agroindustry, was treated with alkali and used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of safranin from aqueous solution in batch adsorption procedure. In order to estimate the equilibrium parameters, the equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using the following two-parameter isotherms: Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin. A comparison of linear and nonlinear regression methods in selecting the optimum adsorption isotherm was applied on the experimental data. Six linearized isotherm models (including four linearized Langmuir models) and three nonlinear isotherm models are thus discussed in this paper. In order to determine the best-fit isotherm predicted by each method, seven error functions namely, coefficient of determination (r ²), the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE), sum of the absolute errors (SAE), average relative error (ARE), hybrid fractional error-function (HYBRID), Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), and the chi-square test (χ²) were used. It was concluded that the nonlinear method is a better way to obtain the isotherm parameters and the data were in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model.     

Chlorine-free extraction of cellulose from rice husk and whisker isolation

This work reports the isolation of cellulose whiskers from rice husk (RH) by means of an environmental friendly process for cellulose extraction and bleaching. The multistep process begins with the removal of pectin, cutin, waxes and other extractives from rice husk, then an alkaline treatment for the removal of hemicelluloses and lignin, and a two-step bleaching with hydrogen peroxide/tetra-acetylethylenediamine (TAED), followed by a mixture of acetic and nitric acids, for further delignification of the cellulose pulp. The techniques of infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the overall process is adequate to obtain cellulose with high purity and crystallinity. This cellulose was submitted to sulfuric acid hydrolysis with the aim to isolate the whiskers. They showed the typical elongated rod-like aspect as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).     

Carbon/silica composite fabricated from rice husk by means of binderless hot-pressing

A carbon/silica composite designed for use under compressive loads was fabricated from rice husk (RH), an agricultural waste material. RH was pulverized by using a planetary ball mill, then carbonized and molded into the precursor by means of hot-pressing without using any binders. A compression of 100 MPa was intermittently applied to the RH powder heated from room temperature to 150 °C, and then to 280 °C. The precursor, the bulk density of which was 1.37 g/cm³, was sintered for further densification at up to 1400 °C without compression, in nitrogen gas. The smaller particle size of the pulverized RH was beneficial for densifying the carbon/silica composite and increasing its compressive strength. Sintering at 800 °C for 1 h in nitrogen gas provided the maximum bulk density of 1.52 g/cm³ and the maximum Vickers hardness at the surface of 343 HV. The maximum compressive strength was measured to be 55.7 MPa using a sintering temperature of 1200 °C.     

Evaluation of ultra- and nanofiltration for refining soluble products from rice husk xylan

Liquors from water treatments of rice husks (containing soluble xylan-derived products) were processed with NF and UF membranes for concentrating and removing both monosaccharides and non-saccharide compounds. Among the commercial membranes assayed, the best results were achieved with the 4 kDa polymeric tubular ESP04 (PCI Membranes), and the 1 kDa ceramic monolithic Kerasep Nano (Novasep). Several trade-offs were identified both in membrane selection and in operating conditions. The ESP04 polymeric membrane provided the best fractionation, but lower recovery under comparable experimental conditions, while its fluxes were about half of those of the ceramic Kerasep Nano membrane. Increase in transmembrane pressure resulted in improved product recovery, at the expense of a lower purity. Additional data on product refining by coupling membrane processing with extraction and ion exchange are provided.     

Studies on the Performance of Ethylamine-Modified Chitosan Carbonized Rice Husk Composite Beads for Adsorption of Metal Ion

Heavy metals in the soil and ground water have endangered our environment and human bodies by direct or indirect pathways. Currently, bioremediation is a developing process that offers the possibility to destroy various contaminants using natural biological activity. Biopolymers are industrially attractive because of their capability of lowering transition metal ion concentrations to parts per billion, they are widely available, and they are environmentally safe. This paper deals with the preparation of an ethylamine-modified biopolymer (chitosan) and carbon from biowaste (rice husk) composite beads (EAM-CCRCB) for metal ion removal. The prepared adsorbent was used for the adsorption of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solutions. The activation and surface properties of the adsorbent were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses. The effect of process variables such as initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH of the solution on the performance of percentage removal and adsorption capacity were studied. Various isotherm and kinetic models were fitted with experimental data to describe the solute interaction and nature of adsorption with the adsorbent through batch studies. Mass thermodynamic parameters were determined. Regeneration studies were attempted to check the stability and activity of the adsorbent.