氮、磷、钾营养对膜荚黄芪幼苗根系活力和游离氨基酸含量的影响

运用水培试验法研究不同营养水平对黄芪幼苗根系活力和游离氨基酸组成及含量的影响。结果表明:缺素显著降低黄芪根系活力,不同营养处理游离氨基酸含量差异显著,游离氨基酸总量的变化规律为叶片>根,各处理游离氨基酸总量为-K>-P>NPK>-N。全素处理与缺素处理相比,能提高根系活力、协调根冠比。黄芪幼苗通过提高体内游离氨基酸含量以增强对营养胁迫逆境的适应能力。     

缺氮和复氮对菘蓝幼苗生长及氮代谢的影响

对基质育苗后水培的菘蓝进行缺氮与复氮处理,分析其生长情况及氮代谢产物含量的变化,探讨缺氮和复氮对菘蓝幼苗生长及氮代谢的影响,以提高菘蓝产量和品质以及栽培过程中的氮素利用效率。结果显示:(1)正常供氮条件下,菘蓝幼苗的叶绿素含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、硝态氮含量、靛玉红含量为最高,而其株高、主根直径、根的鲜重与干重、叶的鲜重与干重、根系活力均最小。(2)缺氮处理增加了菘蓝幼苗的主根直径和根干重,提高其根系活力和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,促进游离氨基酸在叶中的积累;但降低了GS的活性,也降低了叶中硝态氮、可溶性蛋白、靛玉红及根中游离氨基酸的含量;缺氮对叶中靛蓝的含量无明显影响。(3)复氮处理增加了菘蓝幼苗的株高、主根长、根鲜重、叶鲜重、叶干重,提高了其根系活力,降低了NR和GS的活性;与对照相比,复氮降低了叶中硝态氮含量,提高了叶中可溶性蛋白、靛蓝及根中游离氨基酸的含量,但对叶中游离氨基酸和靛玉红含量影响较小。研究表明,缺氮后再复氮有利于菘蓝幼苗叶的生长,同时有利于增加其叶内靛蓝含量,从而提高其产量和品质。     

2种黄芪幼苗对缺硫胁迫的生理响应机制

以药用植物膜荚黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.）及其变种蒙古黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus Bge.var.mongholicus Hsiao）幼苗为材料，在水培条件下研究了两种黄芪幼苗在不同程度缺硫条件下的生物量积累、光合参数、次生代谢产物积累等的变化规律。结果显示：与供应Hoagland全营养液相比，低硫和无硫供应处理均显著抑制了两种黄芪幼苗根系和地上部的伸长生长以及生物量的累积，并且引起了植株叶片失绿变黄、根系褐变等一系列缺硫症状。此外，缺硫还导致了两种黄芪幼苗叶片叶绿素含量降低以及光合参数下降、全株各部位细胞膜脂过氧化程度增加。相对膜荚黄芪而言，不同程度缺硫对蒙古黄芪生长发育的影响较小。进一步研究发现，在低硫或无硫条件下，膜荚黄芪植株各部位总酚含量出现了明显下降，而蒙古黄芪根系和叶片总酚含量却因缺硫处理而显著升高。同时我们还发现，硫营养缺乏诱导了蒙古黄芪叶片非光化学能量耗散的升高以及植株各部位主要异黄酮物质的大量积累。我们推断，营养液中硫元素供应的减少引起了黄芪幼苗硫营养不良，影响了植株叶绿素合成，降低了植株的光合能力，并同时引起了全株的氧化胁迫，最终使得黄芪幼苗生长发育受到抑制；蒙古黄芪在缺硫胁迫下提高了光保护能力，合成了较多的异黄酮类物质，有效缓解了缺硫胁迫对其生长的影响，从而在面对缺硫胁迫时比膜荚黄芪表现出了更强的耐性。     

黄芪幼苗对镉胁迫的生理响应机制

以我国传统药用植物黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bunge)幼苗为材料,在水培条件下系统研究了不同程度Cd胁迫对黄芪生长发育、矿质元素吸收转运以及次生代谢产物积累的影响。25~200μmol·L^-1Cd处理显著抑制了黄芪幼苗根系和地上部的生长并引起了植株MDA含量的显著升高以及新生叶片光合色素含量的降低,表明Cd处理对黄芪幼苗造成了较为明显的伤害。植株中吸收的Cd主要积累在黄芪幼苗根系,而运输到地上部的Cd积累规律为顶端<中部<基部,显示出黄芪幼苗可以通过对Cd的区域化降低其在地上部新生组织的积累。Cd处理降低了植株对多种矿质营养元素的吸收和转运,但是Ca和Mg却分别在地上部顶端和基部出现了明显的含量升高,推测其可能与降低Cd在新生组织的毒害作用以及提高老叶的Cd耐性有关。此外,根系中4种异黄酮物质的含量在Cd处理下明显升高,黄芪皂苷Ⅰ-Ⅳ的含量则被Cd处理所降低,暗示着异黄酮而非皂苷类物质在黄芪幼苗根系应对Cd胁迫中发挥了积极作用。     

水培条件下营养元素对枳幼苗根毛发育及根生长的影响

以柑橘砧木枳实生苗为试材,研究水培条件下N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn等7种营养元素分别缺乏对其根系主根长度、侧根数和主、侧根根毛密度、根毛长度及根毛直径等的影响.结果表明:水培条件下,不同缺素处理枳实生幼苗的根毛均能生长,但根毛主要集中在近根基段,根尖处分布较少;侧根的根毛密度显著大于主根,而其根毛长度显著小于主根.不同缺素处理对根毛的生长发育影响较大,主根根毛密度为55.0～174.3条·mm-2.与对照相比,缺Ca诱发主根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺P使主根的根基段、中段及侧根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺Fe使主根根尖段根毛密度显著增加,而长度显著降低;缺K使主根、侧根的根毛密度、长度及根毛直径均显著降低;缺Mg使主根根毛长度显著增加.各处理主根的生长较一致;侧根除缺N、Mg处理外,其他处理均出现脱落后再生的现象.     

低温胁迫对苜蓿幼苗存活及生理生化指标的影响

用秋眠级为2级至9级的11个苜蓿品种,每品种被随机分为对照组和5个处理组,研究低温胁迫和苜蓿品种对幼苗存活和叶片生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:低温胁迫和苜蓿品种对幼苗存活率、叶片生理生化指标的影响均极显著,而且二者对它们的互作效应也极显著。子叶期幼苗在-7.5℃下处理12 h,存活率仅为3.26%。幼苗在-5℃下处理12 h,存活率为54.73%,但叶片游离脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、质膜相对透性和根系活力极显著提高;每天把幼苗置于-5℃下2 h至3 h锻炼7天,幼苗存活率可提高到95%以上,叶片游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量,超氧化物歧化酶活性、根系活力和质膜相对透性均极显著提高。结果表明:4级至9级品种的存活率极显著低于2级至3级的品种;6级至9级品种叶片游离脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、质膜相对透性极著显低于2级至3级的品种。     

NaCl胁迫对烤烟K326种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以烤烟品种K326为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫处理下种子萌发及幼苗生理生化指标的变化。结果表明,低浓度NaCl处理对幼苗生长具有一定的促进作用,而高浓度NaCl胁迫处理具有显著或极显著抑制作用;随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,发芽势、发芽指数、简单活力指数、形态指标、钾离子含量、单株干鲜重均呈明显下降趋势,而钠离子含量则相反;随着NaCl处理浓度的增加以及胁迫时间的延长,K326幼苗叶片中丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及电解质渗透率均呈上升趋势,而可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量及根系活力变化则相反。     

盐胁迫下番茄砧木对嫁接苗生物量、氨基酸含量和活性氧代谢的影响

为探讨砧木对提高番茄嫁接苗耐盐性的作用机理,以耐盐性较敏感的‘中杂9号’(S)为接穗,耐盐性较强的‘OZ-006’(R)为砧木,采用劈接法形成嫁接苗(RS)以及接穗自嫁接苗(SS)、砧木自嫁接苗(RR)3个试验材料,在175 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理下测定植株生长、Na⁺积累、氨基酸含量和活性氧代谢的变化。结果表明: NaCl胁迫导致番茄幼苗的盐害指数和Na⁺含量均显著提高,幼苗生长速率和叶绿素含量显著降低,但不同嫁接苗的类型差异显著,在盐害表型上表现为SS>RS>RR的规律。NaCl胁迫诱导嫁接苗的叶片和根系总氨基酸含量显著提高,其中RR、RS叶片有9种、根系有8种氨基酸含量显著高于对照,以脯氨酸含量变化最为显著,而SS叶片中仅有2种、根系中仅有4种氨基酸含量显著高于对照;幼苗间的氨基酸含量呈现RR>RS>SS的规律,RR、RS叶片的氨基酸含量分别比SS叶片上升了32.8%、16.6%,根系分别比SS上升了53.1%和32.5%。NaCl胁迫造成活性氧代谢的变化,幼苗叶片和根系的抗氧化酶活性、超氧阴离子产生速率、丙二醛含量均显著提高,以RR叶片和根系中抗氧化酶活性的增幅最大,其次为RS;SS和抗氧化酶活性的增幅最小,品种间活性氧水平表现为SS>RS>RR。综上,砧木通过抑制Na⁺向上运输、提高氨基酸水平和抗氧化酶活性缓解了盐胁迫对嫁接苗的伤害,但不同砧穗组合的耐盐性差异较大,以RR的耐盐性最强,其次为RS,SS最弱。因此,番茄嫁接苗的耐盐性主要受砧木耐盐性的影响,其次为接穗,同时,其与番茄体内的氨基酸和活性氧代谢调控密切相关。     

不同光质对甘蓝型油菜幼苗的生长和生理特性的影响

以甘蓝型油菜品种‘宁油12’为试材,采用单因素随机区组设计的盆栽试验,将直播后长至子叶展平时的油菜幼苗转入荧光灯(FL,对照)、蓝光(B)、蓝红组合1∶1(BR1∶1)、蓝红组合1∶8(BR1∶8)和红光(R)下进行照射,考察不同光质对甘蓝型油菜生长指标、根系活力、叶绿素含量和光合产物等的光效应,筛选适合甘蓝型油菜工厂化育苗的人工光源,为油菜的工厂化育苗的光源合理利用提供理论指导和技术支持。结果表明:(1)油菜幼苗的鲜质量、干质量、根长、株高、茎粗和叶面积在BR1∶8处理下最大,并显著高于对照FL;(2)BR1∶8处理下的幼苗根系活力最强,其次为B处理,二者都显著高于对照FL;(3)幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素的含量在各光质处理下变化趋势一致,即B处理最大,其次是BR1∶8处理,二者均显著高于BR1∶1、R和FL处理,但BR1∶1、R和FL处理间均无显著差异;(4)BR1∶8处理幼苗叶片的可溶性糖、淀粉和游离氨基酸含量最高,且都显著高于BR1∶1、R和FL处理;B处理幼苗叶片的蔗糖、可溶性蛋白和抗坏血酸含量最高,且显著高于BR1∶1、R和FL处理;BR1∶8处理叶片的可溶性碳和氮含量最高,其次为B处理,并显著高于BR1∶1、R和FL处理;而对照FL处理的碳氮比最大,显著高于其他处理。研究认为,蓝红组合光(1∶8)能显著提高甘蓝型油菜叶片可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉、游离氨基酸、可溶糖总碳和总氮的含量,而蓝光则能显著促进叶片光合色素、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白和抗坏血酸的积累,有效促使幼苗快速、健壮生长,生产中可采用蓝红组合光(1∶8)和蓝光作为甘蓝型油菜育苗的人工光源。     

水培条件下营养元素对枳幼苗根毛发育及根生长的影响

以柑橘砧木枳实生苗为试材,研究水培条件下N、P、 K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn等7种营养元素分别缺乏对其根系主根长度、侧根数和主、侧根根毛密度、根毛长度及根毛直径等的影响．结果表明: 水培条件下,不同缺素处理枳实生幼苗的根毛均能生长,但根毛主要集中在近根基段,根尖处分布较少;侧根的根毛密度显著大于主根,而其根毛长度显著小于主根.不同缺素处理对根毛的生长发育影响较大,主根根毛密度为55.0~174.3 条·mm^-2．与对照相比,缺Ca诱发主根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺P使主根的根基段、中段及侧根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺Fe使主根根尖段根毛密度显著增加,而长度显著降低;缺K使主根、侧根的根毛密度、长度及根毛直径均显著降低;缺Mg使主根根毛长度显著增加．各处理主根的生长较一致;侧根除缺N、Mg处理外,其他处理均出现脱落后再生的现象.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.