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1.
A newHomo erectus cranium was found on May 18, 1993 by Budi, a local farmer, at Sangiran. It dates from the Middle Pucangan Formation approximately
1.6–1.8 mya. The braincase is essentially complete and as is most of the face. The vault has the typicalH. erectus gable shape. There is a clear sagittal ridge beginning below the middle of the frontal squama and running to mid-parietal.
Parasagittal ridges are rounded angulations halfway up the parietals, and coincide with poorly marked temporal lines. In all
measurements, this skull is longer and consistently narrower than Trinil. It is chronologically and morphologically similar
to the famousH. erectus skull from east Africa, KNMER-3733. Although existing much older, this new specimen is what one would expect a female counterpart
to Sangiran 17 to look like. 相似文献
2.
Gamma-ray spectrometric dating of late Homo erectus skulls from Ngandong and Sambungmacan, Central Java, Indonesia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hominid fossils from Ngandong and Sambungmacan, Central Java, Indonesia, are considered to be the most anatomically derived and youngest representatives of Homo erectus. Nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometric dating of three of these Homo erectus skulls showed that all samples underwent uranium leaching. Nevertheless, we could establish minimum age estimates of around 40ka, with an upper age limit of around 60 to 70ka. This means that the Homo erectus of Java very likely survived the Toba eruption and may have been contemporaneous with the earliest Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia and Australasia. 相似文献
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4.
D. Grimaud-Hervé 《Human Evolution》1986,1(2):167-181
A comparative study of Indonesian parietal bones from Sangiran, Sambungmachan 1 and Ngandong has been undertaken. This study
comprises a morphological and metrical analysis of the individual parietal bones, followed by consideration of the biparietal
vault. The results are compared with other hominids from earlier and later periods. These hominids were found in China (Sinanthropus
II, III, X, XI and XII), in Africa (ER 3733, OH 9, Ternifine, Broken Hill and Saldanha) and in Europe (Arago XLVII, Petralona,
Swanscombe, Steinheim, Le Lazaret, La Chaise (Abri Suard) and Cova Negra). These European Middle Pleistocene hominids are
attributed toHomo erectus by various authors (Lumley 1973;Hemmer 1972;Spitery 1982;Lumley andFournier 1982) and to an early Neanderthal group, pre-Neanderthal orHomo sapiens sensu lato (Neanderthals+modern humans) by others (Stringer 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984,Wolpoff 1980,Holloway 1982). The discussion about the classification of those hominids is not closed, but it is not the subject of this paper and
not our intention to solve it here. So we have chosen to call this fossil material ‘Anteneandertals’ (Lumley 1973).
It appears that some morphological metrical features allow us to separate the Sangiran and Ngandong samples. Sambungmachan
1, whose chronological age is not well established, appears to be closer to Ngandong men. 相似文献
5.
G. S. Krantz 《Human Evolution》1995,10(2):107-117
Homo erectus fossils can be divided into four zoogeographic zones that show different rates of endocranial expansion during the Pleistocene.
When these are also grouped into three time levels, we find small increases from early to middle forms, and regularly greater
increases from middle to late forms. These increases fit a regular pattern that also accomodates all archaic types, including
Neandertals, as late subspecies ofH. erectus. 相似文献
6.
Baba H. Aziz F. Narasaki S. Sudijono Kaifu Y. Saefudin I. Susanto E. E. 《Human Evolution》2004,19(3):197-201
In 1994 a hominid frontal bone fragment was found in the river floor of the Brangkal River, the Sangiran area, Central Java.
The original stratigraphic level is not known at present stage of the research. But it is possible that the bone was derived
from the Grenzbank zone of the Bapang Formation (Lower/Middle Pleistocene). Morphological features of the bone, such as a
thick and continuous supraorbital torus, a wide and flat supratoral plane, and a flat and strongly inclined frontal squame
suggest that the bone is assigned to JavaneseHomo erectus, especially to the Sangiran and Trinil group of it. 相似文献
7.
G. S. Krantz 《Human Evolution》1993,8(4):275-279
ClassifyingHomo erectus into subspecies can be based on either temporal or geographical differences, but there is no accepted system for using both.
This can be done with subspecies names consisting of two elements — a prefix ofneo, meso, orpaleo to indicate grade, followed by a geographical term ofeuropus, africus, sinicus, orindicus to indicate line. Thus Rhodesian isHomo erectus neoafricus, Ngandong isHomo erectus neoindicus, Peking isHomo erectus mesosinicus, ER 3733 isHomo erectus paleoafricus, etc. 相似文献
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9.
Baab KL 《Journal of human evolution》2008,54(6):827-847
The taxonomic status of Homo erectus sensu lato has been a source of debate since the early 1980s, when a series of publications suggested that the early African fossils may represent a separate species, H. ergaster. To gain further resolution regarding this debate, 3D geometric morphometric data were used to quantify overall shape variation in the cranial vault within H. erectus using a new metric, the sum of squared pairwise Procrustes distances (SSD). Bootstrapping methods were used to compare the H. erectus SSD to a broad range of human and nonhuman primate samples in order to ascertain whether variation in H. erectus most clearly resembles that seen in one or more species. The reference taxa included relevant phylogenetic, ecological, and temporal analogs including humans, apes, and both extant and extinct papionin monkeys. The mean cranial shapes of different temporogeographic subsets of H. erectus fossils were then tested for significance using exact randomization tests and compared to the distances between regional groups of modern humans and subspecies/species of the ape and papionin monkey taxa. To gauge the influence of sexual dimorphism on levels of variation, comparisons were also made between the mean cranial shapes of single-sex samples for the reference taxa. Results indicate that variation in H. erectus is most comparable to single species of papionin monkeys and the genus Pan, which included two species. However, H. erectus encompasses a limited range of variation given its extensive geographic and temporal range, leading to the conclusion that only one species should be recognized. In addition, there are significant differences between the African/Georgian and Asian H. erectus samples, but not between H. ergaster (Georgia+Africa, excluding OH 9 and Daka) and H. erectus sensu stricto. This finding is in line with expectations for intraspecific variation in a long-lived species with a wide, but probably discontinuous, geographic distribution. 相似文献
10.
M. Elyaqtine 《Human Evolution》2001,16(3-4):159-168
The morphological variability of the temporal articular tubercle was studied inHomo erectus andHomo sapiens. Five configurations have been defined. There is a high heterogeneity amongHomo erectus. The Neandertal lineage and that leading toHomo sapiens sapiens are more homogenous, each of them exhibits a high frequency of one configuration. This study has also focused on the functional
implications of this variation. A theoretical approach to two different configurations of the articular tubercle is considered
in the same bony, muscular and ligamentary context. This suggests that the configuration which consists of a transverse concavity
is, for the mandible depression, concomitant with a slight functional disadvantage in comparison with the cylindrical configuration.
It appears that a midfacial projection allows for a compensation of this disadvantage. It is concluded that this model can
be proposed for Neandertals which present a very concave articular tubercle and a typical midfacial projection. 相似文献
11.
Zaim Y Ciochon RL Polanski JM Grine FE Bettis EA Rizal Y Franciscus RG Larick RR Heizler M Aswan Eaves KL Marsh HE 《Journal of human evolution》2011,61(4):363-376
Sangiran (Solo Basin, Central Java, Indonesia) is the singular Homo erectus fossil locale for Early Pleistocene Southeast Asia. Sangiran is the source for more than 80 specimens in deposits with 40Ar/39Ar ages of 1.51-0.9 Ma. In April 2001, we recovered a H. erectus left maxilla fragment (preserving P3- M2) from the Sangiran site of Bapang. The find spot lies at the base of the Bapang Formation type section in cemented gravelly sands traditionally called the Grenzbank Zone. Two meters above the find spot, pumice hornblende has produced an 40Ar/39Ar age of 1.51 ± 0.08 Ma. With the addition of Bpg 2001.04, Sangiran now has five H. erectus maxillae. We compare the new maxilla with homologs representing Sangiran H. erectus, Zhoukoudian H. erectus, Western H. erectus (pooled African and Georgian specimens), and Homo habilis. Greatest contrast is with the Zhoukoudian maxillae, which appear to exhibit a derived pattern of premolar-molar relationships compared to Western and Sangiran H. erectus. The dental patterns suggest distinct demic origins for the earlier H. erectus populations represented at Sangiran and the later population represented at Zhoukoudian. These two east Asian populations, separated by 5000 km and nearly 800 k.yr., may have had separate origins from different African/west Eurasian populations. 相似文献
12.
The teeth of the Homo erectus child (Garba IV) recovered from Melka Kunture Ethiopia and dated to 1.5 Ma are characterized by generalized enamel dysplasia, reduced enamel radio-opacity, and severe attrition. This combination of features is found in a large group of hereditary, generalized enamel dysplasias known as amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). SEM studies carried out on epoxy replicas of teeth from the Garba IV child, confirmed that the defects noted were developmental and not due to diagenesis. The enamel prism arrangement is abnormal and there are deep vertical furrows lacking enamel on both buccal and lingual surfaces of all molars. The lesions differ from those characteristic of linear enamel hypoplasia that form discrete horizontal lesions or pits within otherwise normal enamel. We propose that the Garba IV child is the earliest example of AI and provides a link between palaeoanthropology and molecular biology in investigations of the evolutionary history of genetic disorders. 相似文献
13.
D. E. Tyler 《Human Evolution》2001,16(3-4):151-158
There are now eleven known mandibular pieces from the Lower and Middle Pleistocene of Java, all but one being from the Sangiran
site. All of these have been assigned toHomo erectus by most authorities, while others have suggested as many as four different hominoid taxa. Two of the mandibles, Sangiran
33 (Mandible H) and“Meganthropus”D (no Sangiran number yet assigned), are described here for the first time. The two new mandibles come from the Upper Pucangan
Formation and date approximately 1.2–1.4 Myr. They are morphologically compatible with other“Meganthropus” mandibles described from Java. Despite attempts by numerous authorities to place all the Sangiran hominid mandibles in the
species,H. erectus, the range of variation in metric and nonmetric features of the“Meganthropus” hominids is clearly beyond the know variation found inH. erectus. “Meganthropus” could represent a speciation from the well-knownH. erectus. 相似文献
14.
D. E. Tyler 《Human Evolution》2001,16(2):81-101
There are now twelve significant hominid cranial fossils from the Lower and Middle Pleistocene of Java, all but two being
from the Sangiran site. Most of this material is well-known in the literature, but three skulls, possibly representing “Meganthropus” are here described in detail for the first time. Most scholars have assigned them all toHomo erectus, while others have suggested that they represent as many as four different hominoid taxa. The author argues that they represent
two possible species of hominids. “Meganthropus” I, II, and III are more massive than any of the knownH. erectus specimens. They are also relatively higher vaulted, apparently smaller brained, and have unusually thick lower occipital
planes. “Meganthropus” may represent a species that separated fromH. erectus upon its arrival to Java. 相似文献
15.
Ruff C 《Journal of human evolution》2008,54(3):383-390
Lower-to-upper limb-bone proportions give valuable clues to locomotor behavior in fossil taxa. However, to date only external linear dimensions have been included in such analyses of early hominins. In this study, cross-sectional measures of femoral and humeral diaphyseal strength are determined for the two most complete early Homo erectus (or ergaster) associated skeletons--the juvenile KNM-WT 15000 and the adult KNM-ER 1808. Modern comparative samples include an adult human skeletal sample representative of diverse body shapes, a human longitudinal growth series, and an adult chimpanzee sample. When compared to appropriately age-matched samples, both H. erectus specimens fall very close to modern human mean proportions and far from chimpanzee proportions (which do not overlap with those of humans). This implies very similar mechanical load-sharing between the lower and upper limbs, and by implication, similar locomotor behavior in early H. erectus and modern humans. Thus, by the earliest Pleistocene (1.7 Ma), completely modern patterns of bipedal behavior were fully established in at least one early hominin taxon. 相似文献
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Xiujie Wu Lynne A. Schepartz Wu Liu 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2010,277(1679):337-344
A new Homo erectus endocast, Zhoukoudian (ZKD) V, is assessed by comparing it with ZKD II, ZKD III, ZKD X, ZKD XI, ZKD XII, Hexian, Trinil II, Sambungmacan (Sm) 3, Sangiran 2, Sangiran 17, KNM-ER 3733, KNM-WT 15 000, Kabwe, Liujiang and 31 modern Chinese. The endocast of ZKD V has an estimated endocranial volume of 1140 ml. As the geological age of ZKD V is younger than the other ZKD H. erectus, evolutionary changes in brain morphology are evaluated. The brain size of the ZKD specimens increases slightly over time. Compared with the other ZKD endocasts, ZKD V shows important differences, including broader frontal and occipital lobes, some indication of fuller parietal lobes, and relatively large brain size that reflect significant trends documented in later hominin brain evolution. Bivariate and principal component analyses indicate that geographical variation does not characterize the ZKD, African and other Asian specimens. The ZKD endocasts share some common morphological and morphometric features with other H. erectus endocasts that distinguish them from Homo sapiens. 相似文献
18.
In March 1994, during excavation work for the construction of a motorway, a fragmented calvaria was discovered in the “Campo
Grande” area near Ceprano, a town in southern Latium (Central Italy) about 55 miles from Rome. After reconstruction, the remain
was recognized as belonging to aHomo erectus; it has been estimated that it goes back to the lowest middle Pleistocene. The calvaria exhibits two pathologic findings.
The first is a congenital malformation of the sphenoidal sinus consisting in a deep, wide recess penetrating into the left
greater wing as far as the sphenotemporal suture. The lesion was examined with the help of a cast whose features were compared
with those described in some early and recent cases reported in the literature. The second finding is a healed, depressed
fracture of the right brow ridge. The cause and mechanism of this lesion are discussed, and a mechanical approach has been
used to provide information pertinent to the specific reason for the injury. The possibility that the hominid was butted by
a large animal appears to be the most likely cause of the fracture. 相似文献
19.
The external morphological features of the temporal bone are used frequently to determine taxonomic affinities of fossils of the genus Homo. Temporal bone pneumatization has been widely studied in great apes and in early hominids. However, this feature is rarely examined in the later hominids, particularly in Asian Homo erectus. We provide a comparative morphological and quantitative analysis of Asian Homo erectus from the sites of Ngandong, Sambungmacan, and Zhoukoudian, and of Neandertals and anatomically modern Homo sapiens in order to discuss causes and modalities of temporal bone pneumatization during hominid evolution. The evolution of temporal bone pneumatization in the genus Homo is more complex than previously described. Indeed, the Zhoukoudian fossils have a unique pattern of temporal bone pneumatization, whereas Ngandong and Sambungmacan fossils, as well as the Neandertals, more closely resemble the modern human pattern. Moreover, these Chinese fossils are characterized by a wide midvault and a relatively narrow occipital bone. Our results support the point of view that cell development does not play an active role in determining cranial base morphology. Instead, pneumatization is related to available space and to temporal bone morphology, and its development is related to correlated morphology and the relative disposition of the bones and cerebral lobes. Because variation in pneumatization is extensive within the same species, the phyletic implications of pneumatization are limited in the taxa considered here. 相似文献
20.
Previous work by several researchers has suggested that the cranial sample from Zhoukoudian possesses a unique metric pattern relative to the African and Asian specimens assigned to Homo erectus. The current study readdresses this issue with an expanded fossil sample and a larger and more comprehensive set of cranial measurements. To test the patterns present in the assemblage, canonical variates analysis was performed using a covariance matrix generated from the Howells data set. From this, interindividual Mahalanobis distances were computed for the fossils. Random expectation statistics were then used to measure statistical significance of the Mahalanobis distances. The results show that the Zhoukoudian hominids exhibit a unique metric pattern not shared by the African and Indonesian crania sampled. In these tests the Hexian calvaria resembled the African and Indonesian specimens and differed significantly from the craniometric pattern seen in the Zhoukoudian fossils. The Zhoukoudian specimens are characterized by a wide midvault and relatively narrow occipital and frontal bones, while the African and Indonesian crania (including Hexian) have relatively broad frontal and occipital dimensions compared to their midvaults. These results do not suggest that a multiple-species scenario is necessary to encompass the variation present in the sample. Based on the current evidence it is more probable that this variation reflects polytypism influenced by environmental adaptation and/or genetic drift. 相似文献