一种采集水稻二化螟卵(块)的高效简便新方法

比较了二化螟Chilosuppressalis卵块的塑料袋收集法和稻株法。结果表明 ,塑料袋法和稻株法收集的卵粒总数及卵孵化率都没有显著的差异 ,均为 2 79粒卵 雌蛾和 95 %。塑料袋法收集的卵块数较稻株法的多 ,但小卵块比例较高 ( <1 0 0粒卵 卵块 )。还讨论了采用塑料袋法收集二化螟及其它昆虫卵的优点。     

玉米心叶期玉米螟卵块的分布型及其在实践上的应用

根据1961—1964年对两个品种、19块春玉米地心叶期着卵量及着卵株率的调查资料,分析了:1)卵块在田间的分布型式,2)着卵株率与百株累计卵量的关系,3)百株高峰卵量与累计卵量的关系。 分析表明:心叶期卵块在田间的分布型式符合于随机分布,因此着卵株百分率与百株累计卵块数之间存在着正相关的关系。 着卵株率(p)与百株累计卵块数(x)间有 P=1-e^{-0.00985_x0.9984}的曲线函数关系。作者利用此式制成了一个由著卵株百分率来推算百株累计卵块数的检索表(表3)。 心叶期百株高峰卵块数(x)与百株累计卵块数(Y)之间则有直线回归的关系,以百株高峰卵块数估计百株累计卯块数的回归式为:Y=11.47+2.64x。 利用上述两种调查方法来估计心叶期的累计卵块数可以大大节省时间和人力。这两个方法在实用上各有其优缺点,可以根据具体情况任用一法。     

甜菜夜蛾生物学特性的研究

甜菜夜蛾ler灯gmae力gua（Htibner）危害香叶尚无报道,近几年来发生逐年加重,尤其是5～6月高温期危害十分严重,难于防治。1994～1996年,我们对该虫的生活习性、生活史、发育起点温度、有效积温等进行了研究,并开展了防治探讨。回生活习性及生活史卵多产于植株下部叶片背面,据统计36个卵块,每块最少24粒,最多175粒,平均每块39．8粒。卵馒头形,初产时乳白色,孵化前转浅灰色,并出现1个小黑点。卵多数以卵块为主,占99．5％,仅0．5％为散产卵粒,卵块一般3天开始孵化。幼虫主要在夜间孵化,初孵幼虫先取食卵壳,2～5小时后陆续从…     

中华豆芫菁的室内人工养殖研究

室内人工养殖中华豆芫菁Epicauta chinensis Laporte的结果表明：成虫喜食苜蓿、大豆叶,也取食甜菜和马铃薯的叶;最适宜的投食方式是将植物插入盛水的瓶内;幼虫喜食东亚飞蝗卵块,尤其是顶端微露于土表的卵块最易被中华豆芫菁1龄幼虫找到并取食。不同温度、土壤含水量对中华豆芫菁卵的发育速率及孵化率均有明显影响。卵的发育速率和孵化率随温度升高呈偏锋曲线变化,孵化率则随土壤含水量增加呈直线上升。温度为32℃、土壤含水量11％的处理最有利于卵的生长发育,在该条件下,卵的发育速率为0．045455,孵化率达到99．0％。从试验结果计算出卵的发育起点温度为19．3℃,卵期有效积温为108．1日度。成虫适宜饲养密度为15～30头／m^3,幼虫在每杯中只养1头。     

一种估算草地贪夜蛾卵块中卵粒数量的简易方法

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)是2019年发现入侵我国的一种重要的外来害虫,对我国粮食种植业造成严重威胁。明确虫情是做好草地贪夜蛾预测预报和制定科学防控策略基础。在田间调查中需要一种简便、快速估计落卵量的方法,以明确田间虫口数量。本研究在实验室条件下收集草地贪夜蛾雌虫产于玉米叶片上的卵块,记录了每个卵块的长、宽、层数和卵粒数量,获得了卵块面积,建立了卵粒数量与卵块面积的指数函数模型：Y=e(2.1596×0.00832X),并依据该模型提出了根据卵块面积测算卵粒数量的分级表。该方法为田间调查中卵块卵粒数量量的快速估计提供了参考。     

黄土高原苜蓿-冬小麦轮作系统土壤水分时空动态及产量响应

2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年在甘肃庆阳黄土高原连续 3 a研究了紫花苜蓿 -冬小麦轮作系统中土壤 0～ 3 0 0 cm剖面水分动态特征 ,作物产量及其含 N量。处理包括 4龄苜蓿草地 (L C)、4龄苜蓿草地后茬持续休闲 (L F)、4龄苜蓿草地休闲 4个月后种植冬小麦(L Fl W) ,和 4龄苜蓿草地休闲 1个月后种植冬小麦 (L Fs W)。结果表明 ,种植 4a苜蓿后春季翻挖实施休闲至冬小麦播种(L Fl W)的 4个月期间 ,降雨的入渗深度为 150 cm,而苜蓿秋季翻挖休闲至小麦播种 (L Fs W)的一个月间 ,降雨在土壤内的入渗深度为 90 cm,不同休闲长度对头茬冬小麦土壤 0～ 90 cm水分贮存量无显著影响 ,亦不影响头茬冬小麦的出苗和出苗数。苜蓿后茬完全休闲 (L F)一个生长季后 ,60～ 90 cm土壤水分含量达田间最大重力持水量 (Drainage U pper L imit DU L )的 93 % ,0～ 3 0 0cm剖面土壤贮水量达 670 mm ,是剖面田间最大重力持水量 (DUL )的 78% ;L Fl W和 L Fs W处理下头茬小麦籽粒产量之间差异显著 (P<0 .0 5) ,收获指数和千粒重等指数无显著差异 ;L Fl W和 L Fs W处理中获得的二茬小麦产量无显著差异 ;连续种植苜蓿与种植小麦有接近的生物量 ,但苜蓿地植物总 N的输出量较小麦田高 2～ 3倍。由于黄土高原降雨变率大 ,因此预测土壤含水量动态有     

中国主要苜蓿品种的产量性状及其多样性研究

对28个4龄苜蓿品种单株产量性状及其相关性和变异进行了研究．结果表明,品种间单株干物质产量及各产量性状存在显著差异,其中单株干物质产量最高和较高的分别是新疆大叶(452．8g·株^-1)和甘农3号(373．0g·株^-1);叶片最宽和最长者均为新疆大叶和甘农3号;单株枝条数增加最多是第3茬,3茬单株枝条数最高和较高的品种是新牧1号、图牧2号、肇东和北疆;苜蓿株高生长高峰期在第1茬,生长最快的品种为甘农3号和新疆大叶．相关分析表明,单株干物质产量与株高及枝条数等构成因素之间存在显著或极显著相关,其中1、3茬株高及3茬单株枝条数等性状相关最好,呈显著相关的品种达19～22个,且相关系数亦最高．产量性状变异分析表明,品种内变异大于品种间变异,前者占总变异的76．0％～93．8％,而后者仅占6．1％～24．0％．各性状变异程度表现依次为3茬单株枝条数>单株干物质产量>1茬单株枝条数>2茬单株枝条数>春季株高>3茬株高>2茬株高>叶宽>现蕾期株高>叶长>1茬株高．     

稻水象甲卵的空间分布型及抽样技术研究

本文利用Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对稻水象甲LissorhoptrusoryzophilusKuschel卵的空间分布型进行了测定 ,结果表明稻水象甲卵在田间呈聚集分布 ,且符合负二项分布 ,k值为 0 4 796。其种群聚集主要是由环境因子引起的。应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了稻水象甲卵的田间理论抽样数公式 :N =1D2 1 784 6M + 0 2 4 2 5 。并根据Gerrard的零频率模型建立了估计该种群平均密度的零频率模型 :X =1 5 787( -lnP0 ) 1 0 62 5。     

烤烟种质资源差异性分析

对700多份烤烟种质资源的形态特征、主要性状、抗病性和烟叶化学成分等方面的差异性进行研究和分析,结果表明：烤烟种质资源形态差异主要表现在株型、叶形、叶耳、叶尖、茎叶角度和花序等特征上;主要性状差异表现在株高、打顸株高、叶数、节距、茎围、腰叶的长和宽等性状,其变幅分别为97．0—326．0cm、75.3～133.7cm、8．6—54片、2．6—10．1cm、6.3～13．8cm、41．6-99．0cm、16.6—47．8cm;脚叶、腰叶和项叶的长宽比变幅分别为1．3～3,7、1．5—4．9、1．6～5．8;移栽至现蕾的天数变幅为30-100d;各性状指标的变异系数在7．8％-30．3％之间。不同种质间烟叶化学成分差异较大,变异系数在16．4％-69．2％之间。在702份种质中,抗病、中抗、感病和中感病的种质分别占18．2％、36．0％、6.6％、39．0％,可提供丰富的种质资源供育种选择利用。     

苜蓿叶象啮小蜂寿命及产卵量的研究

在室内通过对苜蓿叶象啮小蜂Tetrastichus incertus（Ratzeburg）寿命、产卵量的研究发现,苜蓿叶象啮小蜂有较高的产卵量和寄生能力;在不喂食的条件下,苜蓿叶象啮小蜂产卵量最高,单头雌蜂的产卵范围为45粒-209粒,平均117粒,最高日产卵量为31粒;其寿命可达18d,最多可寄生37头寄主;苜蓿叶象啮小蜂与寄主在1：5的情况下寄生率达56.00%,并随着寄主密度的增大,苜蓿叶象啮小蜂的产卵量也有逐渐升高的趋势。     

Modeling egg distribution of Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Lagerstroemia indica L. (Lythraceae)

This is the first record of winter eggs of the holocyclic monoeceous crapemyrtle aphid Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) on Lagerstroemia indica L., in Brazil. The shiny black eggs were observed since early autumn, laid on small folds and crevices of the branches. In order to evaluate and model the egg abundance and distribution, four branches from the cardinal points of 10 plants of two age groups, 5-10 and 20-30 years-old, were collected randomly and cut in eight segments of 10 cm and the number of eggs was registered, in the winter 2001. The eggs were laid mainly on the middle portion of the branch, from 40 cm to 60 cm from the apex on the older trees (54%) and on 30 cm to 60 cm on younger ones (58%). The data fit in a longitudinal regression model that expresses the tendency of the egg distribution on the branches. The number of eggs was greater on the 20-30 year-old plants (61%) than on younger ones (39%). The average number (+/- CI 95%) of eggs was 70.5 +/- 9.3 and 47.4 +/- 12.5, respectively, for the older and younger tree groups. There was no correlation between egg distribution and the cardinal positions of the branches.     

Alternative to sentinel animals for collecting egg masses from wild females of the screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

Egg masses from wild populations of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were obtained by collecting females from rotted liver, holding them for 3 d until egg maturation and then placing them on heated ground beef for oviposition. Nearly 50% of the females oviposited. Fertility of egg masses was 66 and 95% at the two collection sites. Decreased fertility was associated with collections of virgin females. Average weight +/- SD of the egg masses was 13.7 +/- 1.40 mg; the number of eggs per mass averaged 343. This method of obtaining egg masses from wild screwworm females is a cost-effective, sensitive alternative to the use of sentinel animals in the field. The use of rotted liver costs less, takes less time, and takes less equipment than the traditional sentinel animal technique.     

Anthelmintic efficacy on UK Thoroughbred stud farms

Anthelmintic drugs have been applied indiscriminately to control horse nematodes for over 40 years. We undertook a comprehensive study to investigate efficacy of the four available broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs on 16 Thoroughbred stud farms using the faecal egg count reduction test. Efficacy against strongyles was determined by calculating the percentage of reduction in faecal egg count between the group mean at Day 0 and Days 14–17 post-treatment and the 95% lower confidence intervals estimated by non-parametric bootstrapping. Individual strongyle faecal egg count reduction tests (n = 429) were performed in which 179, 131, 89 and 30 horses were administered ivermectin, moxidectin, pyrantel and fenbendazole, respectively. Moxidectin was efficacious in all tests (faecal egg count reduction range: 99.8–100%; 95% lower confidence intervals range: 96.8–100%) and reduced efficacy of ivermectin (faecal egg count reduction range: 85.7–100%; 95% lower confidence intervals range: 65–100%) was observed in one group of yearlings. Reduced pyrantel efficacy was observed in five groups of yearlings (faecal egg count reduction range: 0–73%; 95% lower confidence intervals range: 0–59.5%), but pyrantel was found to be efficacious when administered to mares (faecal egg count reduction range: 98–99.4%; 95% lower confidence intervals range: 91.8–99.3%). Low efficacy of fenbendazole was always observed (faecal egg count reduction range: 0.4–41%; 95% lower confidence intervals not calculable). Two further methods for estimating efficacy were applied and outputs obtained using all methodologies were in agreement. Efficacy against Parascaris equorum was assessed on four farms: fenbendazole had acceptable efficacy (faecal egg count reduction range: 97.5–99.9%; 95% lower confidence intervals range: 96.3–99.1%), but reduced efficacy of ivermectin was observed (faecal egg count reduction range: 25.5–91.2%; 95% lower confidence intervals range: 6.7–82.4%). Strongyle faecal egg count were analysed at approximately 2 week intervals for up to 12 weeks after anthelmintic drug administration to determine the egg reappearance period for moxidectin, ivermectin and pyrantel. The egg reappearance period for all three anthelmintic drugs was shorter than previously observed. Overall, our results indicate that ivermectin and moxidectin administration provided acceptable efficacy at 14 days; however, egg reappearance period results suggest that these products are working less effectively than measured previously. As shortened egg reappearance period is believed to be an early indicator of resistance, this highlights the issue of impending multi-drug resistance in strongyles on stud farms.     

Distribution of second generation European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, egg masses in field corn and relationship to subsequent tunneling damage

The relationship between second generation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) egg mass numbers and subsequent field corn damage, as measured by stalk cavity numbers, was studied in 79 fields in northeastern North Carolina over three years. A mean of 0.028 egg masses per plant (645 egg masses/23400 plants) was found over the course of the study. Significant differences in oviposition rate were detected between fields and years. Ca. 85% of egg masses were deposited in a five leaf zone surrounding the primary ear; of these, 89% were found on the lower four leaves in this zone. Egg masses appeared to be distributed randomly within fields but at low rates of incidence, and oviposition was relatively uniform between sampling areas within individual fields. Under moderate to high oviposition pressure (mean number of egg masses per plant over the duration of the oviposition period >ca. 0.02), eggs laid during the early phases of the oviposition period account for more subsequent stalk damage than eggs laid during the later phases of the oviposition period. Variations in second generation egg mass numbers accounted for ca. 70% of variation in stalk cavity numbers.     

Obtaining of egg masses of the snail, Strombus pugilis (Mesogastropoda: Strombidae) under laboratory conditions

The survival, reproduction and embryonic development of Strombus pugilis, were determined during a period of ten months under laboratory conditions. Seven progenitors were collected in Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, Mexico and later transferred to the laboratory, where they were placed in aquarium with 80 1 of sea water and fed with "pellets". A total of 30 egg masses were collected, one on September and the other on April. The estimated total length of one egg mass was 11.24 m; the mean number of embryos obtained per 2 cm was 264, obtaining an estimated total of 157 500 embryos in the egg mass. The means of the physical-chemical parameters during the study were: salinity 37.6 +/- 0.5% per hundred, pH 7.5 +/- 0.5 and temperature 28 +/- 0.2 degrees C. The maintenance and water recirculation system used to sustain the breading stock is excellent both for reproduction of the organism and for obtaining egg masses under controlled conditions.     

Within-tree distribution of Ricania shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) eggs on chestnuts

Within-tree distribution of an insect pest is useful to determine sample unit, sampling location, and required sample number for this pest within a tree. This study was conducted to characterize the within-tree distribution pattern and determine an efficient sample unit for eggs of Ricania shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) on a chestnut tree. A total of 60 chestnut trees were randomly selected from chestnut fields in Gongju-Si and Buyeo-Gun, Korea in 2019. For each tree, 12 branches were cut at three vertical heights (low, middle, and high) in four cardinal directions (east, west, south, and north). The cut branches were observed for counting the number of egg masses per 10 cm from the branch tip. Coefficient of variation (CV) and coefficient of determination (r²) were calculated and used to determine an optimal sample unit for eggs of R. shantungensis on chestnut trees. Numbers of R. shantungensis egg masses were not significantly different (P > 0.05) vertically and horizontally within a tree. Based on CV and r² values, the 50 cm branch tip would be the optimal sample unit for R. shantungensis eggs. Using this small sample unit for sampling of R. shantungensis eggs could be economical and efficient.     

Effects of current velocity on development and survival of lingcod,Ophiodon elongatus,embryos

Synopsis The influence of current velocity on the survival and development of lingcod embryos was investigated in the field and laboratory. Examination of egg masses at five lingcod spawning sites indicated that embryo mortalities were high (up to 95%) at low-current sites because of inadequate ventilation and resulting hypoxia. Development of embryos near the center of poorly ventilated egg masses was retarded relative to development of embryos near the periphery. Hatching of embryos from poorly ventilated eggs was protracted; embryos from the interior of egg masses hatched later and were significantly smaller than embryos from eggs near the periphery. Oxygen levels measured in egg masses at low-current velocity sites during tidal flow average 16% air saturation, corresponding to a Median Tolerance Limit (LT₅₀) of about 73 h. Oxygen levels measured in egg masses at high-current velocity sites during slack water average 69% air saturation, a level that did not adversely affect the embryos. Current velocities of 10–15 cm s^–1 were needed to maintain interstitial oxygen levels in egg masses near that of the ambient water. Water movement may be an important stimulus for spawning site selection by lingcod. In areas where tidal currents were weak, spawn deposition occurred in shallow water where waves and vertical tide motion created water movement. In areas where tidal currents were strong, spawns were consistently deposited in deeper water.     

Mortality factors of eggs of Leptocorisa chinensis (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in rice fields

To clarify factors causing mortality of Leptocorisa chinensis Dallas (Hemiptera: Alydidae) eggs in rice fields, sentinel egg masses were exposed for seven days in two rice, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae), fields. An insecticide was sprayed to remove natural enemies in one-half of each field before exposing egg masses to predation. An egg mass containing 14 eggs was glued to a plastic label, and 21 egg masses each were placed in the sprayed and unsprayed control plots. During exposure, the number of hatched and missing eggs was observed daily. Egg predators were sampled in the fields before and after insecticide application. After the egg masses were retrieved from the fields, mortality factors of the unhatched eggs were assessed in the laboratory. The mean number of hatched and missing eggs was not significantly different between the sprayed and control plots in field A. In field B, however, the numbers were significantly different. The percentage of missing eggs in damaged egg masses ranged from 80 to 100%. In the laboratory, we observed that feeding marks caused by the grasshopper Conocephalus chinensis (Redtenbacher) were similar to those on the eggs exposed in the rice fields. The density of C. chinensis was low in control plots of field A. In contrast, the density was high in those of field B. These observations suggest that the density of egg predators, e.g., C. chinensis, is a mortality factor of L. chinensis eggs in rice fields.     

Variations in fecundity over catchment scales: Implications for caddisfly populations spanning a thermal gradient

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Caddisfly egg mass morphology mediates egg predation: potential costs to individuals and populations

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