释放不同种类赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟的防治效果比较

【目的】研究适宜黑龙江省第二积温带应用赤眼蜂Trichogramma sp.防治亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)的的蜂种及合理的放蜂时期。【方法】2016-2017年,在齐齐哈尔市玉米田人工释放玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae、松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendrolimi和螟黄赤眼蜂T.chilonis防治亚洲玉米螟。于6月30日第1次释放蜂15 000头/hm~2,8月5日第2次释放蜂30 000头/hm~2。【结果】释放不同蜂种田的亚洲玉米螟卵块被寄生率间差异显著,以释放玉米螟赤眼蜂田的寄生率最高,平均为95.7%,比未放蜂对照田的自然寄生率提高了49.0%。其次为松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂,平均寄生率分别为75.0%和71.0%。两年试验结果表明释放3种不同赤眼蜂的玉米田平均被害株率、百株残存虫量和蛀孔数差异显著,综合防治效果以释放玉米螟赤眼蜂最高,为78.1%,其次是松毛虫赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂,分别为66.2%和60.2%。【结论】玉米螟赤眼蜂是黑龙江省第二积温带防治玉米螟的适宜释放蜂种,第1次放蜂时间提早到6月30日左右。     

赤眼蜂防治玉米螟的应用研究

本文系1974年在山东省邹县进行赤眼蜂防治玉米螟的研究结果。重点是摸索放蜂时间、次数、数量和蜂菌配合的防治效果,同时还探明了玉米的不同播种方式、长势及玉米螟落卵量的不同与放蜂效果的关系。研究结果表明:利用赤眼蜂防治玉米螟效果明显,卵寄生率一般可达70—90%,防治效果达60—80%。赤眼蜂每次放逢量一般以1万头为宜,寄生率可达80%左右,蜂量再多似无必要。放蜂时间要掌握在卵初期,防治效果可达82.6%,若在卵盛期放蜂,防治效果降低34.8%。放蜂的次数主要根据玉米螟全卵期的长短和赤眼蜂在当时的田间温度下发育一代所需时间而确定,一般放蜂3—4次即可。玉米的长势与赤眼蜂寄生率的关系极为密切,长势好的地块赤眼蜂的寄生率明显高于长势差的地块。以蜂灭卵,以菌扫残(幼虫),蜂菌配合可明显提高防治效果。     

拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂在菜芯地的扩散动态

在不同生长期的菜芯地释放赤眼蜂防治小菜蛾,当蜂量为2000头/点时,拟澳洲赤眼蜂在田间的有效扩散距离(寄生率大于60%),苗期为3米,生长中期和收获期为4米.短管赤眼蜂在田间的有效扩散距离,苗期和生长中期为4米,收获期为5米,较拟澳洲赤眼蜂具有更强的扩散能力.     

释放松毛虫赤眼蜂数量与防治效果的关系

释放使用松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi)不同数量,分别在龙江县错海林场、桦川县横头山林场、鸡西市柳毛林场进行2.5万头/亩、3万头/亩和3.5万头/亩防治落叶松毛虫的试验,释放后对部分释放地进行了跟踪调查,统计寄生率和虫口密度;结果表明,防治寄生率分别为:42.73%,39.25%,44.20%;根据分析,在赤眼蜂释放数量相同的条件下,其寄生率随每株卵量增加而下降,但下降幅度不大。其数据表明,对于株卵量较大的落叶松人工林可采取连续释放赤眼蜂控制松毛虫的虫口密度。由于松毛虫种群密度逐渐被压低,尽管每年释放同样的蜂量,其最高寄生率可提高9.5%以上。该结果可为今后针对不同虫口密度确定赤眼蜂的释放数量提供依据。     

冷藏米蛾卵对稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂子代质量的影响

【目的】以稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead和玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniae为试验对象,研究低温冷藏米蛾卵对赤眼蜂子代质量的影响,为米蛾卵的合理利用,赤眼蜂的工厂化生产和应用提供理论依据。【方法】将米蛾卵在不同温度(1、4、7、10℃)下冷藏不同时间(3、5、7、10、15、20、25、30、40d),研究米蛾卵冷藏后作为寄主卵对两种赤眼蜂子代寄生卵量、F_2代羽化出蜂率和雌蜂率的影响,利用赤眼蜂子代寄生卵量、F_2代羽化出蜂率和雌蜂率三者乘积表示赤眼蜂子代质量(Q),根据赤眼蜂子代质量判断冷藏米蛾卵对子代质量的影响。【结果】米蛾卵冷藏温度和时间对赤眼蜂子代寄生卵量影响显著,但不同赤眼蜂种类和不同冷藏温度间表现不同。繁殖稻螟赤眼蜂时,米蛾卵在4℃下冷藏赤眼蜂寄生卵量下降最缓,米蛾卵冷藏20d内赤眼蜂寄生卵量与对照之间差异不显著,在其他温度下米蛾卵冷藏3 d稻螟赤眼蜂寄生卵量与对照之间差异达到显著水平;繁殖玉米螟赤眼蜂时,米蛾卵在4℃下冷藏赤眼蜂寄生卵量下降最缓,米蛾卵冷藏20d赤眼蜂寄生卵量与对照之间差异达到显著水平,1℃下冷藏赤眼蜂寄生卵量下降最快,米蛾卵冷藏5 d赤眼蜂寄生卵量与对照之间达到显著水平。米蛾卵冷藏对稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂F_2代的羽化率和雌蜂率产生的不利影响相对较小,米蛾卵冷藏30 d赤眼蜂F_2代的羽化率仍在70%以上,雌蜂率仍在75%以上。【结论】米蛾卵冷藏超过一定的时间以后会对稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂子代的寄生卵量,F_2代的羽化出蜂率和雌蜂率产生不利影响,从而降低子代稻螟赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的质量,但在适宜的温度下冷藏一定时间内对其子代质量影响不显著,其中4℃下冷藏米蛾卵繁殖的赤眼蜂子代质量最佳,冷藏30 d赤眼蜂子代质量降低不到50%。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂防治玉米螟的效果及其影响因素

经10余年的大面积试验、示范．肯定了松毛虫赤眼蜂防治玉米螟的技果．放蜂区卵的校正寄生率达70％左右．效果优于化学防治。从夏玉米田寄生卵块中回收蜂种结果看出,在放蜂期12—15天内,橙毛虫赤眼蜂所占的比率为68．9％．证明释放的与收回的基本上仍是同一蜂种,但放蜂结束后蜂种结构发生了倒置变化。同时探明了松毛虫赤眼蜂的种型、放蜂时间、放蜂置、田间生态环境、玉米螟卵置等诸因素与防治效果的关系。     

关于玉米螟卵赤眼蜂繁殖及应用的几个问题

通过几年来的实践,我们对玉米螟卵赤眼蜂的繁殖和应用,初步明确了以下几个问题。 一、蜂种问题 本地蜂种有适应性强、生活力旺盛、寄生率高等优点,因此采集本地玉米螟卵的赤眼蜂作蜂种比较好。一般在8月下旬晚玉米收获前15-20天采集3—4次,将卵块周围叶片剪去,装入大指形管,待羽化后作蜂种。 开始接种繁殖时寄生率往往很低,一般不寄生柞蚕卵;冷藏二、三个月的蓖麻蚕卵,寄生率仅有5％左右,新鲜卵可达20％左右;柳天蛾新鲜卵寄生率可高达40％左右。需连续繁殖二、三代后寄生率才能明显提高,如蓖麻蚕卵为61.7—85.9％,柳天蛾卵为80.6—91.0％。因此,用田间赤眼蜂作蜂种和选择适宜寄主卵很重要。     

吉林省延吉地区玉米螟寄生蜂的调查初报

1972-1974年调查,我省延吉地区玉米螟卵的寄生蜂有:玉米螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma ostriniae和粘虫黑卵蜂 Telenomus cirphiuorus;幼虫寄生蜂有:大螟瘦姬蜂 Eriborus terebrans、高缝姬蜂 Campoplex sp.、棱柄姬蜂 Sinophorus sp.、姬花蜂 Hyiaeus sp.、玉米螟长距茧蜂 Macrocentrus grandii、茧蜂 Bracon sp.、金小蜂Eupteromalus sp.;共9种,其中玉米螟赤眼蜂占螟卵总寄生率的97.3%,大螟瘦姬蜂占幼虫总寄生率的85％以上,是当地重要寄生蜂。     

利用自然界害虫卵复壮繁殖赤眼蜂兼治棉田害虫

1975年我们利用赤眼蜂防治棉田三代玉米螟兼治四代棉铃虫获得了良好效果,1976年全大队放蜂面积扩大为1,160亩,其中防治棉田三代玉米螟兼治四代棉铃虫600亩,1977年又增达1,416亩,防治棉田三代玉米螟兼治四代棉铃虫为757亩,先后放蜂三次,每次每亩放蜂一万头左右。在三代玉米螟发生期放蜂于玉米诱集带上,第二、三次放蜂于棉花上,每隔三天放蜂一次。经调查夏玉米诱集带上玉米螟的卵寄生率达100％,棉花上玉米螟的卵寄生率为91％。1976年     

松毛虫赤眼蜂防治果树害虫的研究

经大面积试验示范表明,利用松毛虫赤眼蜂防治苹果小卷叶蛾、梨小食心虫,寄生率可达90％左右,效果好于化学防治。放蜂园松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生率始终稳定在80.8～98.65％的范围内,而对照园波动幅度颇大。果园赤眼蜂释放技术主要是:①适期放蜂,用性诱剂诱捕,确定始蛾期,后推3～5天即为放蜂始期;②在害虫产卵盛期末前,分4次将蜂放完;③在虫情发生稍重时,亩放12万头蜂即可获得较高寄生率。     

Abundance of wasps and prey consumption of paper wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae : Polistinae) in Northland, New Zealand

Polistine and vespine wasps were captured in Malaise traps in two fire-modified shrubland habitats of varying canopy height and composition at Lake Ohia, Northland, New Zealand. Prey consumption rates were calculated for the Asian paper wasp (Polistes chinensis antennalis) occupying these two areas of shrubland and a home garden in Whangarei, Northland. The sites were systematically searched for nests and wasp prey determined by intercepting foragers returning to nests. The Asian paper wasp predominated in the Malaise trap samples from the low- growing habitat while the German wasp (Vespula germanica) was more common in the taller vegetation type. The Asian paper wasp was more abundant than the German wasp in the samples in February and early March. Only four Australian paper wasps (Polistes humilis) and no common wasps (Vespula vulgaris) were caught. Asian paper wasps collected an estimated 15 000 prey loads per ha per season from one of the shrubland areas, and 478 000 prey loads per ha per season from the second area. These convert to estimates of 31 and 957 g per ha per season of invertebrate biomass removed by paper wasps from each habitat, respectively. The estimate for the garden site was 79 g per ha per season. Wasp nest densities varied between 20 and 210 nests per hectare. The biomass estimates are similar to average figures calculated for vespine wasps in scrubland and pasture. Both Asian paper wasps and Australian paper wasps preyed mainly on lepidopteran larvae. The cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) was the most commonly collected species. Noctuid species were also well represented. Both male and female Asian paper wasps collected nectar in late March and early April.     

Alongshore dispersal and site fidelity of juvenile plaice from tagging and transplants

Juvenile plaice Pleuronectes platessa ( n  = 1281) were tagged and released at two locations 300 m apart on a 1 km long sandy beach. Most (>90%) of the fish were recaptured within 100 m of the release site (shown by the colour of the tag), with very few caught >200 m distance after 6 weeks. The changing spatial distribution of marked fish was adequately reproduced by a simple dispersal model with a single parameter: a 78% probability of remaining in a 100 m wide zone from one day to the next, with a 22% chance that fish move into an adjacent zone. In a subsequent similar study at the same beach, fish were either released at the point of capture ( n  = 881) or transplanted to the alternate site ( n  = 910) 100 m distant. After 6 weeks, transplanted fish moved along the shore towards their sites of original capture. Fish replaced at the point of capture showed no such movement along the shore. Further modification of the dispersal model to allow for a distinction between dispersal from home sites and from sites away from the original point of collection, was sufficient to reproduce the behaviour of the populations of both transplanted and control treatment groups. The likelihood of dispersal from home sites was much less than that seen at sites away from home. Juvenile plaice thus have a degree of long‐shore site fidelity not expected of a fish with strong depth‐related migration behaviour in a relatively homogenous habitat.     

Using passive sonic telemetry methods to evaluate dispersal and subsequent movements of hatchery-reared white sturgeon in the Kootenay River

A total of 35, age 1 juvenile Kootenay River white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus ), were fitted with sonic tags in 2005 and released as part of larger hatchery release groups at five sites to evaluate dispersal and subsequent movements (seven tags per site). Juvenile sturgeon released at three locations within the deep, low gradient reach (typical gradient of 0.02 m km⁻¹ and velocities of <0.4 m s⁻¹) of the Kootenay River below Bonners Ferry, ID showed substantial dispersal both up and downstream; however, downstream redistribution was more common. White sturgeon from all three release locations overlapped during dispersal, with 9% of tagged fish moving from river release sites into Kootenay Lake. The three hatchery release locations in this low gradient reach produced good dispersal of hatchery progeny into available habitats. Tagged fish released above Bonners Ferry in the shallow, higher gradient reach (typical gradient of 0.6 m km⁻¹, and velocities >0.8 m s⁻¹) at two additional sites all moved downstream of the gradient break at Bonners Ferry, ID into the lower gradient reach within 2 months of release. In total, 93% of these tagged fish relocated to the low gradient section within 25 days of release, with some fish undertaking this movement within 1 day. In general, age 1 hatchery release juveniles were mobile and capable of substantial movements.     

Minimum threshold for establishment and dispersal of Lilioceris cheni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): a biological control agent of Dioscorea bulbifera

The successful establishment or failure of a new population is often attributed to propagule pressure, the combination of the number of independent introduction events, and the number of individuals released at each event. The design of optimal release strategies for biological control agents benefits from an understanding of the impact of propagule pressure on the species being released. The dispersal rate of individuals from nascent population foci can also affect establishment success. We assessed the minimum threshold for establishment and measured dispersal of Lilioceris cheni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for Dioscorea bulbifera (Dioscoreales), air potato. Replicated releases of 10, 50, and 100 adults of L. cheni were conducted on the east and west coasts of south Florida. Dispersal was measured from 19 of these sites plus 19 additional release locations in south and central Florida. Lilioceris cheni established populations from all three release sizes with no apparent influence of site location. Releases of 10, 50, and 100 adults resulted in 50%, 67%, and 85% establishment, respectively. Beetles dispersed an average of 1.41?±?0.515?km/yr. Dispersal distance was significantly affected by the time since release but not the number of individuals released. Our results suggest that future releases of 100 individuals could be spaced several kilometres apart on the landscape to facilitate rapid colonisation of D. bulbifera infestations.     

Genetic evidence for high propagule pressure and long‐distance dispersal in monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) invasive populations

The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is a successful invasive species that does not exhibit life history traits typically associated with colonizing species (e.g., high reproductive rate or long‐distance dispersal capacity). To investigate this apparent paradox, we examined individual and population genetic patterns of microsatellite loci at one native and two invasive sites. More specifically, we aimed at evaluating the role of propagule pressure, sexual monogamy and long‐distance dispersal in monk parakeet invasion success. Our results indicate little loss of genetic variation at invasive sites relative to the native site. We also found strong evidence for sexual monogamy from patterns of relatedness within sites, and no definite cases of extra‐pair paternity in either the native site sample or the examined invasive site. Taken together, these patterns directly and indirectly suggest that high propagule pressure has contributed to monk parakeet invasion success. In addition, we found evidence for frequent long‐distance dispersal at an invasive site (～100 km) that sharply contrasted with previous estimates of smaller dispersal distance made in the native range (～2 km), suggesting long‐range dispersal also contributes to the species’ spread within the United States. Overall, these results add to a growing body of literature pointing to the important role of propagule pressure in determining, and thus predicting, invasion success, especially for species whose life history traits are not typically associated with invasiveness.     

松褐天牛肿腿蜂对寄主松褐天牛三龄幼虫的功能反应

为评估松褐天牛肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sp.（膜翅目： 肿腿蜂科）对其寄主松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus 3 龄幼虫的控制作用, 通过功能反应试验, 研究了松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛3 龄幼虫补充营养时期的捕食功能反应和补充营养后的寄生功能反应以及肿腿蜂的密度效应。结果表明： 当松褐天牛肿腿蜂密度固定为1 头/缸时, 肿腿蜂因补充营养对松褐天牛3 龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程, 1 头松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂对松褐天牛3 龄幼虫的最大致死量为9.48 头, 平均为3.75 头; 寄生作用的功能反应符合Holling Ⅰ型方程, 可知肿腿蜂的寄主密度阈限为4 头就能满足补充营养和寄生的需要; 在捕食和寄生两个阶段其对松褐天牛幼虫的寻找效应随着寄主密度的增加呈线性减弱。当松褐天牛幼虫密度固定为30 头/缸时, 随着肿腿蜂的密度增加, 其补充营养阶段的捕食作用和之后的寄生作用均呈线性升高, 寻找效应则呈线性减弱; 由蜂虫比和致死总量的模型可得肿腿蜂与天牛幼虫比例为0.9805（近1∶1）时, 可使松褐天牛幼虫死亡总数最大。这些结果表明, 松褐天牛肿腿蜂是松褐天牛幼虫期的有效天敌。本研究为评价松褐天牛肿腿蜂对寄主的控制能力提供了基础数据和方法, 并为其在野外的释放量提供了依据。     

Understanding the population genetic structure of Gleditsia triacanthos L.: seed dispersal and variation in female reproductive success

Fine-scale genetic structuring is influenced by a variety of ecological factors and can directly affect the evolutionary dynamics of plant populations by influencing effective population size and patterns of viability selection. In many plant species, genetic structuring within populations may result from highly localized patterns of seed dispersal around maternal plants or by the correlated dispersal and recruitment of siblings from the same fruit. This fine-scale genetic structuring may be enhanced if female parents vary significantly in their reproductive success. To test these hypotheses, we used genetic data from 17 allozyme loci and a maximum-likelihood, ‘maternity-analysis’ model to estimate individual female fertilities for maternal trees across a large number of naturally established seedlings and saplings in two populations of Gleditsia triacanthos L. (Leguminosae). Maximum-likelihood fertility estimates showed that the three highest fertility females accounted for 58% of the 313 progeny at the first site and 46% of the 651 progeny at the second site, whereas 18 of 35 and 16 of 34 females, respectively, had fertility estimates that did not exceed 1%. Additional analyses of the second site found individual female fertility to vary significantly both within and among juvenile age classes. Female fertility at the first site was weakly correlated with maternal tree size and spatial location relative to the open, old-field portions of the population, where the great majority of seedlings and saplings were growing, but no such correlations were found at the second site. Estimates of realized seed dispersal distances indicated that dispersal was highly localized at the first site, but was nearly random at the second site, possibly reflecting differences between the two sites in the behaviour of animal dispersers. The combined estimates of seed dispersal patterns and fertility variation are sufficient to explain previously described patterns of significant fine-scale spatial genetic structure in these two populations. In general, our results demonstrate that effective seed dispersal distributions may vary significantly from population to population of a species due to the unpredictable behaviour of secondary dispersers. Consequently, the effects of seed dispersal on realized fine-scale genetic structure may also be relatively unpredictable.     

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂搜索利它素的研究

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles cypris Nixon是纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guené&初龄幼虫重要的寄生蜂,搜索利它素(searching kairomone)对它的寄生活动起导向、激发搜索行为的作用.该种利它素主要存在于纵卷叶螟幼虫的粪便、血淋巴及下唇腺的分泌物中,是由八种氨基酸(亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、胱氨酸)和海藻糖所组成. 绒茧蜂交配与否不影响其对利它素的行为反应,在整个成蜂期都能对利它素产生反应;施用利它素可提高寄生率15—25％左右,在绒茧蜂雌蜂盛发期施用效果较好.     

Long-term movements of self-marked caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera: Sericostomatidae) in a California coastal mountain stream

1. Over 140 000 larvae of the case-building caddisfly Gumaga nigricula were self-marked as they incorporated glitter into small portions of their cases while reared in streamside troughs. These marked individuals were released into stream pools and their movements monitored in the dry season, when base flow was low and no spates occurred, and in the wet season when base flow was high and several spates occurred. 2. Of the 9,000–10 000 larvae released in each of two stream pools in the dry season, 4–20% (i.e. 377–1817 marked individuals) were observed on three sampling dates (4, 11 and 24 d after release). Most larvae (87–93%) remained within 4 m up- or downstream of the release line after 24 d. No larvae were found outside of the release pools, even after 37 d. 3. Of the > 120 000 larvae released in one stream pool near the beginning of the wet season, 408 larvae were recaptured 130–167 d later, a period that included 30 days of high flow associated with six spates. Estimated survivorship over this period was 0.7–6.2%; there was no relationship between survival and larval size at release. Most (75%) recaptured larvae were found in the pool where they were originally released. The remaining larvae were found downstream of the release pool. Larvae had generally dispersed only a short distance downstream of the release pool (median = 18 m, maximum = 222 m). In addition, four marked pupae were later found 436 m downstream of the release pool. 4. These results illustrate the sedentary nature of larval G. nigricula as well as the important role that high flow events play in larval mortality and dispersal. These case-building larvae move very little during low flow periods, even when food resources appear limiting. In contrast, the frequency and distance of larval dispersal are much greater during periods with high flow. 5. Our observations for G. nigricula support previously published inferences that larval dispersal within a stream can be limited for some aquatic insects. However, our observations also suggest that, even for a relatively sedentary species like G. nigricula, larval dispersal during periods with high flow may contribute significantly to gene flow within a stream reach.     

Distance Decay of Similarity in Neotropical Diatom Communities

Background

The regression of similarity against distance unites several ecological phenomena, and thus provides a highly useful approach for illustrating the spatial turnover across sites. Our aim was to test whether the rates of decay in community similarity differ between diatom growth forms suggested to show different dispersal ability. We hypothesized that the diatom group with lower dispersal ability (i.e. periphyton) would show higher distance decay rates than a group with higher dispersal ability (i.e. plankton).

Methods/Principal findings

Periphyton and phytoplankton samples were gathered at sites distributed over an area of approximately 800 km length in the Negro River, Amazon basin, Brazil, South America (3°08′00″S; 59°54′30″W). Distance decay relationships were then estimated using distance-based regressions, and the coefficients of these regressions were compared among the groups with different dispersal abilities to assess our predictions. We found evidence that different tributaries and reaches of the Negro River harbor different diatom communities. As expected, the rates of distance decay in community similarity were higher for periphyton than for phytoplankton indicating the lower dispersal ability of periphytic taxa.

Conclusions/Significance

Our study demonstrates that the comparison of distance decay relationships among taxa with similar ecological requirements, but with different growth form and thus dispersal ability provides a sound approach to evaluate the effects of dispersal ability on beta diversity patterns. Our results are also in line with the growing body of evidence indicating that microorganisms exhibit biogeographic patterns. Finally, we underscore that clumbing all microbial taxa into one group may be a flawed approach to test whether microbes exhibit biogeographic patterns.