黄喉貂日活动节律及食性的季节变化

2016年4月至2017年4月,采用红外相机技术和粪便分析法(频率法和剩余物干重法)对四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区内黄喉貂不同季节的日活动节律及食物组成变化进行了研究。结果显示:(1)黄喉貂主要在白天活动(昼间独立照片数占总独立照片数的85. 64%),不同季节黄喉貂日活动节律无显著差异(χ~2=126. 950,df=132,P=0. 608),但在不同季节其日活动高峰出现时间不同,春季的活动高峰在16:00~19:00(31. 65%),夏季活动高峰在15:00~18:00 (26. 32%),秋季活动高峰在13:00~16:00 (34. 31%),冬季活动高峰在11:00~14:00 (25. 00%),并且冬季夜间活动与其他季节相比明显增多;(2)黄喉貂取食食物有兽类、鸟类、昆虫类和植物类等,但兽类是黄喉貂最主要的食物来源,在一年中以兽类的出现频率最高,为95. 28%,兽类剩余物的总相对干重百分比达80. 99%,其次是植物、鸟类和昆虫;(3)黄喉貂对食物类别的利用表现出明显的季节差异,春、夏、秋三个季节黄喉貂粪便中兽类所占比重最多,春季鸟类出现频率较高,冬季黄喉貂粪便中植物所占比重明显增多。本研究表明,黄喉貂在不同季节其日活动节律和食性均表现出一定的差异,这可能与其繁殖特性和生理代谢需求有关。本研究揭示了黄喉貂的日活动节律及食性的季节性变化,充实了黄喉貂的生物、生态学资料,也为该物种的保护管理提供了参考资料。     

甘肃祁连山脉雪豹及其同域分布大型食肉动物时间生态位关系

<正>群落内多物种如何共存是群落生态学和生物多样性研究的核心内容之一。经典物种共存理论强调物种之间的生态位分化,侧重于物种对环境的需求,Hutchinson (1957)提出超体积生态位概念,认为物种适合度是由多个因素共同决定,即物种只有在满足其生态位需求的多维空间,     

甘肃盐池湾盘羊夏季食性日活动时间节律及社群行为的研究

本文从研究盘羊食性日活动时间节律及社群行为的角度出发,１９８９年６月到８月在甘肃省肃北县盐池湾乡,每天从８：００－２１：喊０累积追踪观察４２４只盘羊（雄７７只,雌２０７只,亚成体５３只及幼体８７只）活动情况,研究结果如下：①盘羊的食草初步发现隶属１０科２２种。②研究了盘羊日活动时间节律,发现该地区盘羊用于取食的较多,除上午和下午的两个取食高峰外,中午还有一补充取食的小高峰期。③对该期盘羊表现的１４     

Enhanced food and water intake in renin transgenic rats.

In short term experiments angiotensin II (Ang II) is a potent stimulant of thirst, however it is not known whether prolonged activation of the renin-angiotensin system is associated with chronic alteration of water or food intake. Renin transgenic rats TGRmRen(2)27 (TGR) exhibit significant elevation of AngII in the brain regions involved in regulation of body fluid balance. The purpose of the present study was to find out whether TGR rats manifest also different water (WI) and food (FI) intake and renal excretory functions in comparison to their parent Sprague Dawley (SD) strain. To this end 24 h WI and FI as well as urine excretion (Vu) and urinary outputs of solutes (Cosm), sodium (UNaV) and potassium (UKV) were compared under baseline conditions in 16 TGR and 15 SD rats having free access to water and food. In 15 TGR and 17 SD rats effect of 24 h dehydration on water intake was investigated. Under baseline conditions TGR rats consumed significantly greater amount of food and water than SD rats. Vu, UNaV and UKV were not significantly different in both strains. Cumulative water intakes in SD and TGR rats subjected to 24 h dehydration did not differ. The results reveal that under baseline conditions TGR rats manifest greater food and water intakes than SD rats whereas stimulation of thirst by water deprivation is similar in both strains. The results suggest that the ingestive behavior may be chronically altered by upregulation of the renin-angiotensin system.     

根田鼠粪便皮质酮的检测效能

为验证根田鼠粪便皮质酮的可检测效能,本研究检测根田鼠粪便皮质酮含量的昼夜变化,并检测急性应激后和慢性应激期间根田鼠粪便皮质酮含量变化,及其慢性应激个体的HPA 轴负反馈功能。结果表明,根田鼠粪便皮质酮水平具有明显的似昼夜节律,粪便中皮质酮含量的最高点出现在08:00 和24:00,最低点在12:00 和16:00;在终止急性应激12 h 后,根田鼠粪便皮质酮含量显著增加,且有性别间差异;慢性应激根田鼠粪便皮质酮含量始终保持在高水平;再次急性应激,慢性应激根田鼠个体的粪便皮质酮含量较对照个体升高的时间延后。上述结果说明,根田鼠的粪便皮质酮含量能够反映机体所处的生理状态及应激水平,因此,该方法可用于野外根田鼠种群的相关研究并具有可靠性。     

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: Changes in body temperature rhythms of infected New Zealand albino rabbits

It has been shown by telemetry that uninfected New Zealand Albino rabbits exhibit a diurnal rhythm in body temperature. The maximum temperature occurred just before or during the dark period, and the lowest temperature during the light period. Preliminary data also suggested that there is a diurnal rhythm in water consumption, fecal and urine output. After these rabbits were infected with the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, body temperature was significantly decreased. The diurnal rhythm in body temperature was maintained; however, the period of maximum temperature shifted from the dark into the light. Although the evidence is very preliminary, it is also suggested that the diurnal rhythms in water uptake, fecal and urine output were also maintained. Finally, the shift in the high and low time points of the daily body temperature curve during infection were reversed after chemotherapy, and the original (uninfected) curved restored.     

Effect of food intake on urinary excretions of histamine, N tau-methylhistamine, imidazole acetic acid and its conjugate(s) in humans and mice

The urinary excretions by young healthy men of histamine and its metabolites, N tau-methylhistamine, imidazole acetic acid, and imidazole acetic acid conjugate(s), increased 1-3 h after food intake. The increase was seen even after the intake of konnyaku (mannan) as a protein-deficient food, suggesting that physical stimulation of the gastric mucosa by food is the main cause of histamine release. This suggestion was confirmed by the following findings in patients and mice. In patients with stomach diseases, gastrectomy resulted in decreases in the excretion of histamine and its metabolites in the urine, and patients subjected to intravenous hyperalimentation excreted less histamine and its metabolites in the urine than normal subjects. In mice, a correlation of histamine excretion with food intake was demonstrated experimentally. Namely, mice fed only during the night (21:00-0:00) showed increased excretions of histamine and its metabolites at 23:00-3:00, whereas those fed in the morning (9:00-12:00) showed increased excretions of those compounds at 11:00-15:00. All these results are consistent with the idea that urinary histamine and its metabolites mainly originate from the stomach.     

山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式

2011年12月至2012年2月和2012年11月至2013年1月,采用瞬时扫描法,对山西平陆黄河湿地越冬的大天鹅进行了日间行为时间分配和活动节律的研究。结果表明,大天鹅在越冬期的主要行为是静息、运动和取食,分别占全部行为比例的(40.5±1.4)%、(22.8±0.9)%和(18.2±0.8)%。在日间节律方面,大天鹅的取食行为呈现早晚双高峰,静息行为的高峰则出现在早上和中午。对不同地点的大天鹅的行为时间分配研究表明,大天鹅在两地的行为时间分配存在明显差异。其中,在干扰强度较大的三湾村,运动和争斗行为更多;在干扰较小的关家窝村,静息和警戒行为更多。在行为时间分配与温度变化关系的研究中,通过Pearson相关性分析发现,大天鹅的取食、运动和理羽行为与温度成显著正相关,静息和警戒行为与温度呈现显著负相关。     

同域分布鼬獾和食蟹獴活动节律的比较

为探明同域分布的鼬獾(Melogale moschata)和食蟹獴(Herpestes urva)的日活动节律、时间生态位及其两者共存机制,于2016年12月至2017年12月,在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区开展红外相机监测获取数据,后采用核密度估计(Kernel density estimation)和重叠指数(Coefficient of overlap)对该地区的鼬獾和食蟹獴进行了研究。结果表明:鼬獾属于典型的夜行性动物,其日活动模式为双峰型,活动峰值出现在01:00—05:00和21:00—24:00;与雨季相比,旱季的活动峰值均提前1 h,活动高峰期延长3 h。食蟹獴为典型昼行性动物,其日活动模式为单峰型,活动峰值出现在11:00—18:00,与雨季相比,旱季活动高峰期提前并延长1 h。两者间的日活动模式重叠指数较低(Δ=0.17),但旱季(Δ=0.22)高于雨季(Δ=0.12)。两者主要通过改变时间生态位来避免对食物资源和领域的竞争,从而实现共存。     

Increase in Parasympathetic Nerve Activity During the Nighttime Following Bright Light Exposure During the Daytime

A spectral analysis of heart rate was carried out on 11 young female adults in order to evaluate the effects of bright light exposure on autonomic nervous activity. Bright light (5,000 lx) was provided by fluorescent lamps during the daytime (07:00-15:00) on day 1. Dim light (200 lx) was given on day 2. High frequency components (HF: 0.15-0.4Hz) were used as a marker of parasympathetic activity and the ratio of low frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15 HZ) to high frequency (LF/HF) as an indicator of sympathetic activity. The average value during the sleep period (23:30-06:30) was compared following diurnal exposure to bright or dim light. HF component was significantly greater from 23:30 to 02:00 after diurnal exposure of bright light, being accompanied by lower heart rate during these periods. There existed negative correlation between heart rate and HF component from 23:30 to 02:00 under diurnal exposure to bright and dim lights. The results indicate that bright light exposure during the daytime (07:00-15:00) could enhance parasympathetic activity around midnight.     

不同饲养条件下海南坡鹿幼体春季昼间行为时间分配及活动节律

2003 年2 月至4 月间, 在海南甘什岭自然保护区采用瞬时扫描取样法对10 头海南坡鹿幼体昼间行为时间分配和活动节律进行了初步研究。结果表明: 坡鹿幼体昼间行为时间分配中摄食、卧息和反刍占有较大的比例;人工圈养和半散放条件下摄食、卧息、反刍、站立和运动行为的昼间时间分配差异性显著( P < 0.01), 半散放条件下幼鹿每天用于摄食和运动的时间比人工圈养的多, 而用于卧息、反刍和站立的时间较少, 其余行为时间比较接近; 在昼间活动节律方面, 圈养条件下摄食有3 个高峰期(09:00～10:00, 11:00～12:00, 16:00～18:00) , 卧息有2 个高峰期(10:00～11:00, 13:00～16: 00) ; 半散放条件下没有明显的摄食高峰期, 主要原因是大部分时间花费在食物的搜索和处理上, 而其卧息高峰出现在14:00 以后。     

Effects of Insulin Administration in Diabetic Rats on Food and Drink Rhythmic Schedules

In normal rats food and water intakes are associated in terms of time and quantity and their diurnal rhythms are synchronized. Intake behavior in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (ID) with marked polyphagia and polydipsia and in diabetic rats with continuous insulin administration (IT) has been studied. The daily percentages of food and water intakes during the dark phase were lower in IT than in control rats (C), being even lower in ID rats. However, all three groups showed circadian rhythmicity in food intake, although with less amplitude in the ID and IT animals compared to the C ones. A loss of the normal circadian rhythm of water intake was observed in the ID rats and although the insulin administration recovered circadian rhythmicity, it did not restore the temporal relations between food and water intakes. These results may indicate that the circadian pattern of water intake is more influenced by insulin than food intake. The daily pattern of this hormone may play an important role in the circadian modulation of the homeostatic mechanisms integrating both intake behaviors.     

Food intake and body positional change alter the circadian rhythm of atrial natriuretic peptides excretion into human urine.

The 98 amino acid (a.a.) N-terminus of the 126 a.a. atrial natriuretic factor prohormone contains two natriuretic and vasodilatory peptides consisting of a.a. 1-30 (proANF 1-30) and a.a. 31-67 (proANF 31-67). The N-terminus and C-terminus (a.a. 99-126, i.e., ANF--also a vasodilatory peptide) circulate normally in humans with a circadian peak at 04:00 h in plasma. To determine if the N-terminus and C-terminus of the ANF prohormone are present in urine and possibly have a circadian variation in urine, six healthy volunteers had urine samples hourly while awake and every 3 h during sleep for five consecutive days obtained for radioimmunoassay. The sleep-awake pattern was varied so that after 2 days of normal sleep (supine)-awake (upright) positions, these volunteers were supine from 15:00 h on the third day until 10:00 h of the fourth day. They were then upright until 19:00 h that day when they became supine again until 02:30 h, and then were upright until 10:00 h of day 5. Three radioimmunoassays that immunologically recognize (a) the whole N-terminus (i.e., amino acids 1-98), (b) the midportion of the N-terminus (amino acids 31-67), and (c) the C-terminus of the ANF prohormone were utilized. ProANF 1-98, proANF 31-67, and the ANF radioimmunoassays each detected their respective peptides in urine. A circadian peak for each of these peptides was detected at 04:00 to 05:00 h whether the person was supine or upright during the night, which were significantly (p less than 0.001) higher than their concentrations in the afternoon of the previous days. Assuming a supine position during the day caused a significant (p less than 0.01) two- to threefold increase in these peptides in the urine. Food intake also increased the concentrations of proANF 1-98, proANF 31-67, and ANF in urine (p less than 0.001). Fluid intake when abstaining from food throughout the day lowered the concentration of these peptides in the urine. It was concluded that there is a circadian rhythm in both the N-terminus and C-terminus of the ANF prohormone excretion into urine with a peak at 04:00 h irrespective of posture, but that both posture and food and fluid intake throughout the day significantly influence the excretion of these peptides into the urine, with supine posture and food increasing their concentrations in the urine while fluid intake decreases their concentrations in the urine.     

轮虫培育池生态系统各有机碳库储量及其日变化

2001年5～6月对辽宁省盘锦光合水产有限公司的两种模式轮虫培育池有机碳库储量及动态进行了研究.结果表明,静水池溶解有机碳（DOC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）库储量平均值分别为5.69±2.90 mg·L^-1和24.56 ± 2.12 mg·L^-1;流水池DOC和POC分别为9.61±3.17 mg·L^-1和24.13 ±2.91 mg·L^-1.流水池和静水池TOC、DOC和POC的比例分别为 1∶0.75∶0.25和1∶0.82∶0.18.POC含量高的池塘DOC含量也较高.流水池的POC、DOC周日变动幅度大,静水池昼夜变动幅度小.流水池POC含量白天(5:00～17:00)升高,静水池降低,夜间(15:00～23:00)两池POC含量均降低.从23:00至次日5:00上升,两池分别在17:00和5:00达到高峰.白天(5:00～17:00) 流水池DOC/POC升高,静水池降低;夜间(17:00～23:00)两池均上升,23:00 至次日5:00则呈下降趋势.     

Glucocorticoid effects on the diurnal rhythm of circulating leptin levels

It is known that circulating leptin shows diurnal variation with a nocturnal rise; however, the mechanisms generating this rhythm have not been fully elucidated. Glucocorticoids are a potent stimulator of leptin secretion, and there is a reciprocal relationship between circulating leptin and glucocorticoid levels. We hypothesized that glucocorticoids could modulate the diurnal rhythm of circulating leptin. We therefore explored the diurnal variation of leptin under situations in which subjects showed no or some shift of glucocorticoid diurnal rhythm, such as prednisolone-administered humans, and adrenalectomized and corticosterone-replaced (ADX+B) rats. The peak level of plasma cortisol immunoreactivity was shifted from early morning to noon by prednisolone administration. The nocturnal increment of plasma leptin in prednisolone-administered patients (71.2 +/- 14.2% from 08:00 h value) was significantly greater than that in normal volunteers (12.2 +/- 7.5% from 08:00 h value), but the timing of nadir and the peak of plasma leptin was not shifted. In normal rats, the plasma concentration of leptin showed the diurnal rhythm with the bottom at 16:00 h and the top between midnight and early morning. The amplitude of leptin diurnal rhythm was significantly reduced in ADX+B rats (08:00 h: 3.0 +/- 0.2, 16:00 h: 2.7 +/- 0.2, 00:00 h; 3.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml) compared with sham operated rats (08:00 h: 3.0 +/- 0.2, 16:00 h 2.2 +/- 0.2, 00:00 h: 4.7 +/- 0.4 ng/ml); but ADX+B rats still retained similar timing of nadir and the peak of plasma leptin as observed in sham rats. These results indicate that glucocorticoids enhance the amplitude of leptin diurnal rhythm, and are consistent with previous findings showing that glucocorticoids increase leptin secretion. Glucocorticoids appear to play modulatory, but not essential roles in generating leptin diurnal rhythm.     

棕背Ping昼夜活动节律的研究

The diurnal activity rhythm of Clethrionomys rufocanus was studied under three different food conditions in a laboratory. The activity occurred both in the daytime and at night, but mainly at night (19:00--4:00). The mice fed with Mouse food exhibited six small peaks in their daily activity, and those fed with grass or hay exhib-ited seven, but the peak of the out-nest night activity was 2 ～ 3 hours earlier. The activity amount of out-nest was 30 518.0 ± 3 694.9 s for those fed with grass, the next was 21 811.7 ± 2 288.0 s for those fed with hay,and the least was 15 038.0 ± 666.0 s for those fed with mouse food. The activity amount of feeding was 10867.3± 1 612.1 s for those fed with grass, much more than those fed with mouse food and hay. The activity amount for drinking was 988.5 ± 79.1 s (fed with hay), 568.9 ± 60.9 s (fed with mouse food) and 139.3 ±47.2 s (fed with grass).     

干旱条件下花铃期棉花对氮素的生理响应

于2005—2006年在南京农业大学卫岗试验站进行盆栽试验,研究花铃期土壤干旱及复水后棉花光合与蒸腾特性及水分利用率对氮素的响应.结果表明：与正常灌水处理（CK）相比,干旱处理棉花随土壤相对含水量（SRWC）的减少,其净光合速率（P_n）和蒸腾速率（T_r）迅速降低;在干旱处理前期,由于棉花T_r下降幅度高于P_n,水分利用率（WUE）表现为上升趋势,而后随SRWC和P_n的降低,WUE呈逐渐下降趋势.土壤干旱改变了P_n和T_r的日变化趋势,干旱处理棉花P_n和T_r从8:00到16:00一直呈下降趋势,而CK则呈单峰曲线,P_n和T_r峰值分别出现在10:00—11:00和12:00;干旱处理和CK的WUE日变化均呈先降后升的趋势,谷值出现在12:00.干旱条件下棉花的P_n和T_r随氮素水平的提高而降低,而WUE则表现为相反趋势;复水后,干旱处理棉花P_n、T_r及WUE日变化趋势与CK一致,但其值低于CK,该趋势在施氮肥条件下表现尤为明显.可见,棉花花铃期土壤干旱条件下增施氮肥虽然有利于WUE的提高,但却降低了棉花的光合性能.     

Daily rhythms of swimming activity,synchronization to different feeding times and effects on anesthesia practice in an Amazon fish species (Colossoma macropomum)

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the existence of day-night differences in the time for anesthesia and recovery in tambaqui exposed to the anesthetic eugenol and the influence of feeding time. Thus, we evaluated: (1) swimming activity; (2) food anticipatory activity (FAA) as a synchronizer of swimming activity and change to susceptibility to anesthetic; and (3) the effects of diurnal/nocturnal anesthesia exposure of fish feeding in the mid-light phase: 12:00 h (ML) and fish feeding in the mid-dark phase: 00:00 h (MD). Our findings revealed strictly nocturnal activity for tambaqui (94.2%), known as diurnal fish to date. Moreover, FAA was observed in tambaqui fed at MD, which showed a sustained increase in activity that began 2 h before feeding time and lasted until feeding. In contrast, no FAA was observed in fish fed at ML. Regarding anesthesia by day or night, the tambaqui treated with eugenol exhibited no difference in induction time. However, differences were observed in recovery times, with fish anesthetized at day recovering in 1–2 min and fish anesthetized at night recovering in 5–7 min. In short, our findings revealed for the first time the nocturnal behavior of tambaqui. These results indicated that recovery by day/night by eugenol in tambaqui has a strong dependence of behavioral patterns and the time of day.     

Diurnal variation of flow-mediated vasodilation in healthy premenopausal women

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis of a diurnal variation of endothelial function. Sixteen healthy, nonsmoking women were studied, each on four occasions during one 24-h period (2:00 PM, 8:00 PM, 2:00 AM, and 8:00 AM). Endothelial function was assessed by ultrasound determinations of flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD%) in the brachial artery. FMD% was contrasted with endothelium-independent vasodilation, i.e., nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation (NTG%). Additionally, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of nitrate and cGMP were analyzed. FMD% and NTG% displayed diurnal, albeit not parallel, patterns of variation. Whereas FMD% gradually increased from 2:00 PM and peaked at 2:00 AM (means +/- SE: 3.1 +/- 0.4, 4.4 +/- 0.4, 5.1 +/- 0.9, and 3.9 +/- 0.8%), the NTG% demonstrated a nadir at 2:00 AM. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of nitrate and cGMP did not display diurnal variation and no clear association with the variations seen in FMD% and NTG%. This study demonstrates a diurnal variation in both endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in the brachial artery of healthy women. The background and possible implication of such a variation require further studies.