暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖生态观察

暗绿绣眼鸟的繁殖生态观察朱献恩,朱晓华青岛市崂山区林业局鸟类管理站２６６１００暗绿绣眼鸟（ＺｏｓｔｅｒｏｐｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａｓｉｍｐｌｅｘＳｗｉｎｈｏｅ）为青岛地区的夏候鸟。每年于５月初迁来青岛崂山繁殖,９月下旬迁回南方越冬。居留期１５０天。笔者于１...     

青岛地区暗绿绣眼鸟繁殖生态研究

暗绿绣眼鸟每年４月２０日迁来,５月中下旬筑巢,筑巢期７天。筑巢期间交配,巢成后即产卵。每窝产卵４枚,年产１窝。孵卵期１０天。雏鸟均在孵卵期的最后一上小时内全部出壳。经亲鸟喂食１１天,雏鸟出飞离巢。     

斑背大尾莺sinensis亚种的繁殖生物学

斑背大尾莺（Megalurus pryeri）为东亚特有鸟类,数量稀少（常家传,1995;马敬能等,2000）,2003年IUCN世界濒危物种红皮书将斑背大尾莺列为易危物种（汪松、解焱,2004）。斑背大尾莺有2个亚种,指名亚种（M．P．pryeri）仅在日本本州岛北部的Kanto平原北部繁殖,越冬区在本州岛中部的太平洋沿岸（Fujitaand Nagata,1997）;sinensis亚种在我国仅见于湖北汉口（冬候鸟）、河北秦皇岛（旅鸟）和辽宁朝阳地区（繁殖鸟？）（郑作新,1987）。     

笼养条件下暗绿绣眼鸟(Zosterops japonica simplex)鸣声的初步探究

鸣叫是鸟类种群内个体间交流的"语言",不同的鸣叫具有不同的意义。鸣叫行为对鸟类的集群、取食、求偶、报警等活动均有重要的影响。了解鸟类鸣叫与行为之间的关系对于鸟类行为生态学研究具有重要意义。记录了笼养条件下暗绿绣眼鸟在不同条件下的鸣叫变化。共记录和分析了暗绿绣眼的雌雄普通鸣叫、雄性报警鸣叫与引伴鸣叫、繁殖期雄性领域鸣唱、个体间求救鸣叫与应答鸣叫、种间竞争鸣叫、黑暗环境下鸣叫等8种声音。结果表明暗绿绣眼在不同的情景下会发出不同的鸣叫,鸣叫的多样性为其种群交流提供了有效的语言工具。     

新疆木垒波斑鸨的繁殖成功率

作者于 1998～ 2 0 0 0年 4～ 7月 ,采用野外直接观察、栖息地植被样方调查和无线电跟踪等方法对分布于新疆木垒的波斑鸨 (Chlamydotiundulatamacqueenii)种群的繁殖生态进行了初步观察与研究。考察中共发现45个巢、 84窝幼雏。研究结果表明 ,木垒波斑鸨有两个产卵高峰期 ,表明雌鸟第一次繁殖失败后可能再次产卵。雌鸟营巢成功率平均为 0 5 0 5。波斑鸨的窝卵数在 2～ 6枚之间 ,出现 4枚卵的频率最高。第一产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 4 0± 0 8枚 /窝 )大于第二产卵期内的平均窝卵数 ( 3 3± 0 8枚 /窝 )。木垒波斑鸨种群三年间卵孵化率分别为 0 84、 0 80和 1,繁殖成功率为 0 45 6。种群在繁殖期几乎不受人类活动干扰 ,巢卵及幼雏损失主要来自天敌捕食 ,如沙狐、大和棕尾等.     

甘肃南部蓝马鸡的繁殖生物学

2007年和2008年在甘肃尕海-则岔自然保护区对蓝马鸡Crossoptilon auritum的繁殖生物学进行了研究.野外发现12个巢址,其中后方隐蔽度最高,为90.83%,其次是上方隐蔽度、左侧隐蔽度、右侧隐蔽度、前方隐蔽度.窝卵数为9.67±1.15(n=3).卵平均大小为(56.64±1.75) mm×(41.88±0.98) mm.卵体积为(50.39±2.64) cm3,卵重为(54.97±2.87) g.在4个繁殖巢中,只有1个巢成功孵化.营巢失败原因有人为干扰和天敌破坏.     

无蹼壁虎繁殖生态生物学研究

壁虎科 (Ｇｅｋｋｏｎｉｄａｅ)动物以恒定窝卵数作为其主要生殖策略 ,多疣壁虎 (Ｇｅｋｋｏｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ)以较高产卵频率和较大雌体 (卵大一些 )在种群中的比例 (计翔等 ,1991ａ)作为其又一生殖策略。本文在前人研究的基础上 ,对无蹼壁虎 (Ｇ .ｓｗｉｎｈｏｎｉｓ)的繁殖生态生物学做进一步研究。1　研究方法1 1　野外观察时间及地点1993～ 1997年 ,在江苏省云龙山上的旧碉堡内 ,观察记录壁虎产卵、孵化等情况。1 2　饲　养1995、 1996、 1998和 1999年 ,参照计翔等 (1991ｂ)方法 ,用木箱和纸箱饲养壁虎。每箱内饲养 1对成体壁虎 ,以…     

栗斑腹鵐的繁殖习性

1999年5—7月,通过野外直接观测的方法,对栗斑腹鵐的繁殖过程进行了调查。结果表明：在103．78hm^2样地内共有45个巢,种群密度为0．81只／hm^2。平均窝卵数为5．09枚,孵化期为12d,孵化率为36．3％,繁殖成功率为27．7％,繁殖生产力为0．49。     

吉林白城地区草原栗斑腹(巫鸟)窝卵数、营巢成功率和繁殖成功率的研究

对分布于吉林白城地区草原生境中栗斑腹巫鸟的窝卵数、营巢成功率和繁殖成功率的初步研究结果表明 ,繁殖期栗斑腹巫鸟种群的平均窝卵数为 5 .0 9± 0 .5 8枚 /巢 ;窝卵数与产卵期、出巢数与产卵期、窝卵数与卵大小之间呈负相关 ,产卵期与孵化率之间存在极显著的负相关关系 ,巢外径与窝卵数之间存在显著的正相关关系 ,巢的其余指标均与窝卵数呈正相关 ;平均孵化期为 12± 0 .4 9d ,孵化率为 36 .3% ,繁殖成功率为 11.11% ;7日龄以上的雏鸟群体大小为 2 .5 6± 1.5 3只 ,栗斑腹巫鸟的雏鸟存活率为 2 7.6 9% .     

灰椋鸟的繁殖生态

1994年 3月至 7月在吉林省左家自然保护区对灰椋鸟的繁殖生态研究发现 ,在 1 2 2hm2 的面积内共有 36个灰椋鸟巢 ,繁殖密度为 0 32 1巢 hm2 。繁殖期由 4月 2 4日持续到 7月 1 1日共 79d。平均窝卵数为 5 89(SD =1 1 7,n =36 ) ,窝卵数同繁殖季节呈显著负相关 (r=-0 75 72 ,P <0 0 1 )。平均孵化期为1 3 6d ,平均育雏期 2 1 6d。平均每巢出飞 5 1只幼鸟。幼体 (卵、雏鸟 )死亡的最主要原因是人为干扰。     

Breeding biology aspects of spotted flapshell Turtle,Lissemys punctata (Lacepede 1788), in Bangladesh

This study was conducted to determine the breeding season, gonadal development, egg laying period, clutch size and other biological aspects of spotted flapshell turtle, Lissemys punctata, of Bangladesh between January 1997 and December 2001. The egg laying period of L. punctata, was found between August and March. The nesting sites were elevated fallow lands in secluded areas. The female turtle laid all the mature eggs at a time for each clutch at night. A gravid female turtle laid three clutches of eggs in each year and the mean clutch size was 13.0 ± 1.9 eggs and mean weight of each egg was 10.3 ± 1.3 g. The eggs are spherical in shape and whitish in color. The mean incubation period was 173 ± 34 days (range 119–225 days). The incubation period of first clutch was the longest than the second and third clutches. Hatching success was found 41%. Maximum hatching was observed in June. The present investigation was made to explore the possibility to raise turtle farming in captive condition. The findings would, hopefully, help to rear the species and to assess the commercial potentiality of turtle farming in captive condition, that is, in the eco-climatic condition of Bangladesh.     

Breeding biology of the citrine wagtail (Motacilla citreola) in the Gdansk region (N Poland)

In the years 1997–2001, I observed 28 broods of the Citrine Wagtail (Motacilla citreola) in the Gulf of Gdask region. First birds arrived at the study area at the end of April. A successful breeding cycle lasted about 1 month and included: 3–4 days of nest building, 1–2 days of a break, 4–6 days of egg laying, 11–12 days of incubation, and 10–13 days of parental care of chicks in the nest. Females started to lay eggs at the beginning of May. The most common clutch-size was 5 eggs. Hatching success was 55.3%. On average, 2.6 chicks hatched in a nest, the final fledging success reached 38.1% and an average 1.8 chicks left the nest. Nests were always on the ground and were situated in tufts or in thick vegetation. Most entrances faced south-east. The mean external diameter of nests was 10.1 cm, the internal diameter, presented as width and length, averaged 6.3 and 6.8 cm, respectively, and the mean depth of cup was 3.9 cm. Eighty-six measured eggs were similar in shape and colour to the eggs of Yellow Wagtail (M. flava). Their mean width was 14.16 mm, and the length 18.40 mm. The growth and plumage development of nestlings is reported. To estimate the nestlings age a multiple regression equation was established with the measurements of highest correlation coefficients, i.e. wing and tarsus length: D=0.12W+0.23T–0.23 (where: D = day of life, W = wing length, T = tarsus length). In the observed nest, both parents participated similarly in feeding the chicks. The average frequency of feeding increased from about 5 per hour on the day of hatching to more than 20 per hour in the last days in the nest. G-test showed statistically significant differences between the male and the female in the distribution of average duration of visit (G=52.3, df=10, P<0.05). During the first few days the female stayed at the nest longer than the male. After 6 days, average duration of a visit in the nest for both parents shortened to several seconds.     

甘肃省莲花山鬼鸮繁殖巢址记述

鬼鸮在世界上呈环北极分布,其甘肃亚种自1928年在甘肃西北部的天堂寺首次发现后,80多年来在甘肃一直未见报道,其它分布点亦非常零散。1999～2003年,作者在甘肃省莲花山区发现鬼分布,并记录鬼鸮繁殖巢址3个。鬼鸮营巢于针叶树的树洞中,雌雄共同育雏。     

Effect of clutch size on male egg-fanning behavior and hatching success in the goby, Eviota prasina (Klunzinger)

In fish that exhibit paternal care, the females often choose their mates on the basis of male traits that are indicative of the parental ability of the males. In a marine goby, Eviota prasina, males tend their eggs within their nests until hatching, and females prefer males that have longer dorsal fins and exhibit courtship behavior with a higher frequency as their mates. In order to clarify the relationship between these sexually selected traits and the parental ability of males of E. prasina, the factors affecting the hatching success of eggs within male nests and the male parental care behavior were examined in an aquarium experiment. Females spawned their eggs in male nests and the clutch size of females showed a high individual variation (range = 88-833 eggs). The hatching success of eggs within male nests showed a positive correlation with the time spent by males in fanning eggs and the clutch size. In contrast to the prediction, however, the hatching success did not show a significant correlation with the sexually selected traits, i.e., the male dorsal fin length and the frequency of courtship displays. Moreover, multiple regression analysis indicated that the time spent by the males in fanning was the most important factor affecting the survival rate of the eggs. The time spent by males in fanning behavior was influenced by the clutch size within their nests; the fanning behavior of males occurred with a higher frequency when they tended larger clutches. Males are required to invest a greater effort in egg-tending behavior to achieve a higher hatching success when they receive larger clutches, probably due to the greater reward for their parental behavior. Based on their mate choice, females may obtain other benefits such as high quality offspring.     

Cloning, Sequencing, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Complementary DNA of Novel Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A in Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonica)

Complementary DNA of cytochrome P-450 CYP1A, in addition to CYP1A1, has been isolated from Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) liver treated with 3-methylcholanthrene. The cDNA contained a 5′ untranslated region of 66 bp, an open reading frame of 1554 bp coding for 517 amino acids and a stop codon, and a 3′ untranslated region of 1166 bp. The predicted molecular weight of the Japanese eel CYP1A was approximately 58.5 kDa. The nucleotide sequence exhibited identities with the reported CYP1A1 sequences of 77% for Japanese eel, 75% for rainbow trout, 72% for scup, plaice, and butterfly fish, and 71% for toadfish. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited identities with the reported CYP1A1 sequences of 78% for Japanese eel, 77% for rainbow trout, 75% for scup, 74% for toadfish, 73% for plaice, and 72% for butterfly fish. The novel eel CYP1A obtained had less similarity to the other teleost CYP1A1 proteins (72%–78%) than that of the eel CYP1A1 (74%–80%). When compared with mammalian CYP proteins, the novel eel CYP1A was more similar to the CYP1A1 proteins (54%–56%) than to the CYP1A2 proteins (50%–53%). The phylogenetic tree of the teleost CYP1A genes constructed using the maximum likelihood method suggested that the novel eel CYP1A is ubiquitous among the Anguilliformes. Received August 25, 2000; accepted November 30, 2000     

在控制条件下光敏核雄性不育粳稻抽穗与结实的光周期与温度反应特性

在人工气候室研究了１５个光敏核雄性不育系粳稻抽穗与结实对日长与温度的反应特性。１个品系抽穗的光周期反应极弱,８个中等;６个强;农垦５８Ｓ与其原种反应均强．但ＰＳＰ略有差异;而且农垦５８Ｓ在雌雄蕊原基分化前移入ＬＤ,不但抽穗延迟且结实率显著降低,而农垦５８抽穗虽延迟但结实正常。高温抽穗促进车品系间差异大,从０～４ｄ．９％,较多为２２％～３８％。１５个不育结实的光周期反应明显;它们在高温、低温、ＬＤ下结实明显受阻,有的即使在ＳＤ下结实率亦很低。说明它们雄性细胞较孱弱易受不良光、温条件危害,可能是遗传上有缺陷;繁种时应注意地区的光、温条件,并利用ＳＤ下结实尚可的品系。     

Immunohistochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of the Japanese quail,Coturnix coturnix

Summary The localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the hypothalamus of the quail has been studied by means of light- and electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry. Numerous VIP-immunoreactive perikarya are distributed in the caudal portion of the nucleus infundibularis (n. tuberis) and nucleus mamillaris lateralis, and sparse in the preoptic area, nucleus supraopticus and nucleus paraventricularis. Dense localization of immunoreactive-VIP fibers is observed in the external layer of the median eminence, in close contact with the primary portal capillaries. The main origins of these fiber terminals are VIP-immunoreactive perikarya of the nucleus infundibularis. These neurons are spindle or bipolar and extend one process to the ventricular surface and another to the external layer of median eminence. They are CSF-contacting neurons and apparently constitute the tubero-hypophysial tract that links the third ventricle and the hypophysial portal circulation. VIP-reactive neurons in the nucleus mamillaris lateralis also project axons to the external layer of the median eminence, constituting the posterior bundle of the tuberohypophysial tract. Numerous VIP-immunoreactive perikarya occur also in the nucleus accumbens/pars posterior close to the lateral ventricle. They are also CSF-contacting neurons extending a process to the lateral ventricle. There are moderate distributions of VIP-reactive fibers in the area ventralis and in the area septalis.Ultrastructurally, the immunoreactive products against VIP are found in the elementary granules, 75–115 nm in diameter, within the nerve fibers in the median eminence.This investigation was supported by Scientific Research Grants No. 00556196, No. 56360027 and No. 56760183 from the Ministry of Education of Japan to Professor Mikami and Mr. Yamada     

Phenology,pollination, and breeding system of the threatened tree Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Fabaceae), and a review of studies on the reproductive biology in the genus

Caesalpinia echinata (brazilwood) is a threatened tree endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic forest with a global importance as it is worldwide used to manufacture the most desirable bows for violins, violas, and cellos. Although there is an international initiative for its conservation, there is a lack of studies on the reproductive biology of the species, as for the genus, a fundamental understanding for the conservation of any species. In this paper, we investigated the phenology, pollination, and breeding system of C. echinata, presenting some conservation guidelines for the species, together with a review of studies on the reproductive biology in Caesalpinia s.l. The genus has a complex taxonomic history with recent attempts to reassign its limits. Pending a final resolution of the placing of some species (including C. echinata) our revision covers the traditional Caesalpinia s.l. and includes annotations indicating to which segregate genus each species is now considered to belong, as well as the appropriate combination where this has already been published. Field work was undertaken from October/2004 to December/2006 at the Tapacurá Ecological Station, northeastern Brazil. Flowering occurred mainly in the dry season and the peak of seed dispersal was at the beginning of the wet season. Anthesis is diurnal, lasting 1 day. The flowers are zygomorphic, yellow, sweet-scented, and the effective pollinators were mainly medium-sized to large bees of the genera Centris and Xylocopa, together with the introduced Apis mellifera. Nectar volume and sugar concentration averaged 2.9±1.0 μL and 29.5±9.4%, respectively. The ovary has 1–4 ovules (2.35±0.58) and the pollen/ovule ratio was 5631.2; pollen viability was high (95.9±4.8%). Natural fruit set was low (9.2%) with mature fruits averaging 1.7±0.9 seeds. Results of the controlled pollinations and analysis of pollen tube growth revealed C. echinata presents late-acting self-incompatibility. The pollination biology and breeding system of C. echinata are discussed, together with available data on its genetics and physiology, in terms of best conservation practice for this endangered species. Data on the reproductive biology of the genus are scarce, revealing the predominance of bee pollination and SI system, with the occurrence of late-acting self-incompatibility mechanisms in some species.