杂色山雀的繁殖成功率

2004～2006年的3～7月,在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区,对杂色山雀(Parus varius)的繁殖及繁殖成功率进行了初步研究。结果显示,杂色山雀主要营巢于海拔400～900m的阔叶杂木林、针叶林及林缘地带;繁殖期在3～7月,其洞巢种类多样,筑巢期约15d;巢为碗状,巢结构的2/3由苔藓构成;窝卵数为6～8枚,平均(6·92±0·92)枚(n=13);雌鸟单独孵卵,孵化期为(14·00±0·00)d(n=10);育雏由雌雄鸟共同承担,育雏期为(17·50±0·58)d(n=4)。杂色山雀繁殖成功率为50·95%,繁殖力为2·22。人为干扰是造成卵和雏鸟损失的主要原因,占总损失的74·19%。     

四川南充市区火斑鸠的繁殖生态

20 0 2年 5～ 1 1月、2 0 0 3年 4～ 9月对南充市火斑鸠的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果表明 :4月下旬迁到 ,5月下旬开始繁殖 ;影响巢址选择的主要因素 6种 ;两性参与筑巢 ,营巢期 7～ 8d ;隔 2～ 3日产枚卵 ,窝卵数 ( 2 2 1± 0 0 9)枚 (n =1 9) ;雌雄轮流昼夜孵卵 ,日换孵两次 ,孵卵期 1 1～ 1 2d ,孵化率 92 86%;育雏可分三个时期 ,育雏高峰期每日 7:0 0、1 3 :0 0、1 8:0 0时左右 ,育雏期 1 7～ 1 8d ,雏离巢率 1 0 0 %,繁殖生产力1 86,种群育雏高峰期 7月和 8月上中旬 ;雏鸟于 1 7或 1 8日后离巢迁到郊外 ,9月下旬集群 ,1 0月中下旬迁飞。     

四川南充市区白腰文鸟的巢址选择与雏鸟的生长发育

20 0 2年 1 1月～ 2 0 0 4年 4月在四川省南充市区内对白腰文鸟 (Lonchurastriata)的繁殖习性进行了研究。结果表明 ,白腰文鸟 2月下旬开始繁殖 ;影响巢址选择的主要因素 9种 ;雌雄参与筑巢 ,营巢期 5～ 6d;雌雄轮流孵卵 ,孵卵期 1 3～ 1 5d ,整个种群的孵卵高峰期在 4～ 6月 ,窝卵数 (5 .61± 0 . 78) (n =1 8)枚 ,孵化率 86 0 7% ;雌雄均参与育雏 ,育雏期 1 8～ 2 1d ,雏离巢率 82 43 % ,繁殖生产力 3. 0 1 ,育雏两个高峰期 :上午 8:0 0～ 1 0 :0 0时和下午 1 6:0 0～ 1 8:0 0时 ,日育雏次数 (1 2 . 77± 6 .0 7) (n =3 4) ,育雏时间间隔(0 . 96± 0 . 42 )h(n =1 61 ) ;雏鸟形态生长曲线呈“S”型。     

广西防城港黑翅长脚鹬的繁殖行为

本研究于2021年3～9月,采用目标观察和全事件记录法,对广西防城港市钦州湾八路水湿地黑翅长脚鹬（Himantopus himantopus）的繁殖习性进行全过程观察记录。黑翅长脚鹬的栖息生境主要在盐田、虾塘和鱼塘,而巢主要分布在盐田生境。共发现39巢,雌雄共同营巢,按照主要巢材将其巢分为干草巢、碎石巢、泥皮巢和牛毛毡草巢4种;巢材包括禾本科（Gramineae）和莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物以及碎石、贝壳等;巢外径为（23.3±10.7）cm,巢内径为（11.2±1.9）cm,巢深为（1.6±0.5）cm,巢高为（6.5±4.3）cm(n=39);筑巢需（3±2）d(n=6)。窝卵数2～4枚,1～2 d产1枚卵,7 d内产完满窝卵（n=6）。雌雄均参与孵卵,雄性孵卵时间比雌性长,但二者差异不显著（P> 0.05）,雄性（8 550±245.9）min,雌性（7 530±263.3）min,孵卵期为（25±2）d(n=6)。育雏期（26±3）d(n=6),雌雄轮流育雏,育雏前、中期（雏鸟1～20d日龄）,雌性育雏时间比雄性长,是雄性的2倍,育雏后期（雏鸟大于20 d日龄）,...     

杂色山雀的繁殖生态

2004—2006年3—7月在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区对杂色山雀的繁殖生态进行了观察研究。结果表明:该鸟繁殖期为3—7月,筑巢地除了树洞之外,还见在墙缝、石缝、金腰燕旧巢及电柱孔洞中筑巢,筑巢主要由雌鸟完成,雄鸟从旁协助;产卵期为5～8d,日产1枚,窝卵数为(6.92±0.92)枚(n=13);产满窝卵数后即开始孵化;孵化由雌鸟单独完成,孵化期(14.00±0.00)d(n=10),坐巢时间(570.00±11.02)min.d-1(n=9)(不含夜间),平均坐巢时间(57.00±6.75)min.次-1(n=9),雄鸟担任警卫任务,孵化期较为敏感,受到干扰易弃巢;育雏期(17.50±0.58)d(n=4),由雌雄鸟共同喂雏,雏鸟出飞后先是在亲鸟的带领下在巢周活动,之后活动范围逐渐扩展,2～3d后基本离开巢区。     

灰椋鸟的繁殖生态

1994年 3月至 7月在吉林省左家自然保护区对灰椋鸟的繁殖生态研究发现 ,在 1 2 2hm2 的面积内共有 36个灰椋鸟巢 ,繁殖密度为 0 32 1巢 hm2 。繁殖期由 4月 2 4日持续到 7月 1 1日共 79d。平均窝卵数为 5 89(SD =1 1 7,n =36 ) ,窝卵数同繁殖季节呈显著负相关 (r=-0 75 72 ,P <0 0 1 )。平均孵化期为1 3 6d ,平均育雏期 2 1 6d。平均每巢出飞 5 1只幼鸟。幼体 (卵、雏鸟 )死亡的最主要原因是人为干扰。     

广西防城发现黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群

20 0 2年 3～ 8月 ,在广西防城万鹤山首次发现国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群 ,约 4巢 ,8只成鸟 1 4只雏鸟。黄嘴白鹭于该年 3月底 4月初迁来筑巢繁殖。巢材多为常绿、落叶阔叶树枯枝和松枝。窝卵数 4枚 ,卵为淡蓝青色。雌雄鸟轮流交替孵卵 ,孵化期 2 4 5 0± 1 5 0 ( 2 3～ 2 6)d ,孵化率1 0 0 %。育雏期 41± 2 ( 3 9～ 43 )d ,窝雏数 3 5 0± 0 2 9( 3～ 4)只 ,雏鸟成活率 87 5 0 %。食性主要为鱼( 77 84% )、虾 ( 1 6 76% )和青蛙 ( 5 40 % )。     

骨顶鸡的繁殖行为

2008和2009年4-9月,对黑龙江省安邦河自然保护区以及龙凤湿地骨顶鸡繁殖种群进行了观察.结果表明:骨顶鸡繁殖季节会建造3种巢结构:炫耀台、产卵巢和育雏巢,雌雄共同参与筑巢及领域防卫活动;巢高和巢深随窝卵数增多而呈上升趋势;平均窝卵数为8.77±0.24(n=75)枚,窝卵数随繁殖时间推迟而呈减少趋势;骨顶鸡雌雄共同参与孵化,雌性平均每次孵化时间高于雄性;雌雄共同参与喂雏,雏鸟至亚体阶段才完全独立,之前需亲鸟饲喂;骨顶鸡是杂食性鸟类,食物以植物为主,但也摄取动物性食物.     

棕头鸦雀的巢生境因子分析和雏鸟的生长发育

2005年4~6月,在四川南充市西华师范大学新校区、西南石油学院和嘉陵江中坝区域内对棕头鸦雀(Paradoxornis webbianus)的繁殖行为进行了观察研究。结果表明,棕头鸦雀4月开始繁殖。影响巢址选择的生境因子主要有7种。雌雄鸟参与筑巢,营巢期5~6 d。窝卵数4~5枚(n=5)。雌雄鸟孵卵,孵卵期13~14 d。孵化率89.47%(n=4)。雌雄参与育雏,育雏期12~13 d。雏鸟离巢率88.24%(n=4)。雏鸟形态生长曲线呈“S”型。     

厦门鸡屿岛白鹭几种繁殖活动的观察

于 2 0 0 1年 3～ 7月采用颜色标记法 ,记录厦门白鹭保护区内鸡屿岛白鹭 (Egrettagarzetta)卵产出和孵出的顺序和时间 ,并称重卵和雏鸟。有 91 4 %的窝卵数为 4～ 5枚 ,产卵期 7 0± 1 9d ,出壳期 4 2± 1 4d ;卵孵化时间与产卵顺序显著负相关 ;不同产出顺序卵重无差异 ;不同孵出顺序雏鸟早期 (≤ 5d)发育无差异 ,之后差异显著 ,第 4出壳的雏鸟发育水平和成活率较低 ,而第 5出壳的雏鸟最低 ;亲鸟在产卵期的孵化是非连续的 ,而产卵结束后相对连续。如此 ,可以调节孵化时间 ,进而调控异步孵化的程度 ,使雏鸟在生长阶段形成适当的等级差别 ,以获得最大的繁殖收益。     

紫蓬山区三种鹭种群繁殖成效的研究

：作者１９９６年４～７月在紫蓬山区国家级森林公园,对白鹭、池鹭和夜鹭繁殖种群的数量和繁殖成效进行了研究。结果表明：三块样地中,夜鹭的种群平均密度最大,白鹭的种群平均密度最小;白鹭、池鹭和夜鹭的种群繁殖生产力分别为２３７４ｉｎｄ／ｈｍ２、１４４１ｉｎｄ／ｈｍ２和２０１２ｉｎｄ／ｈｍ２;繁殖成效分别为５２０％、５５１％和４５１％。繁殖成效与巢位高度有关,低位巢卵损失率高,高位巢雏丢失率高。     

吉林白城地区草原栗斑腹(巫鸟)窝卵数、营巢成功率和繁殖成功率的研究

对分布于吉林白城地区草原生境中栗斑腹巫鸟的窝卵数、营巢成功率和繁殖成功率的初步研究结果表明 ,繁殖期栗斑腹巫鸟种群的平均窝卵数为 5 .0 9± 0 .5 8枚 /巢 ;窝卵数与产卵期、出巢数与产卵期、窝卵数与卵大小之间呈负相关 ,产卵期与孵化率之间存在极显著的负相关关系 ,巢外径与窝卵数之间存在显著的正相关关系 ,巢的其余指标均与窝卵数呈正相关 ;平均孵化期为 12± 0 .4 9d ,孵化率为 36 .3% ,繁殖成功率为 11.11% ;7日龄以上的雏鸟群体大小为 2 .5 6± 1.5 3只 ,栗斑腹巫鸟的雏鸟存活率为 2 7.6 9% .     

不同纬度洞巢鸟类对人工巢箱的利用及差异

迄今对洞巢鸟类生活史特征的纬度变异（特别是热带洞巢鸟类的繁殖）了解还十分有限。我们于2018年3至8月,分别在海南吊罗山（热带）、河南董寨（亚热带）和河北塞罕坝（温带）的林缘地带,悬挂相同规格的人工巢箱招引洞巢鸟类繁殖,用以比较不同地理区域的洞巢鸟类对人工巢箱的利用情况及其孵化成效和繁殖成功率。野外共悬挂577个木制巢箱,3个研究地的利用率在海南吊罗山为最低（32.6%）,河南董寨最高（92.0%）。3个地点均有大山雀（Parus cinereus）入住（占总巢数的84.3%）,其孵化成效和繁殖成功率在3个地点不存在显著差异（P > 0.05）。但在河北塞罕坝,大山雀的孵化成效（75.7%）和繁殖成功率（65.7%）显著低于同域繁殖的褐头山雀（Poecile montanus）（97.7% 和97.7%）和煤山雀（Periparus ater）（93.5%和90.3%）（P < 0.05）。研究表明,3个地理区域利用巢箱繁殖的洞巢鸟的种类、数量以及对巢箱的利用率均存在差异,但对于广布种大山雀来说,地理位置的差异并不影响其孵化成效和繁殖成功率。     

Bacterial species richness at three stages of the breeding season in Cyanistes caeruleus (blue tit)

Blue tits are exposed to a vast array of bacteria throughout their life cycle and are particularly exposed during a breeding attempt. Any pathogenic bacteria within their microbiome can have a detrimental effect on their fitness and that of the nestlings they are raising. This study aims to identify the bacterial species richness that birds of this species are exposed to during three key stages of the breeding cycle: nest build, clutch completion and immediately post fledging. Nests were swabbed at these time points across four deciduous woodland sites in the United Kingdom and genomic DNA extracted prior to T-RFLP analysis. This is the first known instance of this technique being used to assess the nest microbiome and the first culture independent assessment of nest microbiome within this species. This revealed 103 distinct OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) across all sites and stages with an increase in taxa richness at each stage. There were differences in the microbiomes of each nest across breeding stage and site with evidence suggesting the nest microbiome is largely determined by the local environment.     

Breeding success and lutein availability in great tit (Parus major)

The relationship among temporal variation in the availability of carotenoid-rich food, tissue carotenoid levels and breeding success are poorly known. We studied how diet quality and quantity affect the carotenoid profile and fledging success of great tit (Parus major) nestlings along a pollution gradient. We found declining seasonal trend in lutein concentration of caterpillars, which may be the explanation for the declining trend in nestlings' lutein concentration of plasma with season, despite the increase in caterpillar biomass. This may be because the biomass of most lutein-rich caterpillars (autumnal moths) decreased and less lutein-rich caterpillars (sawflies) increased during the breeding season. The temporal difference in occurrence of different caterpillar species means that peak lutein availability does not coincide with peak caterpillar abundance. However the positive association between total larval biomass and the number of great tit fledglings may suggest that fledging success depends more on total caterpillar availability than on lutein concentration of caterpillars.     

新疆阜康地区家麻雀的巢址选择

2013年7月和2014年5~7月,在新疆阜康地区对家麻雀(Passer domesticus)的巢址选择进行调查,以分析影响家麻雀巢址选择的生态因子。在研究区内共找到75个家麻雀的自然巢,筑巢生境为农田和防护林带,均在白杨(Populus adenopoda)林和胡杨(P.euphratica)林中的树上筑巢。其中,繁殖成功巢40个,繁殖失败巢20个,15个巢未记录到繁殖结果。在研究区内的居民房屋、墙洞等没有发现家麻雀的巢。采用逻辑斯蒂回归和主成分分析方法对筑巢地海拔(m)、筑巢树种、筑巢树高(m)、巢距路距离(m)、巢距地面高度(m)、巢上方盖度(%)、筑巢树胸径(m)、最近邻巢的距离(m)这些家麻雀的主要巢址参数进行分析,结果表明,影响新疆阜康地区家麻雀巢址利用的主要因素为巢距地面高度(m)、巢上方盖度(%)和巢距路距离(m)。对家麻雀繁殖成功巢(n=40)和繁殖失败巢(n=20)的巢址参数进行比较,两者差异不显著,因而推测,在研究区域的尺度内,家麻雀的巢址选择并不是影响其繁殖成效的主要因素。     

Using fledged brood counts of hedgerow birds to assess the effect of summer agri-environment scheme options

A key aim of many European agri-environment schemes (AES) is to improve biodiversity on farmland. In recent years, several countries have been looking at long term trends in the spring adult population size of a target group of farmland birds as an indicator of this. The overall trend in these indicators is however not upwards. While this might suggest we need to look at the design and deployment of habitat management options within schemes, there is an increasing view that we also need to refine and improve our indicators, or the way we monitor them.Relating spring adult bird population size to AES options is problematic not least because of the time lag between the deployment of those designed to enhance bird breeding success in summer, and the spring surveys the following year. At the other end of the scale detailed studies of breeding success in farmland birds have practical/cost restraints. We argue that to understand the impact on farmland birds of particular summer options within AESs we need to be able to estimate the breeding success of local bird populations quickly and cheaply. This would enable us to relate particular AES options to the breeding performance of the birds actually using them.Complementing a previous study of woodland birds, we assess the likelihood of encountering fledged broods of hedgerow nesting bird species during transect surveys without finding nests, and then apply a simple mark-recapture analysis technique to provide an index of breeding success for those species. Following spring adult assessments, counts of fledged broods were undertaken four times a week during April, May, June and July, in four 2.5 km hedgerow transects, at four sites in southern England in 2010. Mean daily detection probabilities of fledged broods of 16 common hedgerow birds were calculated from these counts using the software Presence. For 15 out of these 16 species these detection probabilities were sufficiently high for a programme of fledged brood surveys, involving just two or three visits per week from mid-May to mid-July, to provide a useful estimate of breeding success.The survey technique and associated analyses make certain assumptions when providing estimates of breeding success and these are discussed. Little is known about initial dispersal in passerine fledglings and a study in hedgerows may be useful here. However our pilot study suggests that the method could have application as a relatively easily derived productivity index for hedgerow birds, and hence an additional method available to study the impact of certain AES options on indicator species, or for research studies.     

The implications of stress on male mating behavior and success in a sexually dimorphic polygynous mammal, the grey seal

Studies on primates and other taxa have shown that the physiological response of an individual to stress reflects their social status. We combined behavioral observations with measures of stress to test the hypothesis that stress is an important physiological determinant of mating behavior and success in the male grey seal. Known-age males (N=19) were studied during the breeding seasons of 2004 and 2005 at Sable Island, Canada. The stressor was a capture and restraint period of 35 min and serial samples of cortisol and testosterone were taken as measures of stress. The mean baseline concentrations of cortisol and testosterone were 9.7+/-0.5 ug/dl and 6.2+/-0.6 ng/mL, respectively. The baseline cortisol concentration was negatively correlated with the duration of time a male spent at a site (r=-0.507, P=0.027), which was a strong correlate of mating success (r=0.659, P=0.002). All males experienced an increase in the concentration of cortisol during the restraint period (79.1+/-8.4%; CV=46.1%). The percentage rise in cortisol during restraint was correlated with the mean duration of time spent at a site (r=0.544, P=0.016) and thus success. The concentration of testosterone also increased during the restraint period (32.8+/-9.7%). This might be an adaptive response to maintaining the ability to reproduce while under stress. Our study indicates that stress is an important determinant of success in male grey seals. More successful males might exhibit an adaptive response to stress by maintaining low concentrations of cortisol during breeding.