美国白蛾与其相似种—奇特望灯蛾在形态学和生物学上的区别(鳞翅目,灯蛾科)

奇特望灯蛾与大害虫--美国白蛾侄幼虫形态及危害方式方而都极其相似,其雌成虫与美国白蛾的成虫也很相像,极易引起混淆.并且奇特望灯蛾分布广,容易与美国白蛾的分布区重叠,这对美国白蛾准确及时的预测预报及防治工作造成了一定的干扰.本文就天津蓟县发生的奇特望灯蛾与美国白蛾在成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的形态以及生活习性等方面进行了比较研究.     

POLYPLOIDY,DYSPLOIDY, AND CHROMOSOME PAIRING IN ECHEVERIA (CRASSULACEAE) AND ITS HYBRIDS

The 140+ species of Echeveria have more than 50 gametic chromosome numbers, including every number from 12 through 34 and polyploids to n = ca. 260. With related genera, they comprise an immense comparium of 200+ species that have been interconnected in cultivation by hybrids. Some species with as many as 34 gametic chromosomes include none that can pair with each other, indicating that they are effectively diploid, but other species with fewer chromosomes test as tetraploids. Most diploid hybrids form multivalents, indicating that many translocations have rearranged segments of the chromosomes. Small, nonessential chromosomal remnants can be lost, lowering the number and suggesting that higher diploid numbers (n = 30–34) in the long dysploid series are older. These same numbers are basic to most other genera in the comparium (Pachyphytum, Graptopetalum, Sedum section Pachysedum), and many diploid intergeneric hybrids show very substantial chromosome pairing. Most polyploid hybrids here are fertile, even where the parents belong to different genera and have very different chromosome numbers. This seems possible only if corresponding chromosomes from a polyploid parent pair with each other preferentially, strong evidence for autopolyploidy. High diploid numbers here may represent old polyploids that have become diploidized by loss, mutation, or suppression of duplicate genes, but other evidence for this is lacking. Most species occur as small populations in unstable habitats in an area with a history of many rapid climatic and geological changes, presenting a model for rapid evolution.     

LARVAL AND PUPIL BEHAVIOUR IN CULISETA LONGIAREOLATA (MACQUART, 1838) (CULICIDAE,DIPTERA)

SUMMARY

Six larval and two pupal activities could be distinguished. The larval activities are medium filter-feeding (MFF), surface filter-feeding (SFF), browsing and gnawing (BRG), swimming (SS), surface hanging (HA) and grooming (GR). The pupal activities are limited to surface hanging (HA) and swimming (SS). The percentage value of each activity from eclosion to emergence of the adults was established by means of a six-channel manual recorder. In larvae HA is the predominant activity, shows an inverse relation with all other activities, and attains peak percentage values prior to each ecdysis. BRG is the most important method of feeding, and is followed by MFF and then by SFF in order of importance. SS accounts for a low percentage value. Initially it is depth-independent in first stage larvae, but later becomes depth-dependent. In pupae the HA percentage values are high, since the pupal stage is a period of quiescence. The SS percentage values are very low and could have been escape reactions to extraneous stimuli. No circadian rhythm could be detected in any of the activities.     

ON PENTAMPLEXUSSCHINDEWOLF, 1940 (ANTHOZOA,RUGOSA) AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIVES AND ANALOGUES

Abstract: Three ampleximorphic taxa are revised and their most important characters are discussed in terms of possible or apparent relationships. Re‐interpretation of its early ontogeny allows the assignment of Pentamplexus Schindewolf, 1940 to the family Polycoeliidae de Fromentel, 1861. Stereolasma variabilis Vojnovsky‐Krieger, 1934 is established as the type species of Vojnovskytes gen. nov. It resembles the family Polycoeliidae in some characters and the Antiphyllidae Ilina, 1970 or the Laccophyllidae Grabau, 1928 in others. Thus, its family status is not established. Revision of the type material of Fasciculophyllum tripus Schindewolf, 1952 allows its inclusion within the new genus Silesamplus, probably related to the family Laccophyllidae Grabau, 1928 . Amplexoid morphology is further shown to be inadequate for the establishment of relationships on the family or subfamily level. Early ontogeny is most important in that respect, but biform vs normal morphology in the tabularium and free vs contratingent development of minor septa must also be considered, where appropriate.     

短须滑爪蜉成虫的首次描述及其稚虫的重新描述(蜉蝣目,四节蜉科)

首次描述了采自中国香港的短须滑爪蜉Cloeodes longisetosus(Braasch and Soldán)的成虫形态及重新描述了该种的稚虫形态.所有成虫标本由稚虫在实验室内饲养而成.对于短须滑爪蜉稚虫的研究进一步明确了该种在滑爪蜉属Cloeodes中的地位.短须滑爪蜉的稚虫与同属其它种类的主要区别是下颚须极短.短须滑爪蜉雄性成虫外生殖器的尾铗基部具有一块近长方形的突起,这一特征在同属其它已知成虫中是很独特的.这也表明类似这种特征在滑爪蜉属中也许存在或不存在.     

PATTERN,TEMPO, AND MODE OF EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC DIVERGENCE IN OXYSTYLIS AND WISLIZENIA (CAPPARACEAE)

Six populations of Oxystylis lutea and nine populations representing three subspecies of Wislizenia refracta were analyzed for electrophoretic variation at 18 loci. Several marker alleles differentiate O. lutea from W. refracta, although mean pair-wise genetic identity values (range, 0.53–0.64) are comparable to those found among many congeners. Oxystylis and Wislizenia share two duplicated gene loci that are not present in outgroup species in Cleome and Cleomella. Thus, they appear to be monophyletic sister taxa within a larger monophyletic group. Based on allozyme differentiation patterns, we infer a pre-Pleistocene divergence prior to differentiation within W. refracta. Subsequent anagenesis in the O. lutea lineage and cladogenesis in the W. refracta lineage have resulted in extensive morphological differentiation between Oxystylis and Wislizenia. Therefore, Oxystylis and Wislizenia are phenetically and phylogenetically distinct, and we recognize them as genera. Geographic modes of speciation predominate in the group. Variation patterns within W. refracta are consistent with recognition of three subspecies, and indicate that subsp. californica is not a historical introduction in the Central Valley of California.     

DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE CARIBBEAN CORAL- AND ROCK-BORING BIVALVE,LITHOPHAGA BISULCATA (d'ORBIGNY) (MYTILIDAE: LITHOPHAGINAE)

Lithophaga bisulcata is the most common Caribbean and Atlanticlithophagine and is the only species of the genus known to occurfrequently in both living and dead coral. The abundance in livingcorals is non-random and variable. Most common hosts are Siderastereasiderea and Stephanocoenia michelini. The bivalves are moreabundant in their preferred hosts than in dead coral. Individualsfrom the two habitats are indistinguishable in shell shape,musculature and size of boring and posterior pallia! glands,indicating a single population. Boreholes differ in the twohabitats with respect to size and lining. Linings are formedat the "inactive" end of the burrow; therefore living coralinhabitants line the anterior end of the burrow and dead coralborers line the posterior end. Recruitment rates are unknownin dead coral but were very low in living coral (Received 9 June 1987;     

金绒花天牛与金丝花天牛的鉴定及分布(鞘翅目,天牛科,花天牛亚科,花天牛族)(英文)

金丝花天牛Leptura aurosericans Fairmaire,1895广泛分布在中国南方与东南亚地区,而金绒花天牛Leptura auratopilosa(Matsushita,1931)仅分布于台湾岛。最近10年,国内在金绒花天牛与金丝花天牛的鉴定及分布记录方面出现了一些不一致的报道。为了澄清这些问题,在核对模式标本及检视系列标本(包括许多正在自然交配的成对标本)的基础上,重新描述了这两个种的形态特征,给出了这两个种的鉴别特征并提供了彩色照片,认为金绒花天牛是台湾特有种,目前在大陆尚未发现。     

REDESCRIPTIONS OF PLACOBDELLA STUHLMANNI (BLANCHARD, 1897) AND PLACOBDELLA GAROUI (HARDING, 1932) (HIRUDINEA: GLOSSIPHONIIDAE)

SUMMARY

The two African leeches Placobdella stuhlmanni (Blanchard, 1897) and Placobdella garoui (Harding, 1932) are redescribed and figured because of the confusion that exists in the literature with regard to the specific identities of the two taxa. During a survey of the freshwater leeches of the Republic of South Africa and South West Africa, material was obtained which made possible a thorough study of the two species. Not only did this clear up existing discrepancies but the research also added much new information concerning the two leeches. Certain aspects of their biology are considered for the first time.     

ANATOMY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE BONE-FEEDING LIMPETS, COCCULINELLA MINUTISSIMA (SMITH) AND OSTEOPELTA MIRABILIS MARSHALL (ARCHAEOGASTROPODA)

The anatomy of Cocculinella minutissima (Smith, 1904) and Osteopeltamirabilis Marshall, 1987 is described. Both species belong tothe Lepetelloidea and are closely related to Addisonia Dall,1882, the anatomy of which has been recently described by theauthor. Commonly derived (symapomorphic) characters of all threegenera are found especially in the genital system (hermaphrodites,tcstis and ovary separated, with separated ducts, open seminalgroove to the unmodified right cephalic tentacle), and in thealimentary tract (paired oesophageal glands). Distinct similaritiesin genital and excretory system (large right kidney isolated;hermaphrodites, separated gonads) with the Pseudococculinidae,Pyropeltidae and Lepetellidae justify a uniting superfamilyLepetelloidea, the anatomy of which is quite different fromthat of the Cocculinoidea (Cocculinidae and Bathy-sciadiidae) Osteopelta has retained certain primitive characters (rhipidoglossateradula, true stomach), but is specialized in having a snout-likehead, a concentrated cerebropedal ring, and secondary gill leaflets(vestigial gill in Cocculinella, distinct gill leaflets in Addisonia).Cocculinella and Addisonia share additional synapomorphic featuresof the posterior alimentary tract (reduction of stomach, intestineforms a large sac, midgut gland contains dark granules). Severalaut-apomorphies of each genus justify their status as distinctfamilies. Relationships to the (coiled) Choristellidae, whichfeed on empty egg-cases of sharks or skates (as do addisoniids)and have a cocculinellid-like radula type, are discussed ^*Present address: Insitut fr Zoologie der Universitat, Technikerstr.25; A-6020 Innsubruck, Auttria (Received 10 March 1987;     

枝厉螨属(胭螨科)和黑面螨属(黑面螨科)各一新种(蜱螨亚纲,中气门亚目)

记述革螨股Gamasina1新种,神农架枝厉螨Dendrolaelaps shennongjiaensis Ma et Liu,sp.nov,和角螨股Antennophorina1新种;新疆黑面螨Celaenopsis xinjiangensis Ma et Yc,sp.nov,角螨股在中国为首次记录。     

MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF FLABELLINA AFFINIS (GMELIN, 1791) (NUDIBRANCHIA, AEOLIDOIDEA, FLABELLINIDAE) AND ITS RELATION TO OTHER MEDITERRANEAN FLABELLINA SPECIES

The Atlantic and Mediterranean flabellinid Flabellina affinis(Gmelin, 1791) (Opisthobranchia, Nudi-branchia, Aeolidoidea)is examined morphologically, anatomically and histologicallywith special emphasis on characters which have been widely neglectedin recent literature (e.g. the histological structure of theoral glands, typhlosole). The study provides detailed data aboutall organ systems which are compared to existing data of otherauthors. The species described as Flabellina affinis by Bergh(1875; 1886) is considered not to be conspecific with the Flabellinaaffinis examined in this and other studies. Furthermore, Flabellinaaffinis is compared to other Mediterranean species, especiallyF. ischitana (Hirano & Thompson, 1990). F. ischitana differsfrom F. affinis mainly by the structure of the genital system.The phylogenetic trees presented for the genus by Gosliner &Kuzirian (1990) and Gosliner & Willan (1991) are discussed. (Received 5 August 1996; accepted 9 June 1997)     

(D)- AND (L)-CYCLOHEXENYL-G,A NEW CLASS OF ANTIVIRAL AGENTS: SYNTHESIS,CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS,MOLECULAR MODELING,AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

(D)- and (L)-cyclohexeneyl-G were synthesized enantioselectively starting from (R)-carvone. Both show potent and selective anti-herpesvirus activity (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV). Molecular modeling demonstrates that both isomers are bound in the active site of HSV-1 thymidine kinase in a high-energy conformation with the base moiety orienting in an equatorial position. It is believed that the flexibility of the cyclohexene ring is essential for their antivirial activity.     

华南地区羽枝藓属（平藓科）和凋叶藓属（薄齿藓科）植物研究

本文研究了华南地区羽枝藓属（Ｐｉｎｎａｔｅｌｌａ）和凋叶藓属（Ｃａｄｕｃｉｅｌｌａ）植物．简要讨论了羽枝藓属和凋叶藓属的系统位置．确认华南地区产羽枝藓属４种,即爪哇羽枝藓（Ｐ．ａｎｂｉｇｕａ）、纤细羽枝藓（Ｐ．ａｎａｃａｍｐｔｏｌｅｐｉｓ）、嵌边羽枝藓（Ｐ．ｉｎｔｒａｌｉｍｂａｔａ）和东亚羽枝藓（Ｐ．ｍａｋｉｎｏｉ）,凋叶藓２种,即广东凋叶藓（Ｃ．ｇｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）和凋叶藓（Ｃ．ｍａｒｉｅｉ）．其中爪哇羽枝藓为广东、贵州、海南岛之新记录,纤细羽枝藓为中国大陆（广东、广西）和海南岛之新记录,东亚羽枝藓为福建、广西和海南岛之新记录,广东调叶藓为海南岛之新记录,暂将Ｐ．ａｌｏｐｅｃｕｒｉｏｉｄｅｓ处理为存疑种。本文还包括分种检索表、各种的简要识别特征、产地及生境资料．     

新疆的刺球座属、穴壳属及普氏腔孢属

本文报道了新疆腔菌纲座囊菌目刺球座属(Lasiobotrys)、穴壳属(Dothiora)和普氏腔孢属(Plowrightia)的六种子囊菌,即:忍冬刺球座菌(L.loniccrae)、花楸穴壳菌 (D.sorbi)及其无性阶段花楸疡壳孢(Dothichiza sorbi)、茶蔗子普氏腔孢菌(P.ribesia)、小檗普氏腔孢菌(P.berberidiJ)、沙棘普氏腔孢菌(P.hippophaeos)及雕刻普氏腔孢菌(P.insculpta)。这三个属的真菌在我国均未报道过,为我国新纪录属(种)。标本均采于新疆,保存于新疆八一农学院植保系真菌标本室(HMAAC)。     

SPORE MORPHOLOGY OF ANEMIA,MOHRIA, AND CERATOPTERIS (FILICALES)

Spores of the ferns Anemia and Mohria (Schizaeaceae) and Ceratopteris (Pteridaceae) are surveyed with light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In each genus the spores are trilete with radially symmetrical exine sculpture comprising three sets of parallel or near-parallel muri. Anemia has six spore types. One is reticulate (A. wrightii-type), and the other five types have either cicatricose or canaliculate sculpture that reflect a basic form, i.e., three mural sets that have mutual anastomoses in each radial region. The cicatricose A. mexicana- and the canaliculate A. dregeana-types represent the simplest expressions of this pattern. Specializations include cicatricose, auriculate (A. raddiana-type) and canaliculate, ornate (A. oblongifolia-, A. phyllitidis-types). Exine structure is homogeneous or differentially microporate; the enveloping two-layered perine has granulate structure and a granulate to spiculate and/or pitted surface. Mohria spores have a stratified, granulate to rugulose perine and cicatricose exine sculpturing consistent with the A. mexicana-type pattern, but the muri are hollow. The canaliculate spores of Ceratopteris differ from those of Anemia and Mohria in that the three mural sets are discrete and separated from each other by a stria in each radial region; exine structure is homogeneous and the thin perine is granulate. Within Anemia the A. raddiana-type is exclusive to subgen. Coptophyllum and the A. oblongifolia- and A. phyllitidis-types to subgen. Anemia. Three spore types are shared by two subgenera; i.e., A. wrightii- and A. mexicana-types in Coptophyllum and Anemirhiza, and the A. dregeana-type in Anemirhiza and Anemia. Spore polymorphism is indicated in several species of subgen. Anemia, and smooth immature spores are recorded from all three subgenera.     

WEIGHTS AND ANATOMICAL MEASUREMENTS OF NORTHEASTERN ATLANTIC FIN (BALAENOPTERA PHYSALUS, LINNAEUS) AND SEI (B. BOREALIS, LESSON) WHALES

Piecemeal body weights of eleven fin and four sei whales and intact weights of three foetuses, obtained from Iceland, are compared with published weight data. The Icelandic fin are similar to other northern hemisphere animals but are significantly leaner than their Antarctic counterparts. The Icelandic sei appear heavier than the North Pacific sei whales. Their weights cannot be predicted from a North Pacific sei whale weight/length formula. Length, girth and blubber thickness measurements indicate changes in relative body dimensions in the early fin whale foetus compared with juveniles and adults; however, the midterm sei whale foetus is similar to the adult and juvenile sei whales. The blubber appears to form a major component even in the foetal body. The integration of a standard series of lengths, girths and blubber thicknesses in juveniles and adults can provide an estimate of the blubber component. Both girth and length are significant parameters in estimating body weight, a simple weight/length formula being found to be inadequate to allow for variability in body fatness. Evaluation of such a multiple parameter formula for calculating weight appears satisfactory for both fin and sei whales. Apparent weight/length differences between species and stocks may thus be partly due to variations in body fatness.