浙江南部近海前肛鳗营养生态位变化研究——基于稳定同位素技术

基于2016年和2020年浙江南部近海收集的71尾前肛鳗样品,通过测定碳氮稳定同位素比值计算其营养生态位指标,对比分析前肛鳗不同发育过程、不同季节及不同年份营养生态位的差异,探究营养生态位的变动规律及对资源的利用情况。结果表明：(1)2016年和2020年前肛鳗平均δ¹³C值分别为(-15.19±0.31)‰、(-15.90±0.45)‰;平均δ¹⁵N值分别为(12.42±0.45)‰、(12.92±0.25)‰;(2)单因素方差分析表明,2016年前肛鳗不同发育过程δ¹³C值差异不显著(P>0.05),δ¹⁵N值差异显著(P<0.05),不同季节间δ¹³C值和δ¹⁵N值均存在显著差异(P<0.05),而2020年前肛鳗不同发育过程δ¹³C值和δ¹⁵N值差异均不显著(P>0.05),不同季节间δ¹³C值存在显著差异(P<0.05),δ¹⁵N...     

应用稳定同位素测定贵州凤冈麻湾洞洞穴陆生动物的食物来源及营养级

以贵州凤冈麻湾洞洞穴生态系统为研究对象,运用δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N测定了洞穴动物及其有机碳源的同位素比值,分析了洞穴生态系统的营养级关系及洞穴动物食源。结果表明:洞内植物δ¹³C范围为-41. 78‰～-38. 80‰,较洞外植物低;δ¹⁵N范围为-1. 31‰～1.23‰,在洞外陆源有机质δ¹⁵N范围内;洞穴土壤有机质的δ¹³C范围为-31. 09‰～-24.95‰,δ¹⁵N范围为-1.08‰～7.72‰;洞穴动物δ¹³C范围为-30.41‰～-12.02‰,δ¹⁵N范围为2.07‰～8.94‰;洞穴土壤有机质对动物的食源贡献率超过72%,远高于植物对动物的食源贡献率,即洞穴土壤有机质是洞穴动物的主要食物来源。麻湾洞生态系统主要由4个营养层次组成:植物为第一营养层次;闪夜蛾、螺类、马陆类处于第二营养层次;裸灶螽、长头地蜈蚣处于第三营养层次;蜘蛛类处于第三或第四营养层次。即大部分同种(或同类群)...     

基于稳定同位素技术的南海北部蓝圆鲹的营养生态位

蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)是南海北部重要的经济鱼类之一。根据2019年9—10月在南海北部陆架区采集的样品,利用稳定同位素分析蓝圆鲹的营养生态位变化。结果表明：以长肋日月贝作为营养级计算的基线,蓝圆鲹营养级范围2.77～4.19,平均值为3.81;δ¹⁵N值范围7.29‰～12.10‰,平均值为10.83‰;δ¹³C值范围-19.32‰～-16.10‰,平均值为-17.94‰;δ¹⁵N与δ¹³C值呈正相关;δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C值随体长增大而升高,在约100 mm体长附近达到峰值,后趋于稳定并略有下降;C/N值随体长增大而降低,至约100 mm体长达到最低值,后略有升高;不同水深样品的C/N值无显著性差别(P>0.05);在对大体长样品(≥140 mm)分析发现,雌性蓝圆鲹的δ¹⁵N值显著高于雄性(P<0.05),但δ¹³C值和C/N值无显著差别(P>0.05)。     

不同时期北部湾日本带鱼营养生态位差异

基于2008—2009年和2018年对北部湾日本带鱼的采样,通过测定碳氮稳定同位素,计算其营养级、营养生态位等指标,对比分析10年前后日本带鱼营养生态位的差异,探究其生态适应能力的变动。结果表明: 2个时期北部湾日本带鱼碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C)值差异明显,2018年δ¹³C值范围变窄,平均值变小,推测日本带鱼食物来源由偏中上层向偏中下层水域转变;氮稳定同位素(δ¹⁵N)值的范围和平均值基本保持不变,营养级范围和平均值(3.38和3.43)变化不明显,说明近10年来北部湾日本带鱼在生态系统中的营养层次比较稳定。日本带鱼δ¹³C值与肛长相关性不显著,δ¹⁵N则为极显著正相关性。在营养生态位方面,2018年的生态位指标均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度的范围为1.1%~32.1%;生态位总面积和核心生态位面积分别由20.20和4.68缩小至14.20和3.18,说明北部湾日本带鱼的营养生态位发生了显著变化,对资源利用能力和环境适应能力下降。推测,10年来北部湾日本带鱼的营养级变化不明显,但由于食物来源发生变化,营养来源多样性下降,营养生态位变小。     

浮游动物稳定碳、氮同位素特征及其在水生态系统研究中的应用

浮游动物在水域生态系统食物网中起着承上启下的作用,其稳定碳、氮同位素(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N)被广泛用于研究对食物资源的利用,揭示物质循环路径及与其他生物之间的营养关系等.浮游动物的稳定同位素也常用于解释初级生产力,判断水体污染物和环境变化过程.明确浮游动物稳定同位素组成的时空变化及影响因子,对于以其稳定同位素组成作为研究水生态系统生态过程和环境变化的指示物尤为重要.本综述基于国内外学者对水生态系统中浮游动物δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N特征及其应用的研究成果,梳理了浮游动物δ¹³C 和δ¹⁵N在不同类型水体、不同类群及时空变化的差异:浮游动物δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N时空变化则主要受食物来源及其同位素组成的影响,后者又受到初级生产力和氮源及水体物理化学性质等因素的影响.未来,浮游动物稳定同位素技术通过与新兴污染物、新兴技术及统计分析方法结合,将在地学、生物学等领域形成多手段、多学科、多尺度的研究方向.     

基于多组织稳定同位素比值的热带大西洋4种鲨鱼营养生态位分化

不同代谢速率组织间的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)可以反映生物不同时间尺度的摄食信息,对探讨物种间摄食、栖息地利用和营养生态位的变化具有重要的指示作用。本研究以在大西洋热带海域兼捕的大青鲨、长鳍鲭鲨、拟锥齿鲨和尖吻鲭鲨为对象,通过测定其肌肉、肝脏和血液的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值,探讨4种鲨鱼营养生态位分化。结果表明: 与长鳍鲭鲨相比,尖吻鲭鲨、拟锥齿鲨和大青鲨的δ¹⁵N值相似且相对较高;大青鲨与其他鲨鱼存在摄食隔离,表现出独特的营养生态位;尖吻鲭鲨营养生态位宽幅最大,摄食食物种类和(或)栖息环境类型更多样化,其与拟锥齿鲨的营养生态位重叠度最高,说明两种鲨鱼具有潜在的资源竞争关系。尖吻鲭鲨、拟锥齿鲨和大青鲨组织间的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N差值与其叉长均无显著相关关系,说明3种鲨鱼近期内无明显摄食变化;而长鳍鲭鲨的肝脏、血液和肌肉组织的δ¹⁵N差值与叉长显著相关,说明长鳍鲭鲨在短期内存在摄食变化。肝脏和血液的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值的相似性反映了两种组织整合摄食时间周期相近,其较高的代谢速率可以反映相对短时间周期的摄食信息。     

黔西南北盘江镇喀斯特高原峡谷区植被演替阶段碳氮稳定同位素特征

为了探究森林不同演替阶段碳氮(C、N)、稳定碳氮同位素值(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N)随演替发生的变化特征与内在联系,该文以喀斯特高原峡谷区草灌、灌木、乔灌和乔木4个演替阶段的森林植物群落为研究对象,测定了叶片-凋落物-土壤的C、N及稳定同位素值,并分析其在不同层次间的互作效应。结果表明：(1)喀斯特地区森林叶片-凋落物-土壤δ¹³C值分别为-31.31‰～-28.23‰、-29.96‰～-20.07‰、-26.83‰～-21.14‰,相应的δ¹⁵N值依次为-3.41‰～1.54‰、-2.61‰～0.99‰、5.36‰～8.63‰,总体上土壤表现出富集效应。(2)伴随着演替发生,叶片δ¹³C值与土壤δ¹⁵N值均为先减小后增大,土壤、凋落物δ¹³C值呈降低趋势,叶片和凋落物δ¹⁵N值均无明显变化规律。(3)乔灌阶段叶片-土壤δ¹⁵N值最低,表明该阶段生态系统N饱和程度较小,N含量相对亏缺。(4)叶片-...     

模拟增温对长白山北坡垂直样带森林土壤有机碳稳定碳同位素的影响

分析了长白山北坡垂直样带3种典型原始森林地表凋落物及不同粒径土壤组分中有机质的δ¹³C值,并将在岳桦林样地(EB,海拔1996 m)采集的20 cm土柱分别置换到云冷杉林(SF,海拔1350 m)和阔叶红松林(PB,海拔740 m),云冷杉林样地采集的土柱置换到阔叶红松林中,进行为期1年的野外模拟增温试验.结果表明：3种林型土壤的δ¹³C值均显著高于凋落物的δ¹³C值,凋落物和土壤有机质中的δ¹³C值由地表凋落物向土壤下层逐渐增加,而土壤粒径中有机质的δ¹³C值随粒径减小而增大.3种林型中,凋落物δ¹³C值变化趋势为云冷杉林(-28.3‰)>阔叶红松林(-29.0‰)>岳桦林(-29.6‰),而土壤有机质的δ¹³C值变化趋势为岳桦林(-25.5‰)>阔叶红松林(-25.8‰)>云冷杉林(-26.2‰).在土壤温度增加0.7 ℃～2.9 ℃条件下,土壤及其各粒级的δ¹³C值均呈下降趋势,而且<2 μm粘粒和2～63 μm粉粒δ¹³C值的降幅(0.48‰和0.47‰)高于>63 μm砂粒δ¹³C值的降幅(0.33‰).未来气候变暖可能对储藏在细小颗粒中年龄较长的有机碳带来较大的影响.     

基于稳定同位素研究海州湾短吻红舌鳎的摄食生态

根据2018年春季和秋季在海州湾海域进行底拖网调查采集的样品,基于碳氮稳定同位素分析,对海州湾短吻红舌鳎的摄食生态进行研究。结果表明: 海州湾短吻红舌鳎的δ¹³C值平均值为(-17.79±1.00)‰,其范围在-20.75‰～-15.91‰;δ¹⁵N值平均值为(9.37±1.33)‰,其范围在5.98‰～12.02‰。Pearson相关分析表明,海州湾短吻红舌鳎δ¹³C值与体长呈显著负相关,δ¹⁵N值与体长呈显著正相关。根据δ¹⁵N值计算得出海州湾短吻红舌鳎的平均营养级为(3.43±0.97),且营养级与体长呈显著正相关。海州湾短吻红舌鳎摄食的饵料生物有鱼类、蟹类、虾类、软体动物、多毛类、浮游生物和颗粒有机物等,其中虾类的营养贡献率最高。秋季鱼类、蟹类、虾类对短吻红舌鳎的营养贡献率较春季有所增高。本研究将有助于揭示短吻红舌鳎在海州湾生态系统物质循环和能量流动中的地位和作用,为其资源保护和合理利用提供科学依据。     

长白山红松年轮碳同位素与净初级生产力的关系

解析树木年轮碳同位素变化是揭示气候与环境变化的有效途径,然而少有研究分析年轮碳同位素对森林净初级生产力(NPP)的指示效应.基于生长季气象因子,分析了长白山红松年轮δ¹³C记录序列与阔叶红松林红松种群NPP变化趋势以及两者之间的相关关系.结果表明: 1970年以前,研究区红松年轮δ¹³C与红松种群NPP变化同步,且两者间呈极显著线性正相关关系,年轮δ¹³C记录了气候变化对红松种群NPP的影响;1970年以后,红松年轮δ¹³C与红松种群NPP变化出现分异,两者呈负相关关系但相关性不显著,表明干旱等其他环境因子的影响使年轮δ¹³C对气候变化的敏感性和对NPP指示性降低.这一相关关系在红松年轮δ¹³C与当年和下一年红松种群NPP之间都存在,表明当年环境状况对来年红松生长的重要意义.说明长白山红松年轮δ¹³C对红松种群NPP有良好的指示性,树木年轮δ¹³C有重建森林历史NPP长期变化的潜力.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.