Serological Relationships among Some Pichia Species

Antigenic analyses of five species of the genus Pichia were carried out for taxonomic study by the slide agglutination method using monospecific and absorbed antisera and the agglutinin absorption technique. Comparative studies were also performed with a few strains of each of the same species and their classifications are discussed with respect to the antigenic structures and the patterns of proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra of their cell wall polysaccharides. Pichia delftensis and Pichia zaruensis possessed thermostable antigens 1, 2, 5 and 11, and the former had also thermolabile antigen m. Both species were closely related to Candida krusei. Pichia toletana possessed thermostable antigens 1, 2, 5, 11, 17 and 49. Pichia bovis contained thermostable antigens 1, 2, 14, 15, 16, 20 and 21, and it was related to most species of the genus Hansenula, although assimilation of potassium nitrate was negative. Finally, Pichia etchellsii possessed thermostable antigens 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 and 14, and was closely related to Pichia vini. Patterns of PMR spectra of mannans of these species also supported their serological relationships. Therefore, P. delftensis, P. zaruensis and P. etchellsii are considered to be the synonyms of Pichia fluxuum, Pichia dispora and P. vini respectively, although P. toletana and P. bovis are independent species.     

The significance of long-chain fatty acid composition and other phenotypic characteristics in determining relationships among some Pichia and Candida species

The long-chain fatty acid compositions of 22 species of Candida were determined, and compared with the fatty acid compositions of 10 species of the genus Pichia that contain coenzyme Q9. The long-chain fatty acid results were also compared with other phenotypic criteria (i.e. assimilation of carbon sources, coenzyme Q type, G + C content and proton magnetic resonance spectra) in order to establish possible anamorph/teleomorph relations. Close correlations were found between known perfect/imperfect states. The results suggest that C. cacaoi and P. farinosa, and C. maltosa and P. etchellsii, also have anamorph/teleomorph relationships.     

渤海海水中酵母菌的种类

本文报道了渤海海水中酵母菌种类的调查结果,从31个站位中,共分离鉴定了228株酵母菌,这些酵母菌分别属于8属40种:红酵母属(Rhodotorula)5个种,隐球酵母属(Cryptococcus)8个种,德巴利酵母属(Debaryomyces)2个种,毕赤酵母属(Pichia)8个种,酵母属(Saccharomyces)2个种,短梗霉属(Aureobasidium)1个种,球孢酵母属(Torulaspora)1个种,假丝酵母属(candida)13个种。40个种中,有13种是中国新记录,即:黑隐球酵母(Cryptococcus ater),大型隐球酵母(Cr.magnus),多型德巴利酵母(Debaryomyces polymorphus),克鲁维酵母(Saccharomyces kluyveri),伯顿毕赤酵母(Pichia burtonii),卡森毕赤酵母(P.carsonii),埃切毕赤酵母(P.etchellsii),季也蒙毕赤酵母(P.guilliermondii),海梅尔毕赤酵母(P.heimii),嗜土毕赤酵母(P.philogaea),奥默毕赤酵母(P.ohmeri),棘胫小蠹毕赤酵母(P.scolyti),和戴尔有孢圆酵母(Torulaspora delbrueckii),在这13种中,除埃切毕赤酵母和奥默毕赤酵母外,其余11种在海水里也是首次报道。     

A phylogenetic study of ubiquinone-7 species of the genus Candida based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence divergence

To clarify phylogenetic relationships among ubiquinone 7 (Q7)-forming species of the genus Candida, we analyzed the nearly complete sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA genes (18S rDNAs) from fifty strains (including 46 type strains) of Candida species, and from 8 type strains of species/varieties of the genera Issatchenkia, Pichia and Saturnispora. Q7-forming Candida species were divided into three major groups (Group I, II, and III) and were phylogenetically distant from a group that includes the type species of the genus Candida. Group I included four clusters with basal branches that were weakly supported. The first cluster comprised C. vartiovaarae, C. maritima, C. utilis, C. freyschussii, C. odintsovae, C. melinii, C. quercuum, Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus, and W. mucosa. The second cluster comprised C. norvegica, C. montana, C. stellimalicola, C. solani, C. berthetii, and C. dendrica. Williopsis pratensis, W. californica, Pichia opuntiae and 2 related species, P. amethionina (two varieties), and P. caribaea were also included in this cluster. The third cluster comprised C. pelliculosa (anamorph of P. anomala), C. nitrativorans, and C. silvicultrix. The fourth cluster comprised C. wickerhamii and C. peltata, which were placed in the P. holstii - C. ernobii clade with Q8-containing species. Group II comprised C. pignaliae, C. nemodendra, C. methanolovescens, C. maris, C. sonorensis, C. pini, C. llanquihuensis, C. cariosilignicola, C. ovalis, C. succiphila (including its two synonyms), C. methanosorbosa, C. nitratophila, C. nanaspora, C. boidinii (including its two synonyms), W. salicorniae, and P. methanolica. Group III was composed of four clusters with strong bootstrap support. The first cluster comprised C. valida (anamorph of P. membranifaciens), C. ethanolica, C. pseudolambica, C. citrea, C. inconspicua, C. norvegensis, C. rugopelliculosa, and C. lambica. Three species and two varieties of the genus Issatchenkia were also included in this cluster. The second cluster comprised C. diversa, C. silvae, 4 Saturnispora species, and P. besseyi. The third comprised C. sorboxylosa, and the fourth comprised C. vini. Based on this 18S rDNA sequence analysis, it is evident that Q7-forming Candida species and the genera Pichia and Williopsis are polyphyletic. The genus Issatchenkia is suggested to be congeneric with the genus Pichia. The genus Saturnispora is phylogenetically definable.     

New species and new combinations in the yeast genera Kregervanrija gen. nov., Saturnispora and Candida

Analysis of nucleotide sequences from the domains 1 and 2 of the large-subunit rDNA demonstrated species of the Pichia fluxuum clade to be phylogenetically isolated, and domains 1 and 2 and internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence analyses of strains phenotypically identified as P. fluxuum resulted in the discovery of three new species. From this work, the following new genus, new species, and new combinations are proposed: Kregervanrija gen. nov.; type species Kregervanrija fluxuum comb. nov. (type strain NRRL YB-4273, CBS 2287); Kregervanrija delftensis comb. nov. (type strain NRRL Y-7119, CBS 2614); Kregervanrija pseudodelftensis sp. nov. (type strain NRRL Y-5494, CBS 10105); Saturnispora besseyi comb. nov. (NRRL YB-4711, CBS 6343); Saturnispora mendoncae sp. nov. (type strain NRRL Y-11515, CBS 5620); and Candida abiesophila sp. nov. (type strain NRRL Y-11514, CBS 5366).     

Peptidoglycan composition and taxonomy of group D, E, and H streptococci, and Streptococcus mutans

The qualitative and quantitative composition of the peptidoglycan from the cell wall of groups D, E, and H streptococci, and Streptococcus mutans, was determined. In group D, S. faecalis and the closely related species S. liquefaciens and S. zymogenes were separated from S. faecium and the closely related species S. durans on the basis of their peptidoglycan composition. A relationship among S. bovis, S. equinus, and some strains of S. mutans was indicated by the presence in each of a similar peptidoglycan containing threonine. Threonine was released from the S. mutans polymer as a threonine-lysine dipeptide. Hydrolysis of the dipeptide at 100 C for 24 hr in 6 n HC1 was required to break the peptide bond. Motile group D streptococci possessed a peptidoglycan of the same composition as S. faecium. Group E and H strains were also similar in the composition of their peptidoglycan. The results demonstrate that peptidoglycan composition can be used to (i) aid in the division of members of an immunological group into subgroups, and (ii) indicate a relationship between members of the same genus which are not related on an immunological basis.     

The entry of D-ribose into some yeasts of the genus Pichia.

The utilization of D-ribose by yeasts of the genus Pichia was examined with respect to aerobic growth, respiration and entry of ribose into the cells. Pichia etchellsii (CBS2011) could respire D-ribose, but not use it for aerobic growth. Pichia fermentans (CBS187) neither respired nor grew on D-ribose, though it entered the cells of this yeast either by simple diffusion, or possibly, by the D-glucose carrier, this having a very low affinity for D-ribose. Pichia pinus (CBS5097) respired and grew on D-ribose; kinetic evidence is given for this yeast having two ribose carriers, one inducible and the other constitutive.     

Candida easanensis sp. nov., Candida pattaniensis sp. nov. and Candida nakhonratchasimensis sp. nov., three new species of yeasts isolated from insect frass in Thailand

Six strains of anamorphic yeasts isolated from insect frass collected in several regions of Thailand were assigned to the genus Candida based on the conventional taxonomic criteria used for yeast classification. These strains have Q-7 as the major ubiquinone and are suggested to have close relationships to the genus Pichia. Three strains, ST-225, ST-228 and ST-229, have identical nucleotide sequences in the D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA and are closely related to Pichia japonica, but differ by six nucleotides (1.1% ) from this species. These three strains are considered to represent a single new species, which is described as Candida easanensis sp. nov. Two strains, ST-311 and ST-320, have identical sequences in the D1/D2 domain and resemble Pichia veronae and Pichia fabianii but differ from them by nine nucleotides (1.6%) in D1/D2 sequences. The two strains are described as Candida pattaniensis sp. nov. The remaining strain, ST-37, is related to Pichia americana and Pichia bimundalis but differs by six(1.1%) and seven (1.2%) nucleotides from these species, respectively. This strain is described as Candida nakhonratchasimensis sp. nov.     

一个酵母新种——杭州毕赤酵母

本文报道了从腐梨上分离到的一株未见描述的毕赤酵母属新种(Pichia hangzhou-ana Lu et Li),并讨论了与其近似种的区别。同时进行了DNA G+C百分比值的测定。     

Phylogenetic studies on some Japanese amphibia by means of immunoelectrophoresis. II. Relationships of some amphibians to Japanese pond frogs (author's transl)

Since the Japanese pond frogs (Rana nigromaculata and R. brevipoda) are known to be very closely allied with each other in morphological, ecological, physiological or immunological characters, the phylogenetical relationships between the Japanese pond frogs and other 10 species of Japanese amphibians were investigated by means of immunoelectrophoretic analysis of liver extract. The results obtained are as follows: (1) There are conservative antigens which are commonly found in all species of Anura. (2) The Japanese pond frogs have specific antigens. (3) R. nigromaculata and R. brevidpoda are very closely allied with each other. (4) Four species of the genus Rana (R. rugosa, R. catesbeiana, R. ornativentris and R. japonica) are closely related to the Japanese pond frogs. (5) Two species of the genus Rhacophorus (Rh. arboreus and Rh. burergeri) are related to the Japanese pond frogs. (6) R. limnocharis is related to the Japanese pond frogs at the same extent as the genus Rhcophorus is. (7) Tow species of the suborder Procoela (Hyla arbored and Bufo bufo) are only partially related to the Japanese pond frogs. (8) Cynops pyrrhogaster pyrrhogaster of Urodera had only a few common antigens with the Japanese pond frogs.     

Characterization of polar lipids of oral isolates of Candida, Pichia and Saccharomyces by Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FAB MS)

AIMS: To characterize fatty acid and phospholipid analogue profiles of oral yeasts. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-seven strains of oral yeasts were cultured on SDA and lipids of freeze-dried cells were extracted and analysed by FAB MS. The most abundant carboxylate anion was m/z 281 (C18 : 1). The most intense phospholipid analogue ions were of PE, PG, PA and PI. Pichia etchellsii contained molecular species of PG and PE, whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae had PA, PG and PE analogues. Mass spectra revealed that S. cerevisiae and Candida glabrata were distinct from one another and from the other species tested. CONCLUSION: Oral yeasts largely differ with respect to their polar lipids. It is concluded that oral yeast species have distinctive fatty acid and phospholipid analogue anion profiles. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: FAB MS provided novel chemotaxonomic information.     

A phylogenetic study of ubiquinone Q-8 species of the genera Candida,Pichia, and Citeromyces based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence divergence

To clarify phylogenetic relationships among species of the anamorphic ascomycetous genus Candida with ubiquinone Q-8, we determined complete sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA genes (18S rDNAs) from the type strains of 20 species of the genus Candida and 7 of the teleomorphic ascomycetous genera Pichia and Citeromyces, which have Q-8 as the major ubiquinone. Q-8-forming Candida species were divided into six clusters and were phylogenetically distant from a group of Candida species that included the type species of the genus. One Q-8-forming species from each of the genera Pichia, Citeromyces, or Clavispora was included in five of six clusters. Cluster 1 comprised C. ishiwadae, C. ernobii, C. karawaiewii, C. anatomiae, C. populi, and Pichia holstii. Cluster 2 comprised C. globosa and its teleomorph, Citeromyces matritensis. Cluster 3 comprised C. molischiana and Pichia capsulata. Cluster 4 comprised C. silvanorum, C. sequanensis, C. fennica, C. entomophila, C. homilentoma, C. rhagii, C. gotoi, and Pichia burtonii. Cluster 5 comprised C. fructus, C. musae, and C. lusitaniae (anamorph of Clavispora lusitaniae). Cluster 6 comprised C. stellata, C. lactiscondensi, C. galacta, and C. incommunis and was a heterogeneous group with large interspecific divergence. Pichia pastoris was quite divergent and phylogenetically distant from other Pichia species examined. Pichia methanolica and its synonym, P. cellobiosa, which have both Q-7 and Q-8 as major ubiquinones, were closely associated with Q-7-forming Williopsis salicorniae. Based on this comparative analysis of 18S rDNA sequences, it is evident that Q-8 Candida species and Q-8 Pichia species are polyphyletic.     

不同类群酵母胞壁甘露聚糖核磁共振氢谱的比较研究

运用核磁共振氢谱(PMR谱)~(**)对各类酵母的细胞壁甘露聚糖进行比较研究,在我国尚无报道,其中某些酵母也尚无文献记载。本文结果表明:1.同菌株的胞壁甘露聚糖PMR谱型的重复性很好。2.同种不同株的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)的多糖谱型也相同。3.所测的二端芽殖酵母中完全型与不完全型菌株的谱型很相似,如柠檬形克勒克酵母(Kloeckera apiculata)与葡萄有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum。4.某些分类系统上来源较杂的子囊菌酵母如单宁管囊酵母(Packysolen tanophilus)、萤光威克酵母(Wickerhamiaflurescens)与高糖固囊酵母(Citeromyces matritensis)则体现了各不相同的谱型。5.二株分自西双版纳的极为相近的类酵母(Saccharomycodes sp.)其多糖的(PMR)谱型与多糖的组分都彼此相同,有助于对它们的适当归类。这一切证明酵母胞壁多糖PMR谱型相似程度的比较是分类上较有意义的性状,有助于探讨亲缘关系,核实完全型与不完全型,也有助于对疑难菌株的分析     

Review of the oriental leafhopper genus Lampridius (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae), with description of a related new genus

The leafhopper genus Lampridius Distant, 1918 (type species: L. spectabilis Distant, 1918 ) is redescribed, and a second species, L. cuspidatus sp. nov. (Thailand: Loei), is described. A related new genus Paralampridius gen. nov. and four new species are described: P. mimicus sp. nov. (China: Guangdong, Hainan), P. rotundatus sp. nov. (Thailand: Loei), P. sinuatus sp. nov. (Thailand: Loei, Suphanburi, Petchaburi), and P. truncatus sp. nov. (Thailand: Chaiyaphum, Ubon Ratchathani). Both genera are tentatively included in the tribe Opsiini, although only Lampridius has paired aedeagal shafts with separate gonopores. All six species are illustrated, and a key is provided for their identification. Problems with the current tribal classification are discussed in light of the present discovery of closely related species that show variation in characters previously assumed to be stable at the tribal level in the subfamily Deltocephalinae.     

New Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the North Atlantic Ocean. V. Three New Species of Metahuntemannia Smirnov (Cletodidae)

Metahuntemannia triarticulata sp.n., M. arctica sp.n. and M. bifida sp.n. arc described. M. triurficulata and M. arctica belong to the 'spinosa' group within the genus Metahuntemannia Smirnov. From the closely related species, M. triarticulata differs in the possession of 3-segmented Enp P3, M. arctica in the segmentation of the Al, and both new species in the setation of their swimming legs P1–P5. M. hifida belongs to the 'talpa' group within Metahuntemannia and differs from the closely related species in the setation of the swimming legs P2–P4. The species relationships and the phylogeny within the genus are discussed. All species were collected at the Iceland-Faroe Ridge from depths between 435 and 2500 m.     

Physiological properties of some yeast strains

Twenty yeast strains have recently been isolated in pure cultures from natural and industrial sources and identified based mainly on physiological properties. The majority of the strains (15) are alcohologenic belonging to the genus Saccharomyces and comprise two brewer's (beer) yeast strains (S. carlsbergensis= S. uvarum A and B), two baker's yeast strains (S. cerevisiae CA and CP), one spirit yeast strain (S. cerevisiae CF) and ten wine yeast strains (S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus = S. ellipsoideus 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9; S. oviformis 2, 5 and 7; and S. uvarum 10). The other 5 yeast strains belong to different species: Kloeckera apiculate, Candida mycoderma (Mycoderma vini), Pichia membranaefaciens, Rhodotorula glutinis and Torulopsis holmii, respectively.     

A bioserogroup of marine vibrios possessing somatic antigen factors in common with Vibrio cholerae O1

A bioserogroup of halophilic vibrios, tentatively labelled bioserogroup 1875, strongly agglutinated by O1 antiserum of Vibrio cholerae is described. Cross-agglutination and agglutinin-absorption tests showed that these vibrios had antigens identical with the Ogawa and Inaba factors of V. cholerae O1, although they possessed their own specific antigen distinctive from the A factor that is the specific major antigen of the latter species. In addition, quantitative antigen variation similar to that of the Ogawa-to-Inaba type with V. cholerae O1 was recognized in this halophilic group. They were isolated from estuarine water and are considered to inhabit coastal aquatic environments. Phenotypically, however, this group is not identifiable with any of the species already recognized in the genus Vibrio .     

Phylogenetic position of the Dalmatian genus Phoxinellus and description of the newly proposed genus Delminichthys (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

The Dalmatian cyprinid genus Phoxinellus is characterized by reductive characters most likely associated with the environmental conditions of small karstic streams, where all species of this genus occur. Based on 33 morphological traits, nuclear and mtDNA sequences Phoxinellus was found to be paraphyletic and included three not closely related monophyletic units. The scientific name Phoxinellus should therefore be restricted to species having plain coloration, small or absent postcleithrum, no genital papilla and an almost entirely naked body such as P. alepidotus, P. dalmaticus, and P. pseudalepidotus. Species that also have a small or absent postcleithrum and no genital papilla but display a dark stripe from the head to the caudal peduncle, and are entirely covered by distinct, not overlapping scales should be positioned closely to Telestes. Thus, we suggest inclusion of Phoxinellus croaticus, P. fontinalis and Paraphoxinus metohiensis in the genus Telestes. The Phoxinellus species that have a irregularly spotted color pattern, a large postcleithrum, an increased number of precaudal anal-fin pterygiophores, and a large genital papilla in females represent its own evolutionary line closely related to the Balkan species of Pseudophoxinus. For this monophyletic group, we propose to introduce a new genus: Delminichthys. This genus includes the species D. adspersus, D. ghetaldii, D. krbavensis and D. jadovensis.