Impact of audit on preventive measures.

The results of two reviews of practice records for information about various preventive measures are reported. The reviews were conducted two and a half years apart in the same 29 practices, on roughly 6500 records on each occasion. The first review was carried out during a postgraduate education course involving audit. Two main analyses were undertaken: one concerned with the entire record sample and the other with the individual practice results. Important and substantial improvements were shown in both analyses, which were spread throughout the practices and were not confined to practices at the lower end of the range simply "catching up." The change between the reviews in the mean recorded rates for cervical cytology was 56% to 64%; for rubella immunity 28% to 40%; for polio immunity in adults 15% to 21%; for completed primary immunisation 68% to 78%; for recorded blood pressure 53% to 61%; and for smoking information 22% to 30%. Improvement has been steady but the rate of improvement, especially for recording blood pressure and rubella immunity, has increased since the postgraduate education course.     

Preliminary results of a district call scheme for cervical screening organised in general practice.

A recognised problem with the cervical screening programme in the United Kingdom is the failure to include women who have never had a cervical smear test, who are a high risk group. The implementation of a district based call scheme in East Berkshire in 1986 is described whereby women aged 20-64 with no record of a cervical smear test who were judged to be eligible for testing by their general practitioner were sent a personal invitation from their general practitioner to attend for a test. A list of high risk unscreened women was kept by each practice, and a duplicate sent to the cytology laboratory to update the central records. Six months after each batch of invitations had been sent the resulting number of women having a smear test was assessed. Forty three of 51 practices approached agreed to participate in the five year scheme. During the first year lists were sent to the 43 participating practices. The first list was returned to the cytology laboratory by 37 practices and the second by 33; practices varied in their responses, however, some needing considerable persuasion to return the lists. Of 972 identified unscreened women from the total 3757 women listed in the lists of the family practitioner committee, 247 (25%) had a cervical smear test in response to the invitation, representing an overall increase of 7% in the screened population. The preliminary findings of the five year study have shown that screening can be improved by a systematic call scheme. Coordinated support from the area health authority in health education, monitoring of screening, and feedback of data from the scheme to practices is required to reduce the proportion of unscreened women.     

A total audit of preventive procedures in 45 practices caring for 430,000 patients.

OBJECTIVE--To develop and report the results of a system of audit of computer records in general practice. DESIGN--A retrospective audit of records in practices using the same computer system. Information about recorded preventive procedures was collected by sending the same audit program to each practice on floppy disk. Other characteristics of the practices were determined by postal questionnaire. SETTING--Forty five general practices, widely distributed in England and Wales. SUBJECTS--All 430,901 patients registered with the practices. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Within each practice the percentage of patients in specified age groups for whom certain preventive procedures were recorded as having been carried out. These measures were analysed in relation to practice characteristics. RESULTS--Practice characteristics and recording rates for preventive procedures varied over a wide range. Recording rates were higher in practices with computer terminals on every doctor''s desk. Only one practice achieved the new contract target of 90% coverage for recorded primary immunisations, and fewer than two thirds recorded 80% coverage for cervical cytology in the past five years. Practices holding clinics did no better than those without. Smaller partnerships and smaller doctors'' list sizes were associated with better performance. CONCLUSIONS--Centrally programmed audit of computerised records is a feasible method of providing data on a regular basis for epidemiological purposes and for performance review. The fact that practices with smaller list sizes had higher levels of recorded preventive care suggests that the trend towards larger lists promoted by the new contract might militate against the intended effect of better preventive care.     

Fair shares in health care? Ethnic and socioeconomic influences on recording of preventive care in selected inner London general practices. Healthy Eastenders Project.

OBJECTIVE--To describe the association of ethnic and socioeconomic status with recording of preventive care information by selected general practitioners. DESIGN--Random selection of people aged 20-64 registered with 43 general practitioners. Ethnic and social characteristics of stratified samples were determined at interview in the subject''s home. Recording of preventive information was ascertained from general practitioners'' medical records. SETTING--Inner London borough of Tower Hamlets. SUBJECTS--505 ut of 739 people confirmed as residents at their home address (190 white, 86 black, 112 Bangladeshi, 105 Chinese or Vietnamese, 12 other). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Socioeconomic characteristics, consultation with general practitioner, and recorded preventive activities for ethnic groups. RESULTS--Minority ethnic groups were considerably more disadvantaged than white people and five times more likely to be overcrowded (31% v 6%), three times less likely to own their own home(11% v 37%), twice as likely to be in social classes IV and V (54% v 28%) and less likely to be employed (34% v 63%). There were no significant differences between white, black, Bangladeshi, and Chinese or Vietnamese subjects in recording smoking, blood pressure, alcohol consumption, weight, and height in the general practitioners'' medical records. White women were more likely to have a record of mammography (46% v 20%; P=0.03) and of cervical smears than women in minority ethnic groups. CONCLUSION--Despite major socioeconomic inequity, equitable recording of preventive activity for the major causes of death for white, black and Bangladeshi populations is possible. Chinese and Vietnamese people had lower levels of recording and consultation. Mammography and, to a lesser extent, cervical cytology are inequitably recorded and require additional support at practice level.     

Visualization techniques (colposcopy,direct visual inspection,and spectroscopic and other visual methods). Summary of task force 7

Visual screening techniques include both low-technology approaches, such as direct visual inspection (DVI), and high-technology approaches, such as those that utilize electrooptical detectors to identify cervical cancer precursors and invasive cervical cancer. Simple visual screening techniques, such as DVI, consist of washing the cervix with a solution of 5% acetic acid (e.g., vinegar) and then inspecting it using either the naked eye or with a low-power magnifying device to identify areas of acetowhitening, which frequently correspond to cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs). The simple visual screening methods are being evaluated as an alternative to cytology in low-resource settings where screening using cervical cytology is not feasible. Multiple studies have shown DVI to have sensitivity similar to that of cervical cytology for identifying women with high grade SIL but much lower specificity. The novel high-technology visual screening methods that utilize electrooptical sensors to identify cervical abnormalities are still in the developmental phases but offer considerable potential.     

Effectiveness of VIA, Pap, and HPV DNA testing in a cervical cancer screening program in a peri-urban community in Andhra Pradesh, India

Background

While many studies have compared the efficacy of Pap cytology, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA assays for the detection cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer, few have evaluated the program effectiveness.

Methods and Findings

A population-based sample of 5603 women from Medchal Mandal in Andhra Pradesh, India were invited to participate in a study comparing Pap cytology, VIA, and HPV DNA screening for the detection of CIN3+. Participation in primary screening and all subsequent follow-up visits was rigorously tracked. A 20% random sample of all women screened, in addition to all women with a positive screening test result underwent colposcopy with directed biopsy for final diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were adjusted for verification bias. HPV testing had a higher sensitivity (100%) and specificity (90.6%) compared to Pap cytology (sensitivity  =  78.2%; specificity = 86.0%) and VIA (sensitivity = 31.6%; specificity = 87.5%). Since 58% of the sample refused involvement and another 28% refused colposcopy or biopsy, we estimated that potentially 87.6% of the total underlying cases of CIN3 and cancer may have been missed due to program failures.

Conclusions

We conclude that despite our use of available resources, infrastructure, and guidelines for cervical cancer screening implementation in resource limited areas, community participation and non-compliance remain the major obstacles to successful reduction in cervical cancer mortality in this Indian population. HPV DNA testing was both more sensitive and specific than Pap cytology and VIA. The use of a less invasive and more user-friendly primary screening strategy (such as self-collected swabs for HPV DNA testing) may be required to achieve the coverage necessary for effective reduction in cervical cancer mortality.     

Organisation of cervical cytology screening in Croatia: past, present and future

This presentation highlights strengths and weaknesses of cervical cytology screening in Croatia, with particular reference to the opportunistic screening, the use of conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) test and the analysis of some organizational, educational and performance issues that are associated with it. Its aim is to propose measures to improve the efficacy of cervical cytology screening in order to reduce cervical cancer mortality. Currently, in excess of 450,000 Pap tests/ year are examined at 35 laboratories scattered throughout the country. All of these laboratories use standard operating procedures including internal and external quality control. They employ a total of 68 cytologists and 91 cytotechnologists. The sensitivity of cervical screening in Croatia is 90.0%, specificity 98.6%, positive predictive value 92.3%, negative predictive value 98.1% and overall diagnostic accuracy 97.2%. The high diagnostic accuracy of cervical cytology is attributed to the long-standing tradition of education and training of cytologists (postgraduate MSc course since 1967, independent residency since 1974) and cytotechnologists (since 1968). This tradition spanning more than half a century means that today in Croatia there is a developed network of cytology laboratories staffed by highly competent cytologists and trained cytotechnologists. The high accuracy of cancer detection through Pap tests provides strong evidence in support of cervical cytology screening remaining the basic method of prevention for cervical carcinoma. However, some modifications to the current situation are needed. These relate primarily to opportunistic screening. The current screening coverage rate is 68%, although there is capacity, which would allow for all women at risk, i.e. those aged 25-64, to be screened once in three years. The screening coverage relates mainly to those women visiting gynecological out patient clinics for unrelated conditions. A properly organized and controlled national screening programme should replace this. This should be accompanied by the introduction of alternative, highly sensitive methods of sample collection and preparation, such as are available through the introduction of new technologies, e.g. liquid based cytology.     

An Audit of Cervical Cancer Deaths In Nottingham

Death certificates were reviewed and 57 women were identified whose primary cause of death was cervical cancer. Their cervical smear records were reviewed from laboratory files. Only nine had participated in the cervical cancer screening programme before the diagnosis of cervical cancer was made. One woman had an abnormal smear as a result of cervical screening but failed to attend for follow-up.
The problem of false negative smears is also addressed and the value of review of negative smears for the purposes of cytology audit is emphasized.     

Human papillomavirus DNA and liquid-based cervical cytology cotesting in screening and follow-up patient groups

OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and cervical cytology cotesting in screening and follow-up of patients with previous cervical abnormalities and to assess the significance of a positive HPV DNA test result in re-screening of cytologically normal cases. STUDY DESIGN: Cellular samples collected in liquid-based fixative were used for both cervical cytology and HPV DNA testing. The cervical cytology slides were manually screened by cytotechnologists followed by rapid re-screening by pathologists. The HPV DNA tests were performed using hybrid capture test kits. Statistical analyses of cervical cytology results and HPV DNA tests for high- and low-risk HPV from both patient groups were carried out. RESULTS: The prevalence of HPV DNA-positive cases was higher in younger patients. There was a poor correlation between cervical cytology results and HPV DNA tests for the screening group (kappa = 0.23), but a fair to good correlation was obtained for the follow-up group (kappa = 0.51). The false negative fraction of cytology negative/HPV DNA positive cases (0.1317), as compared with cytology negative/HPV DNA negative cases (0.0056), was statistically significant (p = 0.000001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HPV DNA decreased with increasing age in both the screening and follow-up patient groups. Virus clearance was delayed in the follow-up group as compared with the screening group. There was a poor correlation between cervical cytology and HPV DNA tests in the screening group but a fair to good correlation in the follow-up patient group. Cotesting of HPV DNA and cervical cytology increases the sensitivity and decreases the false negative fraction, suggesting that cotesting could be used to increase the interval of screening.     

Cervical cytology in the Vale of Trent faculty of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 1985-8.

OBJECTIVE--To assess changes in the organisation and performance of cervical cytology programmes in the practices of members of the Vale of Trent faculty of the Royal College of General Practitioners. DESIGN--Retrospective audits completed in 1985 and 1988 by general practitioners on a sequential sample of 100 records of women aged 35-64 in their practice. SETTING--General practices in which one or more partners were members or associates of the Vale of Trent faculty of the college, of which 76 participated in the first audit and 55 (82% of 67 eligible practices) in the second. SUBJECTS--Sequential samples of 100 women born between 1 January 1920 and 31 December 1949 (first audit) and between 1 January 1923 and 31 December 1952 (second audit) whose surnames began with P or B respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Percentage of women in each practice with a record of cervical cytology performed in the previous five years and percentage with no recorded smear. RESULTS--Of the 76 practices completing the audit in 1985, 55 (82% of those eligible) repeated the exercise in 1988. Performance was not significantly different in practices that did and did not respond. The median percentage of women who had had a smear in the previous five years was 49% and 69% in 1985 and 1988 respectively (p less than 0.001) and that of women with no record of a cervical smear was 28% and 16% respectively (p less than 0.001). All but six practices showed improvement in both outcome measures. In both audits an active call system was associated with a significantly increased performance (p less than 0.05). In nine practices (16%) 80% or more of the samples of women had had a smear in the previous five years. CONCLUSION--Organisation and performance of practices audited improved between 1985 and 1988. Although this might result from participation in the first audit, it probably represents a more general trend within primary care. ACTION--Between the two audits more practices (87% v 67%) had developed a policy on screening, and this was more likely to include the aim of performing regular smears on all sexually active women (98% v 80%).     

The role of cervical cytology and colposcopy in detecting cervical glandular neoplasia

Objective:  To determine the role of cervical cytology and colposcopy in the management of endocervical neoplasia.
Setting:  Colposcopy unit and cytology laboratory in a teaching hospital.
Sample:  Group 1 included 184 smears showing endocervical glandular neoplasia from 129 patients and group 2 included 101 patients with histology showing endocervical abnormalities in a 6-year period (1993–1998). Follow-up of 6–11 years to 2004 was available.
Methods:  Group 1 were identified from the cytology computer records. Group 2 were identified from histology records on the cytology database and a record of histology cases kept for audit purposes. The clinical records were examined retrospectively.
Results:  The positive predictive value (PPV) of abnormal endocervical cells in smears was 81.1% for significant glandular/squamous [cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN)/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade2 (CIN2 or worse)] lesions. The PPV of colposcopy was 93.5% for significant glandular/squamous lesions of the cervix. The postcolposcopy probability of a significant lesion when colposcopy was normal was 87.5%. The sensitivity of colposcopy in detecting endocervical lesions was 9.8%. The sensitivity of cervical smears in detecting a significant endocervical abnormality (CGIN or worse) was 66.3%. The false negative rate for cytology of endocervical glandular lesions was 4.0%.
Conclusions:  Endocervical glandular neoplasia detected on cytology is predictive of significant cervical pathology even when colposcopy is normal, which supports excisional biopsy in the primary assessment of these smears. The high concomitant squamous abnormality rate justifies the use of colposcopy to direct biopsies from the ectocervix. Cervical cytology is the only current screening method for cervical glandular abnormalities but sensitivity is poor.     

Cervical screening in Perth and Kinross since introduction of the new contract.

OBJECTIVE--To determine changes in the cervical screening service since the introduction of the new general practitioner contract on 1 April 1990. DESIGN--Analysis of computerised records of cervical screening both before and after introduction of the new contract. SETTING--General practices in Perth and Kinross Unit, Tayside. PATIENTS--A total of 30,071 women aged 21-60 on 26 general practitioner partnership lists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Percentage average of target population for cervical screening in each practice for first three quarters on introduction of the contract. RESULTS--Perth and Kinross Unit completed a computerised cervical screening call programme in July 1989, which produced an increase from 71% to 78% in the mean percentage of women aged 20-60 who had had cervical smear tests within 5.5 years. Six months after the introduction of the new general practitioner contract the mean population coverage was increased to 85% in women aged 21-60 and only four practices had not attained the 80% upper target compared with 10 on 1 April 1990. Detailed examination of randomly selected practices immediately before the new contract was introduced showed an average artificial list inflation of 4.3% in health board records when compared with practice records, a hysterectomy rate of 6.2%, and an additional 3% of women who were considered to be ineligible for smear testing due to putative virginity or illness or infirmity, or both. There was a considerable shift away from use of well woman clinics (2.7% of smears in 1990 compared with 5.6% in 1988) for taking cervical smears, potentially threatening the long term viability of the clinics. CONCLUSION--The introduction of the new contract for general practitioners has brought about a further sustained increase in population coverage for cervical screening in a small Scottish unit with a stable population, well motivated general practitioners, and a fully integrated computerised call and recall system based on the community health index. To optimise the screening service revision of the targets levels is necessary.     

Intercultural consultations: investigation of factors that deter non-English speaking women from attending their general practitioners for cervical screening.

OBJECTIVES--To determine the factors that deter ethnic minority women living in east London from attending their general practitioner for cervical cytology screening. DESIGN--Qualitative study by means of focus group discussions between October 1993 and March 1994. SETTING--East London. SUBJECTS--Non-health specific established community groups and specially convened groups of Bengali, Kurdish, Turkish, Urdu and Punjabi, and Chinese speaking women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--The spontaneous views of non-English speaking women resident in east London on cervical screening, focusing on attitudes to screening, their experiences of the cervical cytology screening services as currently provided, and their knowledge and beliefs about cervical screening. RESULTS--Some reported attitudinal barriers to cervical cytology screening such as fear of cancer were not deterrents. Administrative and language barriers were more important, as were inadequate surgery premises and concerns about sterility. CONCLUSION--Contrary to popular belief among general practitioners in east London, women from ethnic minorities are enthusiastic about cervical cytology screening once they understand the purpose of the test and the call and recall procedures. It is possible to consult with community groups in their own language through focus group discussions, working with bilingual health advocates who have had a short practical training in facilitating small group discussions. This form of user consultation could be carried out focusing on other aspects of health promotion.     

Predictors of Adherence to Multiple Clinical Preventive Recommendations among Adults with Diabetes in Spain

ObjectiveThis study aims to describe adherence to seven clinical preventive services among Spanish adults with diabetes, to compare adherence with people without diabetes and to identify predictor of adherence to multiple practices among adults with diabetes.DesignCross-sectional study based on data obtained from the European Health Survey for Spain 2009 and the Spanish National Health Survey 2011. We analyzed those aged 40-69 years (n= 20,948). Diabetes status was self-reported. The study variables included adherence to blood pressure (BP) checkup, cholesterol measurement, influenza vaccination, dental examination, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), mammography and cytology. Independent variables included socio-demographic characteristics, variables related to health status and lifestyle factors.ResultsThe study sample included 1,647 subjects with diabetes and 19,301 without. Over 90% had measured their BP and cholesterol in the last year, 44.4% received influenza immunization, 36.4% had a dental checkup within the year and only 8.1% underwent a FOBT. Among diabetic women 75.4% had received a mammography and 52.4% a cytology in the recommended periods. The adherence to BP and cholesterol measurements and influenza vaccination was significantly higher among those suffering diabetes and cytology and dental checkup were lower. Only 63.4% of people with diabetes had fulfilled half or more of the recommended practices. Female sex, higher educational level, being married or cohabiting, higher number of chronic conditions and number of physician visits increased the adherence to multiple preventive practices. For each unhealthy lifestyle reported the probability of having a higher adherence level decreased.ConclusionsAcceptable adherence is found for BP and cholesterol checkups and mammography. Unacceptably low rates were found for influenza vaccine, dental care, cytology and FOBT. Moreover, preventive services are provided neither equitably nor efficiently so future research needs to identify individual and organizational factors that allow interventions to reach these subjects with diabetes.     

Criteria for organized cervical screening programs. Special emphasis on The Netherlands program

Based on the criteria of Wilson and Jungner and experiences in the population-based organized cervical screening program in the Netherlands, conditions for efficient and effective population screening for cervical cancer are described. The purpose of this paper is to determine if these criteria are met for cervical cancer screening and to give recommendations for improvement. Cervical cancer is still an important health problem; the present incidence reflects both background risk and screening activity during previous decades. A positive effect of screening is reached because of the long development time of the disease and the ability of the Pap smear test to detect precancer and early, symptomatic disease. Considerable reduction in the incidence and mortality of cervical cancers can be reached if all women attend and all detected lesions are adequately followed up. Common terminology and classification criteria for histology and cytology should be used. Whether newly developed techniques that may improve or replace cytology can be used in screening programs should be a multidisciplinary decision after clinical trials have given evidence-based information on the performance, cost-effectiveness and need of these techniques. When cervical cancer screening is undertaken, it should be offered in organized programs at the medical level closest to the patients, the general practitioner. High compliance is the most important factor in reducing cervical cancer incidence. Quality control and assurance must be performed at all levels. In the case of limited resources, the program should use a five-year interval and concentrate on the age range 25-60 years, with special attention to women who have never been screened or were screened > 10 years previously. Evaluation of medical and organizational aspects is mandatory. Cooperation between all involved parties is a prerequisite of creating a successful screening program.     

The Yorkshire slide exchange external quality assessment (EQA) scheme

A slide circulation scheme measuring cervical screening performance of individual cytologists in 15 laboratories in Yorkshire Regional Health Authority is described. The advantages and disadvantages are compared with the current National Proficiency Testing (NPT) scheme. The results indicate that a slide circulation scheme can be successfully used in cervical cytology external quality assessment (EQA). Levels of participation are better than those currently achieved by regional variations of the NPT scheme, and the use of laboratory consensus in the selection of scoring slides appears to be no less valid than the use of a pre‐selected slide pool assembled by an expert panel. The volume of data accumulated in one round is considerably greater than that achieved by proficiency testing and the educational value is regarded as high. However, the scheme is very time consuming for participants and consequently expensive for laboratories. The lack of external supervision increases the risk of unfair practices within individual laboratories. Because of these problems, Yorkshire has now switched to an NPT scheme.     

Cervicovaginal cytology in an indigent population. Comparison of results for 1964, 1981 and 1989

To evaluate the usefulness of cervicovaginal cytology in decreasing the incidence of cervical carcinoma in an indigent population, the cytologic findings from 10,000 consecutive smears in 1964 (when cytology screening started) were compared to the results of 10,000 consecutive smears in 1981 and 1989. There was a marked (statistically significant) decrease in invasive cervical squamous carcinoma at all ages between the first and later periods. Squamous carcinoma in situ showed a significant decrease beginning in patients under 40 in 1981. The number of atypias and mild dysplasias showed a proportional increase, from 2% in 1964 to 13.4% in 1981 to 21.8% in 1989, predominantly in young patients. These results reaffirm that cervicovaginal cytology remains the most inexpensive and effective diagnostic tool for the elimination of cervical cancer.     

Outcomes of screening to prevent cancer: analysis of cumulative incidence of cervical abnormality and modelling of cases and deaths prevented

ObjectiveTo determine the frequency of different outcomes in women participating in cervical screening.DesignAnalysis of screening records from 348 419 women, and modelling of cases of cervical cancer and deaths with and without screening.SettingCervical screening programme in Bristol.ResultsFor every 10 000 women screened from 1976 to 1996, 1564 had abnormal cytology, 818 were investigated, and 543 had abnormal histology. One hundred and seventy six had persistent abnormality for two years or more. In the absence of screening 80 women would be expected to develop cancer of the cervix by 2011, of whom 25 would die. With screening 10 of these deaths would be avoided. Comparison of cumulative abnormality rates with numbers expected to develop cancer in the absence of screening suggests that at least 80% of high grade dyskaryosis and of high grade dysplasia would not progress to cancer. The lifetime risk of having abnormal cytology detected could be as high as 40% for women born since 1960.ConclusionsScreening is labour and resource intensive. It involves treatment for many women not destined to develop invasive cancer. The increased intervention rate for cervical abnormality in England is due to change in practice, not a cohort effect, and is probably the reason for the marked fall in incidence and mortality during the 1990s. For other cancers there is scope for major iatrogenic harm from screening because of invasive tests and treatments.

What is already known on this topic

Since the mid-1980s incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in women born since the 1930s in England and Wales has fallen; screening is the most likely explanationFor each death prevented many women have to be screened and many are treated who would not have developed a problem

What this study adds

In the NHS cervical screening programme around 1000 women need to be screened for 35 years to prevent one deathOver 80% of women with high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia will not develop invasive cancer, but all need to be treatedFor each death prevented, over 150 women have an abnormal result, over 80 are referred for investigation, and over 50 have treatmentBefore the 1988 relaunch of screening with strict quality standards, for each death prevented there were 57 000 tests and 1955 women had abnormal results     

宫颈液基细胞学检测筛查宫颈病变2445例分析

目的：采用液基细胞学检测（TCT）方法,探讨其在妇科宫颈病变细胞学筛查中的临床应用价值。方法：选择我院2007年1月-2008年12月接受宫颈病变筛查的患者2445例,收集宫颈脱落细胞,采用TCT技术检测,细胞学分类采用TBS分类标准诊断,对细胞学检查阳性者行阴道镜指引下多点活检,将细胞学检查结果与活检结果作对比分析。结果：2445例受检者中细胞学阳性病例196例,阳性检出率8.02%。其中非典型鳞状细胞（ASCUS）占5.8%;低度鳞状上皮内病变（LSIL）占1.5%;高度鳞状上皮内病变（HSIL）占0.6%;鳞癌（SCC）占0.1%。阳性病例阴道镜下活检结果与细胞学检查结果符合。结论：TCT检查能准确反映宫颈病变情况,在妇科宫颈病变筛查中有较高的临床应用价值,可作为临床宫颈癌普查方法。