大黄欧文氏菌蔗糖异构酶基因克隆表达及其酶学特性研究

通过PCR克隆得到了不包括信号肽序列的109～1803bp大黄欧文氏菌蔗糖异构酶基因,以pQE30为表达载体可以在大肠杆菌中高效表达SI基因,但容易形成包涵体。通过降低诱导剂IPTG至10μmol／L,28℃低温诱导表达可以改进表达产物的可溶性。重组SI的最适pH为6．0,最适反应温度为30℃。测定的Km为46．8mmol／L,Vm甜为152．2u／mg。重组SI对麦芽糖、海藻糖、棉子糖、三氯蔗糖及廿甲基葡萄糖苷等均不起作用,只利用蔗糖为底物转糖苷,也可以水解对硝基苯酚-α-葡萄糖苷。同时发现重组SI具有转化异麦芽酮糖生成海藻酮糖的活性。     

大黄欧文氏菌蔗糖异构酶控制产物特异性基序的定点突变

大黄欧文氏菌(Erwinia rhapontici)蔗糖异构酶催化蔗糖异构为异麦芽酮糖和海藻酮糖,具有一个可能控制产物特异性的325RLDRD329基序.本研究以定点突变方法对该基序的带电荷氨基酸进行突变,共构建R325D、R328A、R328D、R328Q和D329N 5个突变体.通过对突变体的酶学特性及突变体转化蔗糖的产物组成分析,结果显示所构建突变体的Km值上升约2~5倍,比活力下降至野生型SI比活力的11.8%~25.3%.HPLC分析显示Arg325和Arg328分别突变为Asp,导致产物中异麦芽酮糖/海藻酮糖的比例从6.93分别降至0.96和2.92,并伴随一个未知寡糖出现.Arg328突变为Ala和Gln同样导致反应产物中海藻酮糖比例上升,异麦芽酮糖比例下降.但是突变体D329N反应产物比例没有变化.以上结果表明325RLDRD329基序对大黄欧文氏菌蔗糖异构酶的酶活具有重要作用,并对酶的产物特异性产生影响.本研究结果将为该酶的作用机理研究奠定基础.     

Purification and characterization of a highly selective sucrose isomerase from Erwinia rhapontici NX-5

A highly selective sucrose isomerase (SIase) was purified to homogeneity from the cell-free extract of Erwinia rhapontici NX-5 with a recovery of 27.7% and a fold purification of 213.6. The purified SIase showed a high specific activity of 427.1 U mg⁻¹ with molecular weight of 65.6 kDa. The K _m for sucrose was 222 mM while V _max was 546 U mg⁻¹. The optimum pH and temperature for SIase activity were 6.0 and 30 °C, respectively. The purified SIase was stable in the temperature range of 10–40 °C and retained 65% of the enzyme activity after 2 weeks’ storage at 30 °C. The SIase activity was enhanced by Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺, inhibited by Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Co²⁺, completely inhibited by Hg²⁺ and Ag²⁺. The purified SIase was strongly inhibited by SDS, while partially inhibited by dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, and PMSF. Additionally, glucose and fructose acted as competitive inhibitors for purified SIase.     

Enhanced conversion of sucrose to isomaltulose by a mutant of Erwinia rhapontici

Mutagenesis of Erwinia rhapontici was performed to enhance the production of isomaltulose from sucrose. A mutant strain, BN 68089, was obtained through a screening process involving automated and miniaturized cultivation in Bioscreen C. This high-throughput, miniaturized screening system was optimized to identify the mutant strain, which had a conversion yield (90%) and productivity (194 g l^–1 h^–1). The BN 68089 mutant cells were immobilized in sodium alginate and when operated in a packed bed reactor gave a yield of 89% and a productivity of 144 g l^–1 h^–1 of at 30 °C, the optimal temperature. Immobilized BN 68089 cells exhibited 8% and 15% higher yield and productivity, respectively, than those of the wild-type strain.     

A N-acetyllactosamine-specific cell-binding activity in a plant pathogen, Erwinia rhapontici

A strain of the phytopathogenic bacterial species, Erwinia rhapontici, was found to cause hemagglutination of human erythrocytes that was specifically inhibited by beta-galactosides. Of the monosaccharides tested, N-acetyl galactosamine and galactose efficiently inhibited the hemagglutination. The most potent inhibitor identified was Ga1 beta 1-4GlcNAc that was 30-100-fold more potent than Ga1 beta 1-3GlcNac or Ga1 beta 1-3GalNAc. Fetuin had no effect on the hemagglutination whereas asialofetuin was inhibitory. No blood group specificity was found for the hemagglutinin. These findings indicate that the E. rhapontici strain possesses a novel bacterial cell-binding activity with specificity for terminal N-acetyllactosamine residues.     

Erwinia rhapontici (Millard) Burkholder Associated with Pink Grain of Wheat

S ummary . Bacteria isolated from pink-coloured grains of English wheat were identified as Erwinia rhapontici , and were identical with isolates made by Luisetti & Rapilly (1967) from wheat with a similar disorder in France. Pink grain was reproduced with English and French isolates and with authentic cultures of E. rhapontici when developing grain of wheat plants was inoculated, but only after wounding.     

Nucleoside phosphotransferase from Erwinia herbicola, a new membrane-bound enzyme.

A nucleoside phosphotransferase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of nucleosides to nucleotides by low energy phosphate esters, has been isolated and purified 500-fold from the membrane fraction of Erwinia herbicola. Its most noteworthy difference from other enzymes of this class is that it is membrane bound and can be isolated and handled only in the presence of a detergent. With a ribonucleoside acceptor, adenosine, the reaction product is exclusively 5'-AMP; with deoxyadenosine, 5'- and 3'-nucleotide products appear in the approximate ratio of 2:1, respectively. The enzyme has no detectable phosphatase activity with the best phosphate donors, 5'-dAMP and 5'-dTMP, and very little with less active donors, such as p-nitrophenyl phosphate. This phosphotransferase should be a useful agent for preparing 5'-nucleotides from unusual synthetic bases.     

Distinct sucrose isomerases catalyze trehalulose synthesis in whiteflies,Bemisia argentifolii,and Erwinia rhapontici

Isomaltulose [alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,6)-D-fructofuranose] and trehalulose [alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,1)-D-fructofuranose] are commercially valuable sucrose-substitutes that are produced in several microorganisms by the palI gene product, a sucrose isomerase. Trehalulose also occurs in the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifoli, as the major carbohydrate in the insect's honeydew. To determine if the enzyme that synthesizes trehalulose in whiteflies was similar to the well-characterized sucrose isomerase from microbial sources, the properties of the enzymes from whiteflies and the bacterium, Erwinia rhapontici, were compared. Partial purification of both enzymes showed that the enzyme from whiteflies was a 116 kD membrane-associated polypeptide, in contrast to the enzyme from E. rhapontici, which was soluble and 66 kD. The enzyme from E. rhapontici converted sucrose to isomaltulose and trehalulose in a 5:1 ratio, whereas the enzyme from whiteflies produced only trehalulose. Unlike the E. rhapontici enzyme, the whitefly enzyme did not convert isomaltulose to trehalulose, but both enzymes catalyzed the transfer of fructose to trehalulose using sucrose as the glucosyl donor. The results indicate that trehalulose synthase from whiteflies is structurally and functionally distinct from the sucrose isomerases described in bacteria. The whitefly enzyme is the first reported case of an enzyme that converts sucrose to exclusively trehalulose.     

Functional characterization of a novel xylanase from a corn strain of Erwinia chrysanthemi

A beta-1,4-xylan hydrolase (xylanase A) produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi D1 isolated from corn was analyzed with respect to its secondary structure and enzymatic function. The pH and temperature optima for the enzyme were found to be pH 6.0 and 35 degrees C, with a secondary structure under those conditions that consists of approximately 10 to 15% alpha-helices. The enzyme was still active at temperatures higher than 40 degrees C and at pHs of up to 9.0. The loss of enzymatic activity at temperatures above 45 degrees C was accompanied by significant loss of secondary structure. The enzyme was most active on xylan substrates with low ratios of xylose to 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and appears to require two 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid residues for substrate recognition and/or cleavage of a beta-1,4-xylosidic bond. The enzyme hydrolyzed sweetgum xylan, generating products with a 4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid-substituted xylose residue one position from the nonreducing terminus of the oligoxyloside product. No internal cleavages of the xylan backbone between substituted xylose residues were observed, giving the enzyme a unique mode of action in the hydrolysis compared to all other xylanases that have been described. Given the size of the oligoxyloside products generated by the enzyme during depolymerization of xylan substrates, the function of the enzyme may be to render substrate available for other depolymerizing enzymes instead of producing oligoxylosides for cellular metabolism and may serve to produce elicitors during the initiation of the infectious process.     

Nonenzymatic peptide alpha-amidation. Implications for a novel enzyme mechanism

An abiotic system is described which chemically catalyzes the formation of less than Glu-His-Pro-NH2 (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) from less than Glu-His-Pro-amino acid in the presence of copper, ascorbate, and molecular oxygen. Evidence is presented to support the participation of hydroxyl and carbon radicals as reaction intermediates in the production of a peptide amide and an aldehyde or ketone. The characteristics of this model system closely mimic the characteristics of enzymatic peptide amidation, and an oxidative, free-radical mechanism for enzymatic peptide amidation is proposed as an alternative to the mechanism for enzymatic amidation offered by Bradbury et al. (Bradbury, A. F., Finnie, M. D. A., and Smyth, D. G. (1982) Nature 298, 686-688).     

CelS: a novel endoglucanase identified from Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora

A plasmid clone expressing a beta(1,4)-glucan glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.4; endoglucanase) in Escherichia coli was isolated from a genomic library of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. The DNA segment carrying the corresponding structural gene, named celS, contained an open reading frame encoding a 264-amino acid (aa) polypeptide. The N-terminal aa sequence of CelS showed that the protein was synthesized with a 32-aa cleavable signal peptide. The mature 232-aa CelS had a calculated Mr of 26,228 and pI of 5.5. The pH optimum was about 6.8 and the temperature optimum was between 45 and 55 degrees C. Comparison of the aa sequence of CelS by hydrophobic cluster analysis with a range of cellulases and other quasi-isofunctional enzymes revealed only very limited sequence similarities, suggesting that the CelS protein may represent the first member of an additional cellulase family.     

Characterization of a novel lipolytic enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae

In this study, we report the characterization of a protein from Aspergillus oryzae, exhibiting sequence identity with paraben esterase from the genus Aspergillus. The coding region of 1,586 bp, including a 77-bp intron, encoded a protein of 502 amino acids. The gene without the signal peptide of 19 amino acids was cloned into a vector, pPICZαC, and expressed successfully in Pichia pastoris as an active extracellular protein. The purified recombinant protein had pH and temperature optima of 7.0–8.0 and 30 °C, respectively, and was stable at the pH range of 7.0–10.0 and up to 40 °C. The optimal substrate for hydrolysis by the purified recombinant protein, among a panel of α-naphthyl esters (C2–C16), was α-naphthyl butyrate (C4), with activity of 0.16 units/mg protein. The considerable hydrolytic activity of the purified recombinant enzyme toward tributyrin was determined. However, no paraben esterase activity was detected toward the ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. In addition, no activity was detected toward the methyl esters of ferulic, p-coumaric, caffeic, and sinapic acids that would indicate feruloyl esterase activity.     

蛹虫草无性型深层培养液中纤溶酶的分离纯化和酶学性质研究

【目的】确立蛹拟青霉深层培养液中高纯度、高纤溶活性纤溶酶的分离纯化方法并测定其酶学性质。【方法】采用硫酸铵盐析、Sephadex G-25凝胶色谱、Phenyl-Sepharose HP疏水相互作用色谱、CM-Sepharose FF弱阳离子交换色谱和Superdex 75凝胶色谱对蛹拟青霉纤溶酶进行分离。用Lowry法测定蛋白质浓度,纤维蛋白平板法测定其纤溶活性,SDS-PAGE鉴定其纯度并确定其分子量,IEF法测定其等电点。【结果】研究发现,以蔗糖和豆饼为培养基主要基质时,蛹拟青霉深层培养可以产生至少两种纤溶酶。提纯后的纤溶酶Ⅱ比活力达到800.46 U/mg,总纯化倍数为30.07倍。纤溶酶Ⅱ的相对分子量和等电点分别为32 kD和9.3±0.2。纤溶酶Ⅱ是一种糖蛋白,总含糖量为0.98%(W/V)。该酶可以顺次降解人血纤维蛋白(原)的α、β和γ链。其最适作用pH及温度分别为7.4和41°C。Aprotinine与PMSF对该纤溶酶的活性完全抑制,推测此纤溶酶可能是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶。【结论】单一的高纤溶活性纤溶酶的获得和酶学性质的确定,为该酶开发成为新型溶栓药物提供了理论依据。     

菠萝各器官蛋白酶的提取与保活

研究了菠萝各器官的蛋白酶含量、活性和提取过程中酶活性的保护作用,结果表明,“无刺卡因”品种的青果、７０％成熟果肉、７０％成熟果皮、茎、果柄、叶的粗酶含量分别为０．３５９、０．１９４、０．１３２、０．９９４、０．３０３和０．１９５％。各器官酶活性以青果酶活性最高。在提取过程中使用乙二胺四乙酸二钠、醋酸锌、氯化钠、抗坏血酸可使果肉蛋白酶、茎蛋白酶和叶蛋白酶活性分别提高６９．３７％、９３．８８％和１３９．６９％。１０００ｐｐｍ硫代硫酸钠＋１０００ｐｐｍ半胱氨酸是菠萝蛋白酶活性的有效保护剂,可使果蛋白酶和茎蛋白酶活性分别提高３５．５１％和６９．０６％。