睡莲

睡莲是睡莲科（Nymphaeaceae）睡莲属（Nym—phaea）植物的统称,多年生水生草本植物,主产于温带与热带地区。有热带睡莲（tropicalwaterlily）与耐寒睡莲（hardywaterlily）2种生态型。茎是根状或球状块茎。叶圆形或心形。热带睡莲的叶缘有波状、锯齿状或重锯齿状的不规则缺刻,而耐寒睡莲叶片全缘。     

花中美人——睡莲

睡莲是睡莲科睡莲属植物的统称。睡莲色泽鲜艳、多样,花型各异,是人们喜爱的水生花卉之一。如同我国的荷花一样,睡莲在国外早就栽培观赏。最早栽培者当数埃及,在尼罗河附近的班尼哈桑村,一座古墓中的壁画上记载着栽培埃及白睡莲一景,这一发现对于研究睡莲栽培史提供了可靠依据。     

花中美人——睡莲

睡莲是睡莲科睡莲属植物的统称。睡莲色泽鲜艳、多样,花型各异,是人们喜爱的水生花卉之一。如同我国的荷花一样,睡莲在国外早就栽培观赏。最早栽培者当数埃及,在尼罗河附近的班尼哈桑村,一座古墓中的壁画上记载着栽培埃及白睡莲一景,这一发现对于研究睡莲栽培史提供了可靠依据。     

睡莲

在炎热酷暑的夏季里,人们漫步到莲花池旁,会感到格外凉爽宜人,尤其是那一丛丛浮在水面上的睡莲,碧叶红花或白花,更使人赏心悦目。郭沫若同志的睡莲诗中云:“不要误会,我们并不是喜欢睡觉;只是不高兴暮气,晚上把花闭了。一过了子夜我们又开放得很早,提前欢迎着太阳上升,朝气来到”。相传睡莲与佛教有着千丝万缕的联系,佛教称莲有“七宝莲”其中五种都是睡莲。 睡莲又名子午莲、水浮莲,为多年生水生花卉,具短根状茎,叶卵圆形或心形、全缘,丛生。花单生梗端,浮于水面,花瓣8—15枚,内瓣小,外瓣大,萼片4枚,雄蕊多数,子午时间开花,花期6—8月,每朵花可连续开放4     

人参胚胎学研究

本文对人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.)胚胎学进行较为系统的研究。主要结果如下:1.人参花药为四分孢子囊。小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中,胞质分裂为同时型,四分孢子为四面体形。成熟花粉粒为3-细胞型。2.大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成四个线形或“T”形排列的大孢子,合点端大孢子具功能。雌配子体发育属蓼型。3.在同一朵花中,对雌蕊和雄蕊发育的相关性进行了观察,并将它们与外部形态相联系。4.双受精过程属有丝分裂前配子融合类型。授粉后7-10小时,大部分雌、雄性核发生融合。5.初生胚乳核在授粉后36小时内发生第一次有丝分裂;合子休眠期较长,大约15-20天。核型胚乳。胚乳具约300个游离核时,以自由生长的细胞壁的形式细胞化。     

白穗花有性器官与胚胎发育形态的研究

利用石蜡切片技术对白穗花（Speirantha gardenii（Hook.）Baill.）胚胎发育过程进行了显微观察。研究结果表明：白穗花具四室花药,腺质绒毡层;小孢子母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体主要为左右对称型,偶有直线型、T型和交互对生型;成熟花粉为二细胞型;子房三室,中轴胎座;倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心型,珠孔由内珠被形成;胚囊的发育为蓼型;胚的发育类型为柳叶菜型,核型胚乳。根据已有的胚胎学资料,比较白穗花和铃兰族（Convallarieae）其它植物的胚胎学特征,结果显示：（1）白穗花属（Speirantha Baker）与蜘蛛抱蛋属（Aspidistra Ker-Gawler）的胚胎学特征更为接近,二者可能起源于共同的祖先;（2）夏须草属（Theropogon Maxim.）是铃兰族的异质类群。     

Floral development in Nymphaea tetragona (Nymphaeaceae)

We describe in detail the floral ontogeny of Nymphaea tetragona from a wild population to provide evidence regarding the phylogenetic position of Nymphaea and to reveal evolutionary trends of flowers in Nymphaeaceae by comparison with that of the other genera. Four sepals are initiated unidirectionally. The basal petals are initiated unidirectionally and alternate with the sepals. The dome‐shaped floral apex continues to expand and produces more petal and stamen primordia. The remaining petals and all stamens are initiated in spirals or whorls. Later, the periphery of the floral apex grows more quickly than the centre and results in a depression in the centre of the apex after all stamens have been initiated. Carpels are simultaneously initiated in a cycle at the periphery of the depression. They are ascidiate. After all organs have been initiated, the centre of the depression on the floral apex grows and develops into a globular structure. The connected inferior ovary, stigma caps and the globular floral apex together form an extragynoecial compitum. Within Nymphaeaceae, the floral ontogeny of Nymphaea is most similar to that of Euryale and Victoria. It differs more from Ondinea and Barclaya, and differs most from Nuphar. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 211–221.     

Pollination of Nymphaea lotus (Nymphaeaceae) by Rhinoceros Beetles and Bees in the Northeastern Ivory Coast

Abstract: Detailed observations of the pollination biology of Nymphaea lotus were conducted by studying populations growing in seasonal ponds in the Comoé National Park (NE Ivory Coast). Flowers of N. lotus are protogynous and anthesis lasts for 4 to 5 days. Flowers open at sunset and close in the morning hours, thereby revealing a high variability in timing. For the first time, heat production in flowers could be observed in the genus Nymphaea. Flowers of N. lotus were visited by Ruteloryctes morio, an endemic dynastid beetle during the night. Beetles copulated in the flowers and fed on flower parts, but were less effective pollinators than several bee species that visited flowers in the early morning. Nymphaea lotus thus seems to be adapted to pollination by both nocturnal beetles and diurnal bees.     

Interrelationships of petiolar air canal architecture,water depth,and convective air flow in Nymphaea odorata (Nymphaeaceae)

• Premise of the study: Nymphaea odorata grows in water up to 2 m deep, producing fewer larger leaves in deeper water. This species has a convective flow system that moves gases from younger leaves through submerged parts to older leaves, aerating submerged parts. Petiolar air canals are the convective flow pathways. This study describes the structure of these canals, how this structure varies with water depth, and models how convective flow varies with depth. • Methods: Nymphaea odorata plants were grown at water depths from 30 to 90 cm. Lamina area, petiolar cross-sectional area, and number and area of air canals were measured. Field-collected leaves and leaves from juvenile plants were analyzed similarly. Using these data and data from the literature, we modeled how convective flow changes with water depth. • Key results: Petioles of N. odorata produce two central pairs of air canals; additional pairs are added peripherally, and succeeding pairs are smaller. The first three pairs account for 96% of air canal area. Air canals form 24% of petiolar cross-sectional area. Petiolar and air canal cross-sectional areas increase with water depth. Petiolar area scales with lamina area, but the slope of this relationship is lower in 90 cm water than at shallower depths. In our model, the rate of convective flow varied with depth and with the balance of influx to efflux leaves. • Conclusions: Air canals in N. odorata petioles increase in size and number in deeper water but at a decreasing amount in relation to lamina area. Convective flow also depends on the number of influx to efflux laminae.     

Isolation and antimicrobial activities of fungi derived from Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea stellata

This study aimed to isolate fungi from leaves, petals, stalks and stamens of Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea stellata and explore their bioactive potential with respect to antimicrobial activity and their cytotoxicity on human cell lines. The totals of 210 fungal isolates were obtained from 640 segments. The highest isolation rate was found in petal segments (0.44), while stamens yielded the lowest isolation rate (0.13). One hundred and ninety–five fungal extracts were evaluated for their efficiency against ten pathogenic microorganisms by colorimetric broth microdilution tests. Cell hexane extract from Eupenicillium levitum FNL036 (FNL036CH) gave the strongest antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Talaromyces marneffei with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5?μg/mL and affected cell morphology of the test microorganisms. Moreover, this extract was non–cytotoxic to human embryonic kidney 293 (293T) and human keratinocytes (HaCAT) cell lines with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values above 100?μg/mL. This finding confirmed that fungi derived from these two Nymphaea species were a novel source of bioactive metabolites.     

Two very unusual macrocyclic flavonoids from the water lily Nymphaea lotus

Three novel flavonols, myricetin-3'-O-(6"-p-coumaroyl)glucoside and two epimeric macrocyclic derivatives, as well as the known myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside and pentagalloyl glucose, have been isolated from the wild water lily Nymphaea lotus L. and identified using 2D NMR. This is the first report of such a macrocycle from any source.     

克鲁兹王莲(睡莲科)的开花生物学研究

分别于2003和2004年8月在北京地区观察了户外种植的克鲁兹王莲(Victoria cruziana)花的生物学.结果显示:(1)克鲁兹王莲的花在连续2 d内开放和关闭,第1天花开放的时间为19:20;第2天于12:00~13:00完成关闭过程,第2天15:00~16:00花第2次开放,第3天早晨花关闭后沉入水下.(2)开花第1天晚上花内温度高出环境温度最高达11°C,开花的第2天以后,花内温度与水表面温度相近.(3)克鲁兹王莲的花第1次和第2次开放以及关闭过程中花器官呈现有规律的运动,第1天晚上花的开放过程可划分为4个时期,花的第1次关闭与第1次开放过程中花器官的运动不是简单的相反过程,第2次开放与第1次开放的过程也不相同.(4)首次描述了拟雄蕊、雄蕊以及伴生心皮(paracarpels)在开花和关闭过程中的活动规律;开花第1天晚上的柱头是湿润的,但并不像睡莲属(Nymphaea)植物那样积累1池粘液.(5)在北京地区,克鲁兹王莲自花受精能够产生种子.研究结果认为王莲属植物的花具有很多高度特化的特征以适应昆虫传粉.     

Exine development in Nymphaea colorata (Nymphaeaceae)

We show a sequence of developmental events in microspores and tapetal cells in Nymphaea colorata based upon transmission and scanning electron microscopic observations. There are parallel cytoplasmic processes and surface coatings in microspores and tapetal cells. Uptake is indicated by the passage of lanthanum as a tracer from anther locule into the microspore cytoplasm and by the condition of the cytoplasmic surface of microspores. The callose envelope is not a barrier to transfer of lanthanum. During formation of the proexine glycocalyx tiny spiral elements, components of the exine substructural units, were oriented in different directions in the surface coating of microspores and tapetum. Lipoidal globules are associated with the spiral elements. After the uniform proexine stage, three regions of different exine structure and their gradations become differentiated in the sporoderm: 1) a proximal region with thick tectum and foot layer, thin columellae and a compact layer of lamellated endexine; 2) a distal pole region with separately disposed endexine lamellae; and 3) an equatorial encircling-sulcate aperture region which consists of infratectal layer, foot layer, and endexine lamellae. Based upon the presence of structurally comparable surface coats in microspores and tapetal cells, experimental uptake of lanthanum nitrate, and the co-ordinated processes in tapetum and microspores, we conclude that there is probably a reciprocal controlling influence between the microspores and the tapetum and other sporophytic tissues.     

水蔗草兼性无融合生殖胚胎学研究

对水蔗草(Apluda mutica L.)的生殖方式进行研究,结果表明水蔗草进行兼性无融合生殖.胚囊发育分为两种类型,即有性生殖的蓼型和无孢子生殖的大黍型.无融合生殖胚囊频率为60.74%.在大孢子母细胞发育至四分体后,珠孔端的3个大孢子解体.合点端的大孢子未解体时,邻近大孢子的1个珠心细胞开始特化,形成无融合生殖的原始细胞,由该原始细胞发育形成有1个卵细胞、1个助细胞和2个极核的四核胚囊.     

水蔗草兼性无融合生殖胚胎学研究

对水蔗草 (ApludamuticaL .)的生殖方式进行研究 ,结果表明水蔗草进行兼性无融合生殖。胚囊发育分为两种类型 ,即有性生殖的蓼型和无孢子生殖的大黍型。无融合生殖胚囊频率为 6 0 .74%。在大孢子母细胞发育至四分体后 ,珠孔端的 3个大孢子解体。合点端的大孢子未解体时 ,邻近大孢子的 1个珠心细胞开始特化 ,形成无融合生殖的原始细胞 ,由该原始细胞发育形成有 1个卵细胞、1个助细胞和 2个极核的四核胚囊。     

雪白睡莲花酚类成分研究

采用大孔树脂、硅胶、ODS RP-18和Sephadex LH-20柱从雪白睡莲的干燥花蕾中分离得到7个酚类成分,通过理化性质和波谱学方法鉴定化合物的结构,分别为:isostrictiniin(1)、老鹤草素(2)、鞣花酸(3)、短叶苏木酚(4)、Annulatin 3’-O-β-D-xyloside(5)、短叶苏木酚酸甲酯(6),1,2,3,4,6-五没食子酰基葡萄糖(7)。这些化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物1,2,5和6首次从该属植物中分得。