上海地区草坪害虫的发生为害初步调查

据作者初步调查 ,2种草坪害虫 :稻切叶野螟Psaralicarsisalis (Walker)和灰翅夜蛾Spodopteramauritia (Boisduval)在上海均以幼虫在土下越冬 ,1年发生 5代 ,后期存在世代重叠现象。灰翅夜蛾虫口密度一直到 7月份都较低 ,8月份虫口密度上升很快 ,所以在上海地区第 3 ,4代幼虫为害最严重 ;稻切叶野螟的幼虫发生期比灰翅夜蛾迟 1 0d左右 ,以 9～ 1 0月份虫口密度最高。在矮生百幕达草坪中稻切叶野螟虫口密度明显高于灰翅夜蛾 ;而在高羊茅、黑麦草等草坪中灰翅夜蛾的虫口密度则远远高于稻切叶野螟。     

上海地区草坪新害虫——水稻切叶野螟和灰翅贪夜蛾

上海地区随着草坪种植面积的迅速扩大，今年草坪上发生了2种新害虫──水稻切叶野螟Psaralicarsisalis（Walker）和灰翅贪夜蛾Spodopteramauritia（Boisduval），2种害虫混合发生及危害，非常严重。1997年9月中旬，人民广场的6000多平方米草坪遭其危害，最高虫口密度超过1000头／m2。这2种害虫均是70年代水稻上的重要害虫，水稻切叶野螺分布于浙江、江苏、江西、湖南、湖北、福建、广东、广西等省区。灰翅贪夜蛾分布于湖北、江苏、台湾、广东、广西等省区。现将这2种害虫的发生情况和室内饲养情况报道如下。回生活习性1．1水稻切叶野螟：l…     

CIBA-Geigy开发蝎毒控制虫害

包括CIBA-Geigy(北卡罗来纳,美国)的研究人员、加利福尼亚大学的科学家和Jawraharlal Nehru大学的New Delhi的一个研究小组报道了他们在新型病虫害防治物质方面的重要进展。方法包括用携带昆虫选择毒素(AaIT)的重组核多角体病毒(NPV)感染害虫,AaIT是从蝎子Androctonus australis中分离的。重组苜蓿银纹夜蛾(Autographa californica)NPV经口侵染一些重要的鳞翅目昆虫,包括实夜蛾属(Heliothis)、粉夜蛾属(Trichoplusia)和灰翅夜蛾属(Spodoptera)的夜蛾。该病毒能有效的缩短致死时间,其2龄幼虫的LT50为88.0小时,相比之下野生型AcNPV的LT50为125小时。这表明AaIT以较低的浓度存在于幼虫的血淋巴中。     

取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾对敌百虫和敌敌畏敏感性的变化

不同的奇主植物,对昆虫的生理生化途径、行为表现乃至形态特征等诸多方面都会产生不同程度的影响。早在本世纪3O年代末,Swingle[1]就发现取食不同寄主植物的叶片之后,南方灰翅夜蛾Spodopteraeriulania（Cramer）幼虫对砷化物的敏感性发生了变化。后来,人们又对寄主植物与昆虫药剂敏感性的关系进行了大量的探索。但关于寄主植物与小莱蛾PlutellaxylostellaL．药剂敏感性的关系,在国内外尚未见报道。考虑到小莱蛾是世界性的蔬菜害虫,专取食为害十字花科植物,给农业生产造成严重的损失,加之化学农药的大量频繁使用及缺乏有效的天敌…     

狗牙根、白三叶草对淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

利用室内饲喂法,以高羊茅分别为对照,研究狗牙根(Cynodon dacyton)、白三叶草(Trifolium repens)对淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾Spodoptera depravata(Butler)存活、生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,用狗牙根、白三叶草饲喂淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾的化蛹率、幼虫成蛾率均显著低于对照组。幼虫历期显著长于对照组。用狗牙根、白三叶草饲喂幼虫时,淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾的蛹期、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量、♀成虫寿命与对照组均无显著差异,但幼虫龄期明显增加。狗牙根、白三叶草饲喂的淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾种群增长参数与对照组相比存在明显差异:(1)世代净生殖率(R0);(2)内禀增长率(rm);(3)周限增长率(λ);(4)种群数量趋势指数(I)明显降低;世代平均周期(T)和种群加倍时间(DT)明显延长。由此可见,狗牙根和白三叶草并不是淡剑纹灰翅夜蛾喜好的寄主植物。     

广东为害花生夜蛾调查

夜蛾是花生重要害虫,过去对它们的种类未有系统调查。作者在广东曾对这类害虫进行过调查和观察,比较普遍发生的夜蛾种类共计7种:小地老虎[Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)],斜纹夜蛾[Prodenialitura(Fabricius)],棉铃虫[Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)],南方银纹夜蛾(Chrysodexis eriosomaDoubleday),坑翅夜蛾(Ilattia octo Guenee),甜菜夜蛾[Spodoptera exigua(Hubner)],豆毛胫夜蛾[Mocisundata(Fabricius)]。     

柿广蜡蝉生物学特性及防治初报

柿广翅蜡蝉近十年来已成为湖北省主要果树害虫,寄主范围与为害程度有逐年扩大的趋势。成、若虫均吸法为害多种果树;一年二代,以卵在寄主的枝条皮下越冬。在1－3龄若虫期用药剂防治,能有效控制柿广翅蜡蝉。     

两种虫酰肼类新化合物对五种鳞翅目害虫的生物活性

为了比较虫酰肼及其衍生物对鳞翅目 5 种害虫的毒力 ,以虫酰肼为对照药剂,分别采用浸叶法、浸虫法和点滴法测定了虫酰肼衍生物 0593 (Ⅲ f) 和 0673 对甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua（Hübner）、斜纹夜蛾 Prodenia litura (Fabricius)、小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)、棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)和玉米螟 Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的毒力;通过浸叶法系统研究了虫酰肼和虫酰肼衍生物 0593 对甜菜夜蛾生长发育的影响。结果表明：0593 和 0673 对甜菜夜蛾 4 龄幼虫的触杀毒力分别是虫酰肼的 11.3 倍和 7.4 倍,对斜纹夜蛾 4 龄幼虫触杀毒力分别是虫酰肼的 30.4 倍和 24.7 倍,对小菜蛾 3 龄幼虫浸虫处理的毒力分别是虫酰肼的 4.7 倍和 4.5 倍 ,对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的触杀毒力分别是虫酰肼的 15.5 倍和 15.2 倍,对玉米螟 4 龄幼虫的触杀毒力分别是虫酰肼的 1.3 倍和 2.0 倍,较虫酰肼的毒力都有很大提高,而0593 和 0673 对 5 种害虫的毒力差异不显著。用虫酰肼和 0593 处理甜菜夜蛾 2 龄幼虫,都能导致存活幼虫陆续死亡;化蛹率和正常蛹数降低;成虫羽化率、单雌产卵量和卵的孵化率显著减少,对后代的繁殖力影响显著;在相同处理浓度下,0593 较虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾后代繁殖力的不利影响更大。因此,0593 是较虫酰肼杀虫毒力更高、对生长发育和繁殖力不利影响更大的药剂,开发应用价值很大。     

狭翅夜蛾属二新种(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)

狭翅夜蛾属Hermonassa Walker是切根夜蛾亚科中较小的一属,在我国主要分布西藏、四川、云南,少数分布于东北。本文记述在西藏发现的二新种,模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。 1.灰斑狭翅夜蛾Hermonassa griseosignata新种 翅展40毫米左右。头部淡赭黄色,下唇须第一、二节外侧杂有黑色,触角基节端部黑色,头顶、颈板及翅基片褐灰色,颈板近端部有一白色弧线,翅基片内缘红褐色,近内缘有     

草地贪夜蛾在不同小麦品种上的取食选择性和适应性及其与叶片生化物质含量的关系

[目的]测定草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda在不同小麦品种上的取食选择性及适应性,探索害虫为害与小麦品种间的关系,明确黄淮海麦区主栽小麦品种对草地贪夜蛾的抗性水平,为麦田抗虫品种布局和害虫综合防治提供理论依据.[方法]比较了草地贪夜蛾1和3龄幼虫对15个小麦品种的取食选择性,初步筛选出1和3龄幼虫取...     

Dynamic changes of gut bacterial communities present in larvae of Anoplophora glabripennies collected at different developmental stages

The Asian long-horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennies (Motschulsky), is a destructive wood-boring pest that is capable of killing healthy trees. Gut bacteria in the larvae of the wood-boring pest is essential for the fitness of hosts. However, little is known about the structure of the intestinal microbiome of A. glabripennies during larval development. Here, we used Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the larval intestinal bacterial communities of A. glabripennies at the stages of newly hatched larvae, 1st instar larvae and 4th instar larvae. Significant differences were found in larval gut microbial community structure at different larvae developmental stages. Different dominant genus was detected during larval development. Acinetobacter were dominant in the newly hatched larvae, Enterobacter and Raoultella in the 1st instar larvae, and Enterococcus and Gibbsiella in the 4th instar larvae. The microbial richness in the newly hatched larvae was higher than those in the 1st and 4th instar larvae. Many important functions of the intestinal microbiome were predicted, for example, fermentation and chemoheterotrophy functions that may play an important role in insect growth and development was detected in the bacteria at all tested stages. However, some specific functions are found to be associated with different development stages. Our study provides a theoretical basis for investigating the function of the intestinal symbiosis bacteria of A. glabripennies.     

转Bt基因棉花对棉铃虫不同龄期幼虫的杀虫活性和抑制生长作用

以我国培育的转Bt基因棉花(简称Bt棉)为材料,系统测定了Bt棉叶片对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)不同龄期幼虫的杀虫活性和抑制生长的作用。结果表明,Bt棉的杀虫活性随着龄期的增大而趋于降低,其中处理3d只对1龄幼虫有较高效果;从1～4龄开始连续取食Bt棉后均不能化蛹,5龄幼虫则能正常化蛹。3龄幼虫取食Bt棉叶3d后的体重与初始体重之比为0.94,而取食常规棉叶的相应比值为5.48,对幼虫生长的抑制作用明显。在28℃条件下用Bt棉饲养棉铃虫1～3龄幼虫3d,对幼虫的致死率显著高于25℃处理,对3龄幼虫抑制生长的作用也显著提高。研究结果可为确定棉铃虫对Bt棉的抗性监测与治理技术以及Bt棉的田间应用技术提供依据。     

Biology and performance of two indigenous larval parasitoids on Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Sudan

Tuta absoluta is an alien invasive pest in Sudan. Since it was detected in the country, the pest continues to cause major tomato losses. Alarmed by its devastating nature and the speed of spread, tomato growers resorted to the indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum insecticides. Promising indigenous parasitoid(s) may contribute to suppression of this pest. The biology and performance of the native parasitoids, Bracon nigricans Szépligeti (Braconidae) and Dolichogenidea appellator (Telenga) (Braconidae), was therefore evaluated against different immature stages of T. absoluta under laboratory conditions. A significantly higher number of fourth instar larvae was accepted for oviposition by B. nigricans. Similarly, fourth instar larvae yielded a considerably higher number of parasitoid offspring compared to third instar larvae. The male ratio of B. nigricans offspring which emerged from both larval instars was high, 0.96 and 0.66 for third and fourth instar larvae of T. absoluta, respectively. There was, however, no significant difference in the number of males and females that emerged from fourth instar larvae. Conversely, the number of hosts killed by stinging behaviour or host feeding was significantly higher on third instar larvae. B. nigricans potential fecundity varied with the age of the wasp with the lowest fecundity on the day of eclosion. The performance of D. appellator in terms of the total number of offspring produced and female progeny was similar for second and third instar larvae of T. absoluta. The preimaginal developmental time for both parasitoid species did not vary with either host stage or sex of the parasitoid. B. nigricans adult longevity was similar for both sexes, while that of D. appellator significantly varied with females living longer than males. Prospects for conservative biological control of T. absoluta are discussed in the light of the results of this study.     

斜纹夜蛾蜕皮激素合成通路相关CYP450基因的鉴定及表达分析

【目的】本研究旨在探讨蜕皮激素合成通路相关CYP450基因的表达规律,为害虫防治提供潜在的作用靶标。【方法】以家蚕Bombyx mori CYP450基因为查询序列,通过同源比对的方法从斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura基因组中鉴定蜕皮激素合成代谢通路中的CYP450基因,并构建其系统进化树;采用qPCR法检测鉴定的CYP450基因在斜纹夜蛾不同发育阶段(6龄幼虫、预蛹和蛹)、这3个发育阶段的不同组织(中肠、表皮和脂肪体)以及4龄幼虫取食不同寄主植物(辣椒Capsicum annuum、黄瓜Cucumis sativus、番薯Ipomoea batatas和花生Arachis hypogaea)叶片后5龄幼虫中肠中的表达量,计算4龄幼虫取食不同寄主植物叶片后发育至蛹的历期;应用PITA, miRanda, microTar和RNAhybrid 4种软件,预测调控鉴定的CYP450基因的微小RNA (miRNA)。【结果】鉴定到斜纹夜蛾蜕皮激素合成通路相关的6个直系同源CYP450基因CYP307A1, CYP306A1, CYP302A1, CYP315A1, CYP314A1和CYP18A1;系统进化树显示,斜纹夜蛾这6个CYP450基因分别归属于CYP2和线粒体CYP两个亚家族。CYP306A1, CYP314A1和CYP18A1分别在6龄幼虫、预蛹和蛹期具有最高的表达量,并且分别在6龄幼虫中肠、预蛹脂肪体和蛹表皮中表达量最高。相比取食人工饲料的对照组,4龄幼虫取食番薯和花生叶片后斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫发育至蛹的历期显著延长, CYP306A1在5龄幼虫中肠中的表达量显著上调。在CYP307A1,CYP315A1, CYP314A1和CYP18A1上鉴定出了多种miRNA结合位点。【结论】蜕皮激素合成代谢通路中,CYP306A1,CYP314A1和CYP18A1可能分别在斜纹夜蛾幼虫、预蛹和蛹期起着关键的调控作用,同时也参与宿主植物次生代谢产物的解毒代谢,并且受到miRNA的严密调控。研究结果不仅有助于深入理解昆虫变态发育调控的复杂机制,还为将来的害虫防治提供了潜在的作用靶标,有利于斜纹夜蛾等害虫的可持续治理。     

敲减神经肽F基因(npf)对亚洲玉米螟取食、生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】神经肽F(neuropeptide F, NPF)是无脊椎动物特有的一类神经肽,因其C末端是苯丙氨酸(F)而命名,参与昆虫的取食、生物节律、学习记忆等多种生理功能的调控。本研究旨在明确NPF对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis生长发育的影响,为害虫防治提供重要依据。【方法】采用一种基于工程菌高效合成靶向昆虫基因的dsRNA的方法经济有效地敲降npf,用低浓度(0.01%)和高浓度(0.02%)dsNPF和dsGFP(对照)分别饲喂亚洲玉米螟1龄初、3龄初和5龄初幼虫直至化蛹,检测5龄幼虫平均取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫产卵量,以及幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期和成虫寿命。【结果】从亚洲玉米螟1, 3和5龄初幼虫开始饲喂0.01%和0.02% dsNPF时,与饲喂相应浓度dsGFP的对照相比,除个别点外,5龄幼虫的取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫单雌产卵量均显著降低,幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期均显著延长,成虫寿命显著缩短。且dsNPF处理幼虫的龄期越早对发育的影响越大。其中0.01% dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫和0.02% dsNPF处理的3龄幼虫有90%的个体在蛹期死亡,而0.02%dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫有90%的个体在幼虫期死亡。【结论】结果提示NPF对亚洲玉米螟的发育和取食具有调控作用,这为探索新型绿色的害虫防治提供了依据。     

双条杉天牛幼虫龄数的划分(鞘翅目:天牛科)

双条杉天牛 Semanotus bifasciatus Motschulsky 是危害我国侧柏 Platycladus orientalis 和圆柏 Sabina chinensis 的重要钻蛀性害虫,其幼虫龄数及最佳分龄指标的确定是进一步研究其生物学特性、发生规律的基础.本研究通过室内木段饲养法获取不同发育阶段的双条...     

Comparison of the growth and development of beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on two different diets

Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most economically important sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pest worldwide. In this study, a comparison was made between two different diets: one was based on Merkx diet (Holidic diet) and the other was based on sugar beet leaf (Oligidic diet). Results showed that the whole development time from larvae to adult between two diets (Merkx and leaf) was not significantly different. For example, developmental time from first instar larvae to adult in Merkx diet was 11.33?days, whilst developmental time of larvae to adult when larvae fed with sugar beet leaf was 10.33?days. However, analysis of variance showed that in some cases like development time of the first instar, third instar and fifth instar larvae and pupae was significantly different between two treatments (p?<?0.05). Larval weight showed differences when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves. For example, significant differences were shown between first, third and fourth instar larvae weight when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves (p?<?0.05). However, significant differences were not observed between weight of second and fifth instar as well as pupae weight when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves (p?>?0.05).     

国槐新害虫——竖鳞条麦蛾的初步研究

竖鳞条麦蛾AnarsiasquamerectaLietZheng是国槐上新发现的害虫 ,该文首次报道了其寄主及生物学特性。该虫在山东商河 1年发生 1代 ,以 3龄幼虫在枝条芽缝内越冬 ,用 40 %久效磷 1 0 0 0倍液喷雾防治 ,防治效果较好     

茶毛虫各龄幼虫的发育起点温度和有效积温

在16～26℃范围内5个恒温下的饲养结果表明,茶毛虫EuproctispseudoconspersaStrand1～7龄幼虫和整个幼虫期的发育起点温度分别为4.57,8.38,7.00,8.86,7.10,4.84,3.80,6.05℃,有效积温分别为114.45,80.94,91.28,82.23,94.54,117.83,129.46,722.95日·度。用这些结果分龄预测茶毛虫防治适期和茶毛虫病毒室内大量繁殖中幼虫的饲毒日期,与实际情况基本相符。     

The ontogeny of host-seeking behaviour in a parasitoid dipteran

The robber fly Mallophora ruficauda is one of the principal apiculture pests in the Pampas region of Argentina. As adults, they prey on honeybees and other insects, while as larvae they are ectoparasitoids of third-instar scarab larvae. Females of M. ruficauda lay eggs in tall grasses. After being dispersed by the wind, larvae drop to the ground, where they dig in search of their hosts. It is known that M. ruficauda larvae exhibit active host-searching behaviour; however, it is unknown which instars are involved in this search. We carried out experiments in the laboratory to determine which larval stages are involved in host location. We report here that the second instar of M. ruficauda orientates specifically toward a source of Cyclocephala signaticollis odour, while first larval instar is indifferent to the host cues. Furthermore, we have determined that second instar larvae are more motivated to initiate exploratory movements than larva of the first stage. So far as we know, this is the first case among parasitoids, where the second instar is responsible for host location. Here we provide relevant information of this parasitoid's host-searching strategy, increasing the available knowledge of this significant apiculture pest.