棉田与玉米田棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hübner)种群动态特征的比较

1998年在江苏丰县系统调查了棉田和玉米田中第三、四代棉铃虫的种群动态,用生命表方法比较了两种寄主田内棉铃虫种群的发育速率和存活率.结果表明,棉铃虫卵峰期至4龄幼虫高峰期的历期在玉米田要比棉田快4d,并以产卵于玉米抽雄扬花期的发育最快.两类寄主田内平均存活率无显著差异,但产卵于玉米抽雄扬花期时,其卵至6龄幼虫的存活率比产在其它阶段玉米上的存活率高.在江苏棉区目前的作物布局和耕作制度下,玉米田第三代棉铃虫是棉田第四代棉铃虫的重要虫源.     

棉铃虫[Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)]蛾复眼视网膜电位研究

运用视网膜电位（Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｒｅｔｉｎｏｇｒａｍ , ＥＲＧ） 技术研究了棉铃虫［ Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａ ａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（Ｈüｂｎｅｒ）］ 成虫在暗适应过程中对单色光和复合光（ 即白光） 刺激的光感受性变化, 并初步分析了ＥＲＧ 的波形成分组成及影响因素。结果显示：（１） 依ＥＲＧ 振幅大小（ 峰－ 峰值） ,棉铃虫蛾的光谱敏感曲线在３４０ － ６０５ｎｍ 波谱内有三个大小不等的峰,其中第一峰位于绿－ 黄光区的５６２ｎｍ ,第二峰位于蓝光区的４８３ｎｍ ,第三个峰在近紫外区的４００ｎｍ ,显示其复眼至少具有三种感受器类型。（２） 一定光强度范围内, 一定日龄的棉铃虫蛾的ＥＲＧ 值随单色光和白光刺激光强度的增强而增大, 至一定光强度时增加变缓,呈近似Ｓ 型曲线式样。表明该蛾复眼具有较强的光强度自调节和适应机制。（３） 棉铃虫蛾复眼的ＥＲＧ 波形成分由４ 个部分组成：开光反应、正相电位、持续负电位和闭光反应,波长、光强度及光刺激时程对其各成分有不同影响。     

棉铃虫Helicverpa armigera对性外激素和植物气味物质的嗅觉反应(英文)

本文用EAG技术研究棉铃虫对性外激素和植物气味物质的嗅觉反应。供试的气味物质有棉铃虫性外激素的二种主要组分和36种与棉铃虫寄主植物有关的植物气味物质。试验结果表明：1）只有棉铃虫雄蛾对性外激素组分产生反应,二种性外激素的组分中,Z-11-16：AL能引起较强的EAG反应。2）对植物气味物质,雌雄棉铃虫之间的嗅觉反应没有明显的差异。棉铃虫对性外激素和植物气味组分的嗅觉感受过程是一个有选择性的感受过程：不同种类的气味物质能引起不同的EAG反应。只有棉铃虫雄蛾才对性外激素组分起反应,在二种性外激素组分中：主要组分：Z-11-16：AL引起的EAG反应最高,高于大多数植物气味物质。次要组分Z-9-16：AL引起的EAG反应很弱。雌、雄棉铃虫对植物气味组分的嗅觉反应的选择性表现出一致的规律：对苯甲醛和绿叶气味物质的反应最高。单萜类中的萜烯衍生物（萜类醇、醛、酯等）的触角电位反应次之。棉铃虫对大多数的供试化合物的EAG反应都很小。最后,作者讨论了性外激素和植物气味物质对棉铃虫行为的作用。     

土壤特性对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hübner)发生的影响及发生程度分区

统计分析表明,土壤的多种理化性质与棉铃虫的发生程度间存在着密切的关系,其中起主要作用的是土壤容重、砂粒含量和粘粒含量3个因子,其直接通径系数依次为-0.6521、0.6735和0.3456.这些因子使土壤表现出不同的粘性,决定了土壤的透气性、持水量和板结程度等,从而影响到棉铃虫幼虫人土后蛹的存活率.用上述3个因子进行聚类分析,可将通州市划分为3个棉铃虫发生区,各区域在测报和防治上应进行区别对待.     

河北省棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hübner)种群数量的气象综合预报方法的研究

为了客观地反映棉铃虫种群数量变化与气候背景的关系规律,创建了棉铃虫气象多时段综合因子的因子组建方法;建立了贡献度权重修正的气象距离指标方法和模型;匹配以传统的多元回归模型,进行棉铃虫种群数量的气象监测和预报;将其自身生物潜能和气象条件影响相结合,建立了棉铃虫灾害的生物气象定量综合预报模型.在棉铃虫发生的气象条件评价和发生程度预测预报应用中,趋势准确率达到93%.     

Modeling Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) damages on cotton

We studied and modeled damage caused by Helicoverpa armigera larvae on cotton with the aim of developing a coupled crop pest model. Two damage components were studied: the voracity (quantity of fresh matter and number of organs consumed) and feeding preferences (type of organ infested). The laboratory no-choice study of voracity on excised squares and bolls revealed that an H. armigera larva consumes 2,856 mg of fresh matter throughout its larval life, with the sixth instar consuming 86% of this quantity. This consumption rate corresponded to 23.6 squares, or 7.8 bolls. We developed equations to predict the quantity of fresh matter uptake from an individual plant organ, according to the organ mass and the larval instar. The field study of feeding preference confirmed previous findings that larvae prefer squares to bolls, with this preference decreasing as the larval age increases. However, no significant relationship was noted between the age of larvae and the size of infested organs within each organ class (square or boll). We developed a logistic model to predict the probability of a larva infesting a boll rather than a square. According to this model, the relative organ availability in the field and the larval instar were found to be significant factors.     

Biological studies onTrichogrammatoidea armigera Nagaraja a new dimorphic egg parasite ofHeliothis armigera (Hübner) in India

A new species ofTrichogrammatoidea which is being described byH. Nagaraja asT. armigera, has been reared from eggs ofHeliothis armigera onPolianthes tuberosa and from those of an unidentified Lepidopteron onCajanus cajan. In the laboratory the parasite was successfully bred onCorcyra cephalonica, Achaea janata, Gnorimoschema operculella andPlutella xylostella; it did not show any perceptible preference for any of these hosts. It also parasitised eggs ofSpodoptera litura, but although development proceeded to the adult stage, adults failed to emerge, suggesting unsuitability of this host. The males ofT. armigera are found to exhibit dimorphism — one form being alate and the other typically apterous. The apterous males were almost exclusively produced only by fertilised females and in the progeny of virgin females these forms were extremely rare (1 apterous male: 1,500 winged males). Among the progeny of a single mated female, an apterous male developed invariably in association with a female, but this rule did not apply when a singleCorcyra egg was parasitised by more than one parental female. However, in no case did an apterous male alone emerge from a single host egg. The biology ofT. armigera has been studied at 25°C±1°C. and R.H. 75%, usingC. cephalonica eggs. The parasite completed its life-cycle in 7–9 days — the egg, larval and pupal periods occupying, 1, 2–3 and 4–5 days, respectively. When fed honey, the average longevity of females was 7 (max. 11) days, of alate males 6 (max. 10) days and of apterous males 1 (max. 2) day. The maximum fecundity was 118 while the average was about 63. From 2–26 (average 9) eggs were parasitised per day. The sex-ratio was 62% females: 38% males (35% alate and 3% apterous). An alate male during its lifetime inseminated upto 10 (Av. 9) females while an apterous one inseminated up to 4 (Av. 3) females.     

棉铃虫性外激素分泌腺的研究

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera Hubner雌蛾的性外激素分泌腺是一个完整的上皮环,位于第八、九腹节之间。羽化2天雌蛾的腺体细胞方形,比未分化的上皮细胞大。腺体折皱,表面密布小毛,小毛无孔。表皮可分二层：上表皮和内表皮。上表皮致密,较薄,厚度均匀。内表皮厚度有变化,较厚,由12-14层呈螺旋状排列的几丁微丝组成,有上皮丝穿人,构成孔道。顶部细胞膜组成微绒毛,底部细胞膜有内折。细胞质内有粗面内质网,光面内质网,高尔基氏复合体、脂肪滴、糖原及线粒体等细胞器。大的细胞核位于中下部。     

Mechanisms of monocrotophos resistance in cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

Insensitive acetylcholinesterase was identified as a resistance mechanism by comparing biochemical analysis with a laboratory selected monocrotophos resistant cotton bollworm (RR: 200) and the susceptible strain. The cDNA encoding AChE was cloned by the method of RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). The complete AChE gene deduced from the cDNA consisted of a putative signal peptide of 32 amino acid residues, a mature protein of 615 residues, 5' untranslated regions (UTR) of 315 bp and 3' UTR of 324 bp. The coding sequence had a high degree of homology to the AChE from other insect species reported in the GenBank. After comparing analysis of the entire AChE gene sequence from 5 resistant and 6 susceptible cotton bollworm individuals, nine mutations were identified. One of them, the Ala/Thr mutation, is likely to be responsible for the AChE insensitivity to monocrotophos.     

Ultrastructure of the larval stemmata,the stemmata nerves and the optic neuropils of the larval cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Ultrastructure of stemmata (larval eyes), stemmatal nerves, and the optic neuropils of 5th-instar larvae of cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), were examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Six stemmata are on each side of the head. Each stemma consists of 7 retinula cells arranged into 2 tiers. Stemmata I and II have 4 distal retinula cells and 3 proximal cells, the other 4 stemmata (III–IV) have 3 distal cells and 4 proximal cells. Stemmata I and IV have a short proximal rhabdom and the rhabdomere of each proximal cell has its microvilli projecting in only one direction. On the other hand, each stemma (in stemmata II–V) has a long proximal rhabdom and the rhabdomere of each proximal cell has microvilli pitched in several different directions relative to the horizontal plane. An axon projects proximally from each retinula cell body. The stemmatal nerve is composed of the 42 retinular axons from all of the 6 stemmata on the same side of the head. Each stemmatal nerve projects to the ipsilateral optic neuropil. Axons from each stemma are in a fasicle (within the stemmatal nerve), which consists of 7 axons, 3–4 of them are thick and terminate synaptically in the proximal neuropil; the others are thinner and terminate in the distal neuropil. Organelles, particularly lysosomes, undergo ultrastructural transformations relative to ambient light levels. The functional significance of abovementioned structures are discussed in light of current knowledge.     

Characterization of three pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and their binding properties

Three pheromone-binding proteins of Helicoverpa armigera were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. In order to characterize their physiological properties, ligand-binding experiments were performed using five biologically relevant substances including sex pheromones and interspecific signals. The results showed that one of the pheromone-binding proteins, HarmPBP1, binds strongly to each of the two principal pheromone components of H. armigera, (Z)-11-tetradecenal and (Z)-9-hexadecenal, but not to the interspecific signal (Z)-9-tetracecenal. The two remaining pheromone-binding proteins, HarmPBP2 and HarmPBP3, showed only weak affinities with the ligands tested. The 3-D structure of HarmPBP1 was predicted and the docking experiments indicate that the key binding site of (Z)-9-hexadecenal to HarmPBP1 includes Thr112, Lys111, and Phe119 whereas that of (Z)-11-tetradecenal includes Ser9, Trp37, Phe36, and Phe119.     

油茶毛虫性外激素试验简报

油茶毒蛾 Euproctis pseudoconsporsa Strand俗名油茶毛虫,属鳞翅目、毒蛾科。近几年在我县慈化公社危害猖獗。我们用油茶毛虫性外激素进行了诱捕试验,初获成效。 将羽化后1—2天的雌蛾腹部摘下,置二氯甲烷溶剂中浸泡20至24小时之后,用研钵将组织研碎,使之充分溶解后,用滤纸过滤。将滤液按一定雌蛾量涂于滤纸卷上,分别置于纸筒和水盆两种诱捕器中,每天傍晚悬挂于油茶林中,次日早8点检查效果。 本次试验共试雌蛾282头,挂出诱捕器21个,共诱到雄蛾779头,平均37头/器,而四个对照均未诱到蛾子。总之,油茶毛虫雌蛾性外激素粗提物对雄蛾具     

Electrophysiological responses of female Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) to synthetic host odours

Studies were conducted to investigate the electroantennographic (EAG) responses of adult female Helicoverpa armigera to a range of known and putative kairomone components. The studies show that at a given dose the EAG responses elicited by a series of straight-chain aliphatic primary alcohols were not dependent on volatility since butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol elicited EAG responses that were significantly smaller than those elicited by hexan-1-ol. The amplitudes of responses to hexan-1-ol were found to be dose dependent with a dose of 10(-1) μmol at source in a non-volatile solvent eliciting the largest response. Similarly, changes in functionality in a range of C(6) straight-chain aliphatic compounds significantly changed the amplitude of response elicited, with aldehydes eliciting smaller responses than the related primary alcohols and saturated compounds eliciting higher responses than related unsaturated compounds. Of the range of nine host plant-produced terpenoids tested, ocimene and beta-phellandrene elicited the highest responses and of the six aromatic compounds tested phenylacetaldehyde and benzaldehyde elicited the largest responses, at the doses tested. The significance of these findings for analysis of floral odours by gas chromatography linked to electroantennography as a means of identifying kairomone components attractive to H. armigera are discussed.     

Karyomorphological effects of two new oil formulations on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is a serious pest of many economically important crops. Since this pest has become resistant to the conventional synthetic insecticides, newer compounds and formulations are being developed against this insect pest. Many natural compounds isolated from the plants were tested against this pest. Among them Hyptis suaveolens and Melochia corchorifolia showed insecticidal properties against H. arnigera. Based on bioefficacy studies, caryophyllene and β-sitosterol were isolated from H. suaveolens and M. corchorifolia respectively. The isolated natural compounds were further developed as formulations in various combinations with neem (Azadirachta indica) and karanj (Pongamia pinnata) oils. The present study indicated that the formulations influenced the karyomorphology of H. armigera.     

DNA synthesis in the imaginal wing discs of the American bollwormHelicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

The effect of two insect growth regulators of plant origin viz. plumbagin and azadirachtin and the ecdysteroids 20-hydroxyecdysone, makisterone A and a phytoecdysteroid on DNA synthesis in imaginal wing discs of day 4 final instarHelicoverpa armigera larvae was studied. DNA synthesis increased with increase in time of incubation up to 8 h and decreased later without the addition of moulting hormone. Addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone supported long term acquisition of competence for DNA synthesis in the wing discs. Both DNA synthesis and protein content were drastically reduced in plumbagin and azadirachtin-treated insects. Underin vitro conditions, plumbagin had a more pronounced inhibitory effect than azadirachtin. All the ecdysteroids tested, viz. makisterone A, 20-hydroxyecdysone and the ecdysteroidal fraction from the silver fernCheilanthes farinosa enhanced DNA synthesis     

小云斑鳃金龟性外激素简报

<正> 小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis Blanch是青海省农业区重要的地下害虫之一。在用化学农药防治的同时,为了寻找新的防治方法,我所从1975年开始研究其雌虫对雄虫的性引诱问题。经测定,一头雌虫前翅腔内分泌的性外激素苯粗提液在7月中旬一夜可诱到110头雄虫。 通过1978—1980年的试验,证明了以下三个问题。     

Phenotypic variability in the Old World bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) populations in India

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is one of the most prominent polyphagous species of the Heliothinae pest complex that inflicts severe damage to a wide range of crops in India. Knowledge regarding the population structure of the pest species, whether morphological or genetic, is considered as an essential tool in making effective management decisions. Thus here, we performed the phenotypic characterization of H. armigera populations collected from varied geographic locations across India. Studied populations differed significantly for several external morphometric traits studied at larval, pupal and adult stages. Significant differences were also observed with respect to the intensity of black pigmentation on larval body as well as adult eye and forewing colour patterns. Besides external phenotypic traits, the length of genital organs like aedeagus and valva in males, and bursa copulatrix and bursa seminalis in females also differed significantly amongst populations. The dendrogram based on selected traits showed clear cut differentiation of studied populations into two major groups, one including all the South Zone populations and the other having populations from North and Central Zones. Differences based on phenotyping in the present study indicate the possibility of the existence of different subspecies within the Indian populations of H. armigera.     

Structure and ultrastructure of the silk glands and spinneret of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

This study provides comprehensive documentation of silk production in the pest moth Helicoverpa armigera from gland secretion to extrusion of silk thread. The structure of the silk glands, accessory structures and extrusion apparatus are reported. The general schema of the paired silk glands follows that found for Lepidoptera. Morphology of the duct, silk press, muscle attachments and spigot are presented as a three-dimensional reconstruction and the cuticular crescent-shaped profile of the silk press is demonstrated in both open and closed forms with attendant muscle blocks, allowing advances in our knowledge of how the silk press functions to regulate the extrusion of silk. Growth of the spigot across instars is documented showing a distinctive developmental pattern for this extrusion device. Its shape and structure are related to use and load-bearing activity.     

棉铃虫性外激素成分的化学分析和田间试验

利用毛细柱的气相色谱和质谱对棉铃虫（鳞翅目：夜蛾科）雌蛾腺体提取物的分析,鉴定出了他和十六碳醛、顺－9－十六碳烯醛、顺－11－十六碳烯醛、饱和十六碳醇和顺－11－十六碳烯醇,其相对比例为6．1：4．5：100：3．5：8．8。在山东、山西省的田间试验中,2mg的顺－11－十六碳烯醛和顺－9－十六碳烯醛（97：3）置橡胶塞上能有效地引诱棉铃虫雄蛾。增加4％－7％他和十六碳醛到二元混合物中诱蛾量超过二元混合物。增加1％顺－11－十六碳烯醇到二元或三元混合物中减少诱蛾量,当增加5％顺－11－十六碳醇时诱蛾量大量减少。