NaCl胁迫对互花米草细胞膜和光响应曲线特征参数的影响

以大米草的互花米草为材料,研究了不同盐浓度对其细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和光响应曲线的特征参数的变化情况。结果表明:盐浓度低于300mmol·L-1时,互花米草细胞膜透性和MDA含量较对照组无显著差异;其较高的最大光合速率(>30μmol·m-2·s-1),表观量子效率(>0.05mol·mol-1Photons)以及较低的暗呼吸速率(<1.5μmolCO2·m-2·s-1)和光补偿点(<20μmol·m-2·s-1)为其有机物质积累、竞争、建立种群并扩散提供条件。盐浓度高于500mmol·L-1时,互花米草膜透性和MDA含量显著上升,最大光合速率(Amax)及表观量子效率(Q)显著下降,暗呼吸速率(Rday)和光补偿点(LCP)上升。表明细胞膜和光合作用有关酶受到迫害,抑制了其正常生长。盐胁迫下互花米草光合速率降低,但蒸腾速率的显著下降提高了单叶水分利用效率,从而部分缓解了渗透势变化对细胞的迫害,为其生存和生长提供条件。     

Relationship between photosynthetic and respiratory carbon metabolism in freshwater phytoplankton

Measurements of algal carbon metabolism in the light and the dark were conducted in (1) short-term (3-h) light and dark incubations, (2) a diel (24-h) experiment, and (3) a longer-term (4-d) carbon accumulation experiment to examine the relationship between photosynthetic rates, photosynthetic carbon metabolism in the light, and respiration and carbon metabolism in the ensuing dark period in natural assemblages of freshwater phytoplankton. High rates of photosynthesis and polysaccharide synthesis in the light were followed by high rates of respiration and polysaccharide utilization in the dark. Polysaccharide was the major respiratory substrate in the dark, and small molecular weight metabolites, lipids, and protein were less important sources of metabolic energy. The protein pool accumulated carbon during dark incubations, but more slowly than during active photosynthesis in the light. Because the intracellular macromolecular pools turn over at very different rates (polysaccharide > protein and lipid), patterns of short-term photosynthetic carbon metabolism are not necessarily indicative of the biochemical composition of the phytoplankton.     

N2-Fixation in Cyanobacterial Mats from Ponds on the McMurdo Ice Shelf,Antarctica

We have investigated the ecological importance of N2-fixation in cyanobacterial mats, dominated by oscillatorean species, in ponds of the Bratina Island area of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (78°S, 166°E). Nitrogenase activity, estimated as acetylene reducing activity (ARA), was found in all the mats investigated (n = 16). The average ARA was 75.9 mmol ethylene m-2 h-1, ranging from 6 to 201 mmol ethylene m-2 h-1. Nitrogenase activity was positively correlated with dissolved reactive phosphorus concentration in pondwater and the C/N ratio of the mat, and was negatively correlated with pondwater NH4+-N concentrations and natural abundance of 15N in the mats. ARA was restricted to the upper, oxic layer of the mats. Experiments conducted to ascribe ARA to different groups of prokaryotes suggested that ARA was mainly conducted by heterocystous cyanobacteria, since no activity was found in the dark and the activity was inhibited by the photosystem II inhibitor DCMU (3-[3,4-dichlorophenyl]-1,1-dimethyl urea). In spite of 24 h of daylight, nitrogenase activity showed a diel cycle with maximum activity at midday (10-18 h) and minimal activity at early morning (6-10 h) when pond temperatures were at their minima. Light dependency of nitrogenase activity for three cyanobacterial communities showed that the irradiance required for saturating ARA was low, in every case lower than 100 mmol photon m-2s-1. Irradiance rarely fell below 100 mmol photon m-2s-1 during Antarctic summer days and ARA was likely to be light saturated for much of the time. We estimate that N2 fixation represented on average a N input into the ponds of over 1 g m-2y-1. This value appears to be the highest N input to this Antarctic ecosystem.     

Availability of glucose and light modulates the structure and function of a microbial biofilm

We have studied the differences in the organic matter processing and biofilm composition and structure between autoheterotrophic and heterotrophic biofilm communities. Microbial communities grown on artificial biofilms were monitored, following incubation under light and dark conditions and with or without the addition of glucose as a labile organic compound. Glucose addition greatly affected the microbial biofilm composition as shown by differences in 16S rRNA gene fingerprints. A significant increase in β-glucosidase and peptidase enzyme activities were also observed in glucose-amended biofilms incubated in the dark, suggesting an active bacterial community. Light enhanced the algal and bacterial growth, as well as higher extracellular enzyme activity, thereby indicating a tight algal–bacterial coupling in biofilms incubated under illumination. In these biofilms, organic compounds excreted by photosynthetic microorganisms were readily available for bacterial heterotrophs. This algal–bacterial relationship weakened in glucose-amended biofilms grown in the light, probably because heterotrophic bacteria preferentially use external labile compounds. These results suggest that the availability of labile organic matter in the flowing water and the presence of light may alter the biofilm composition and function, therefore affecting the processing capacity of organic matter in the stream ecosystem.     

Effect of primary producers on the heterotrophic metabolism of a stream biofilm

1. ,The influence of benthic algae on heterotrophic metabolism in a forested Mediterranean stream was investigated. Bacterial density and ectoenzymatic activities, as well as algal biomass (chlorophyll- a ) and metabolism (the rate of ¹⁴C incorporation), were measured during colonization over 60 days of artificial substrata (clay tiles) under light and dark conditions.
2. ,Chlorophyll- a and the rate of ¹⁴C incorporation were significantly higher in light-grown than in dark-grown biofilms. Bacterial density and ectoenzymatic activity (especially β-glucosidase) were also significantly higher in light-grown biofilms.
3. ,Regressions of chlorophyll- a and ¹⁴C incorporation values on the ectoenzymatic activities were significant. The slopes of regression lines obtained for dark-grown biofilms were significantly higher than those obtained for light -grown biofilms.
4. ,The differences in the slope (of the regression lines) between dark and light-grown biofilms suggest that the response of the heterotrophs is faster in biofilms with low algal biomass accrual and slows down when algal biomass is increased.
5. ,It is concluded that algal accumulation in the epilithic biofilm influences the use of organic matter by the heterotrophic community by increasing the amount of organic substrate available for bacteria.     

Effects of Photosynthesis on Bacterial Phosphatase Production in Biofilms

The fraction of bacteria displaying phosphatase activity within natural photosynthetic biofilms was examined in relation to phosphorus limitation and algal photosynthesis. An artificial substrate that forms a fluorescent precipitate was used in conjunction with the nucleic acid stain DAPI to enumerate extracellular phosphatase expression by biofilm bacteria exposed to different photosynthetic activities and phosphorus supplies. The proportion of bacteria displaying phosphatase activity changed in response to the presence or absence of algal photosynthesis. In general, phosphate-deprived biofilms had positive linear trends in bacterial phosphatase activity (p <0.001), with greater proportions of bacteria displaying phosphatase under photosynthetic inhibition compared to active photosynthesis. Under sufficient phosphate supplies, biofilms had negative linear trends (p <0.05) or were lower in the proportion of bacteria displaying phosphatase activity in the presence of algal photosynthesis, whereas bacterial phosphatase activity was generally maintained when photosynthesis was inhibited. it is suggested that the amount of extracellular organic carbon released within the biofilm matrix during photosynthesis indirectly affected bacterial phosphatase synthesis.     

Development and composition of the epixylic biofilm in a blackwater river

1. Comparisons of chlorophyll a, bacterial density, frequencies of dividing cells, ash-free dry mass (AFDM) and extracellular polysaccharide content were made for biofilm developing on wood (Salix) submerged in replicated stream-side flumes exposed to either ambient light (light treatment) or covered to exclude light (dark treatment). Biofilm was sampled on days 3, 6, 9 and 14 during experimental periods occurring irrMay, September, November and December. 2. There were no significant differences in bacterial cell densities, frequencies of dividing cells, AFDM or extracellular poiysaccharide content between light and dark treatments. Ash content and bacterial biomass was similar to seston, suggesting the importance of seston as a source of material accumulating in the biofilm. 3. Of total epixylic organic carbon 7.2% was estimated to be extracellular polysaccharide, and 0.8% was bacterial carbon. At least nine times more carbon was contained in extracellular polysaccharide than in bacterial biomass. 4. In the epixylon of the Ogeechee River, bacterial dynamics appear to be controlled by factors other than the availability of algal substrates.     

Decrease in the autotrophic-to-heterotrophic biomass ratio of picoplankton in oligotrophic marine waters due to bottle enclosure

We investigated the effects of bottle enclosure on autotrophic and heterotrophic picoplankton in North and South subtropical Atlantic oligotrophic waters, where the biomass and metabolism of the microbial community are dominated by the picoplankton size class. We measured changes in both autotrophic (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and picoeukaryotes) and heterotrophic picoplankton biomass during three time series experiments and in 16 endpoint experiments over 24 h in light and dark treatments. Our results showed a divergent effect of bottle incubation on the autotrophic and heterotrophic components of the picoplankton community. The biomass of picophytoplankton showed, on average, a >50% decrease, mostly affecting the picoeukaryotes and, to a lesser extent, Prochlorococcus. In contrast, the biomass of heterotrophic bacteria remained constant or increased during the incubations. We also sampled 10 stations during a Lagrangian study in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, which enabled us to compare the observed changes in the auto- to heterotrophic picoplankton biomass ratio (AB:HB ratio) inside the incubation bottles with those taking place in situ. While the AB:HB ratio in situ remained fairly constant during the Lagrangian study, it decreased significantly during the 24 h of incubation experiments. Thus, the rapid biomass changes observed in the incubations are artifacts resulting from bottle confinement and do not take place in natural conditions. Our results suggest that short (<1 day) bottle incubations in oligotrophic waters may lead to biased estimates of the microbial metabolic balance by underestimating primary production and/or overestimating bacterial respiration.     

Light Stress and Oxidative Cell Damage in Photoautotrophic Cell Suspension of Euphorbia characias L

A photoautotrophic cell-suspension culture of Euphorbia characias L. grown at 70 [mu]mol photons m-2 s-1 was very sensitive to light stress: the gross photosynthesis measured by using a mass spectrometric 16O2/18O2 isotope technique showed a fast decrease at a rather low light intensity of 100 [mu]mol photons m-2 s-1, far below the photosynthetic saturation level. The contribution of activated oxygen species on photosystem II photoinhibition was examined for a given light intensity. A protective effect on gross photosynthesis was observed with 1% oxygen. When light stress was applied to a methyl viologen-adapted cell suspension, photoinhibition was reduced. When 50 [mu]mol L-1 methyl viologen was added, photoinhibition was slightly enhanced. These responses suggested an involvement of superoxide radicals in the photoinhibition process of E. characias photoautotrophic cells. The long-term (16 h) effects of photoinhibition were then studied. Aldehyde (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalcenals) production resulting from lipid peroxidation was stimulated in long-term stressed cells. When 50 [mu]mol L-1 methyl viologen were added, increased aldehyde production was measured. Under 1% oxygen, the aldehyde production was comparable to that of nonstressed cells. The relationship among lipid peroxidation, light intensity, and net photosynthesis suggests that aldehyde production may result from cell death provoked by a prolonged energy deficit due to the inhibition of photosynthesis.     

State Transition,Is It a Photochemical or Non-photochemical Process in Leaf in Response to Irradiance?

The response of steady-state fluorescence (Fs) to irradiance in apple (Malus pumila Mill. cv. Tengmu No.1/Malus hupehensis Rehd.) leaf increased and decreased at light levels below and above 400 mmol.m-2.s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), respectively, while the light-adapted maximal fluorescence (Fm') and minimal fluorescence (Fo') decreased constantly with the increasing PPFD, and the closure of photosystem Ⅱ reaction center (PSⅡ RC) increased continuously, reflected by the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter of (Fs-Fo')/(Fm'-Fo'). These facts indicated that decrease of Fs above 400 mmol.m-2.s-1 PPFD was not caused by closure of PSⅡ RC, but was mainly resulted from the process of light transfer from light-harvesting complexⅡ (LHCⅡ) to PSⅡ RC. In the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), an inhibitor of photosynthetic state transition, Fs kept on increasing in apple leaf at light levels from 400 to 700 mmol.m-2.s-1, which was the photosynthetic saturation irradiance of apple leaves. In addition, Fs still increased at light levels over 700 mmol.m-2.s-1 in apple leaf pre-treated with dithiothreitol (DTT), an inhibitor of xanthophyll cycle. These changes showed that state transition and xanthophyll cycle caused a decrease of Fs in apple leaf at light levels below and above the photosynthetic saturation irradiance, respectively. When apple leaf was pre-treated with NEM, the PSⅡ apparent rate of photochemical reaction (P-rate) and photochemical quenching (qP) decreased significantly in the light range of 600-800 mmol.m-2.s-1, but the non-photochemical quenching (qN) existed a small increase at 600-800 mmol.m-2.s-1 and a decrease above 800 mmol.m-2.s-1. These phenomena suggested that state transition was mainly a photochemical and a non-photochemical process in apple leaf responding to light lower and higher than photosynthetic saturation irradiance, respectively.     

Carbon limitation of biomass production in high-rate oxidation ponds

Theoretical considerations confirmed by outdoor experiments indicated carbon limitation of biomass production in high-rate oxidation ponds at certain seasonal and operational conditions. Apparently, free carbon dioxide concentration in the pond is the major determinant of carbonlimiting algal photosynthesis. High concentrations of free CO(2) are provided through bacterial respiration which is the main contributor to algal photosynthesis. At high photosynthetic activities and low organic loadings, free CO(2) concentrations are low; its flux into algal cells determines photosynthesis and biomass production rate in the pond.     

Microscale evaluation of the effects of grazing by invertebrates with contrasting feeding modes on river biofilm architecture and composition

River biofilms are a valuable food resource for many invertebrates. In the present study biofilms were cultivated in a rotating annular bioreactor with river water as sole source of inoculum. The resulting biofilms were then presented to starved snails, ostracods, and mayflies as sole food source. The biofilms were then removed and microscopically examined to determine areas that had been grazed. The grazed and ungrazed areas were marked and analyzed for the effects of grazing using confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analyses. Samples were treated with fluorescent probes for nucleic acids to quantify bacterial biomass and fluor-conjugated lectins to quantify exopolymer, and far red autofluorescence was imaged to quantify algal or photosynthetic biomass. Grazing by snails significantly reduced algal biomass (1.1 +/- 0.6 micro m 3 micro m 2 to 0.02 +/- 0.04 micro m 3 micro m 2), exopolymer (5.3 +/- 3.4 micro m 3 micro m 2 to 0.18 +/- 0.18 micro m 3 micro m 2), and biofilm thickness (154 micro m +/- 50 to 11 micro m +/- 5.2; ANOVA, p < or= 0.05). Although bacterial biomass was influenced by grazing snails the impact was not statistically significant (p 相似文献   

Effects of ocean acidification on microbial community composition of, and oxygen fluxes through, biofilms from the Great Barrier Reef

Rising anthropogenic CO(2) emissions acidify the oceans, and cause changes to seawater carbon chemistry. Bacterial biofilm communities reflect environmental disturbances and may rapidly respond to ocean acidification. This study investigates community composition and activity responses to experimental ocean acidification in biofilms from the Australian Great Barrier Reef. Natural biofilms grown on glass slides were exposed for 11 d to four controlled pCO(2) concentrations representing the following scenarios: A) pre-industrial (～300 ppm), B) present-day (～400 ppm), C) mid century (～560 ppm) and D) late century (～1140 ppm). Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library analyses of 16S rRNA genes revealed CO(2) -correlated bacterial community shifts between treatments A, B and D. Observed bacterial community shifts were driven by decreases in the relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria and increases of Flavobacteriales (Bacteroidetes) at increased CO(2) concentrations, indicating pH sensitivity of specific bacterial groups. Elevated pCO(2) (C + D) shifted biofilm algal communities and significantly increased C and N contents, yet O(2) fluxes, measured using in light and dark incubations, remained unchanged. Our findings suggest that bacterial biofilm communities rapidly adapt and reorganize in response to high pCO(2) to maintain activity such as oxygen production.     

Growth and photosynthesis under high and low irradiance of Arabidopsis thaliana antisense mutants with reduced ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase content.

Photosynthesis and growth to maturity of antisense ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase Arabidopsis thaliana with reduced concentrations of activase relative to wild-type (Wt) plants were measured under low (200 mumol m-2 s-1) and high (600 mumol m-2 s-1) photosynthetic photon flux density growing conditions. Both growth and photosynthesis were significantly reduced in an Arabidopsis clone (R100) with 30 to 40% Wt activase, an effect that was more pronounced in high light. The aboveground biomass of the antisense clone R100 reached 80% of Wt under low light and 65% of Wt under high light. Decreased growth in the antisense plants was attributed to reduced relative rates of growth and leaf area expansion early in development; all plants attained similar values of relative rates of growth and leaf elongation by 21 d after planting. Reductions in photosynthesis were attributed to decreased Rubisco activation in the antisense plants. Rubisco constituted about 40% of total soluble protein in both Wt and clone R100 under both light regimes. Activase content was 5% and 1.4% of total soluble protein in Wt and clone R100, respectively, and also was unaffected by growth irradiance. The stoichiometry of Rubisco to activase was estimated at 20 Rubisco active sites per activase tetramer in Wt Arabidopsis and 60 to 80 in the transgenic clone R100. We conclude that Wt Arabidopsis does not contain Rubisco activase in great excess of the amount required for optimal growth.     

Hydrogen production by photoreactive nanoporous latex coatings of nongrowing Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009

Nonuniform light distribution is a fundamental limitation to biological hydrogen production by phototrophic bacteria. Numerous light distribution designs and culture conditions have been developed to reduce self-shading and nonuniform reactivity within bioreactors. In this study, highly concentrated (2.0 x 108 CFU/muL formulation) nongrowing Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 were immobilized in thin, nanoporous, latex coatings. The coatings were used to study hydrogen production in an argon atmosphere as a function of coating composition, thickness, and light intensity. These coatings can be generated aerobically or anaerobically and are more reactive than an equivalent number of suspended or settled cells. Rhodopseudomonas palustris latex coatings remained active after hydrated storage for greater than 3 months in the dark and over 1 year when stored at -80 degrees C. The initial hydrogen production rate of the microphotobioreactors containing 6.25 cm2, 58.4 mum thick Rps. palustris latex coatings illuminated by 34.1 PAR mumol photons m-2 s-1 was 6.3 mmol H2 m-2 h-1 and had a final yield of 0.55 mol H2 m-2 in 120 h. A dispersible latex blend has been developed for direct comparison of the specific activity of settled, suspended, and immobilized Rps. palustris.     

蓝光调节高粱突变体har1 幼苗的去黄化反应

以航空诱变高粱突变体har1为材料, 对其幼苗去黄化过程进行研究。萌发的种子在远红光下预培养6小时后, 置于12小时蓝光/12小时黑暗条件下培养。测量幼苗的各器官伸长, 结果表明, 与野生型R111相比, har1的胚芽鞘、中胚轴、第一叶鞘以及第二叶鞘的伸长均受到蓝光的明显抑制, 而蓝光对叶片生长影响不明显。3天龄har1黄化苗在连续蓝光下中胚轴花色素苷的积累明显增高, 红光和远红光无此效应。此外, 蓝光促进har1叶片叶绿体发育, 且在蓝光照射24小时后叶片中叶绿素含量升高。Western blot检测结果显示, 7天龄R111和har1幼苗隐花色素SbCRY1b蛋白水平呈现蓝光下低、黑暗中高的变化趋势, har1的SbCRY1b蛋白水平在黑暗中高于R111。研究结果表明, 高粱har1在去黄化过程中具有蓝光超敏感表型,SbCRY1b的作用值得进一步深入研究。     

Nutrient dynamics and successional changes in a lentic freshwater biofilm

SUMMARY 1. Colonisation, species composition, succession of microalgae and nutrient dynamics in biofilms grown under light and dark conditions were examined during the initial phases of biofilm development in a lentic freshwater environment.
2. Biofilms were developed on inert (perspex) panels under natural illuminated and experimental dark conditions and the panels were retrieved for analysis after different incubation periods. Analysed parameters included biofilm thickness, algal density, biomass, chlorophyll a , species composition, total bacterial density and nutrients such as nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate.
3. Biofilm thickness, algal density, biomass, chlorophyll a and species richness were significantly higher in light-grown biofilms, compared with dark-grown biofilms. The light-grown biofilms showed a three-phased succession pattern, with an initial domination of Chlorophyceae followed by diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) and finally by cyanobacteria. Dark-grown biofilms were mostly dominated by diatoms.
4. Nutrients were invariably more concentrated in biofilms than in ambient water. Nutrient concentrations were generally higher in dark-grown biofilms except in the case of phosphate, which was more concentrated in light-grown biofilms. Significant correlations between nutrients and biofilm parameters were observed only in light-grown biofilms.
5. The N : P ratio in the biofilm matrix decreased sharply in the initial 4 days of biofilm growth; ensuing N-limitation status seemed to influence biofilm community structure. The N : P ratios showed significant positive correlations with the chlorophycean fraction in both light and dark-grown biofilms, and low N : P ratio in the older biofilms favoured cyanobacteria. Our data indicate that nutrient chemistry of biofilm matrix shapes community structure in microalgal biofilms.     

野外条件下光强对盾叶薯蓣影响的初步研究

通过在野外栽培条件下的笼罩实验(4个光强等级1855～2104,913～1004,525～615,141～215μmol*m-2*s-1),发现光强影响盾叶薯蓣的根状茎发芽率、叶面积、叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶片过氧化物酶活性(POD)、叶片含水量以及整个植株的生物量.弱光可能因带入的热能少而对根状茎发芽不利.叶片含水量随光照强度的降低而增多.叶面积随光照强度的减小而增加,在525～615μmol*m-2*s-1光强下,盾叶薯蓣叶片的MDA含量最低,POD活性最低,地上生物量最高,对于地下部分而言,最适光强是913～1004μ*mol*m-2*s-1,在此光强下,根状茎生物量增加近3倍.故在生产中,一定程度的强光逆境是有利的.     

Seasonal determinations of extracellular hydrolytic activities in heterotrophic and mixed heterotrophic/autotrophic biofilms from two contrasting rivers

The temporal changes in extracellular enzyme activities in freshwater microbial biofilms were examined in two contrasting river sites in North Wales over a 12 month period. Sites were a first order, unshaded oligotrophic upland stream (Nant Waen) and a fourth order, mildly eutrophic river with riparian tree cover (River Clywedog). When algal populations were low, biofilms of the more eutrophic site supported greater enzyme activities and higher population densities than the oligotrophic site. Composition, concentration and origin of substrates available to the respective biofilm communities influenced extracellular processing patterns. Reduction in algal populations depressed total and extracellular activities in biofilms from the first order site, suggesting that biofilm communities here were maintained by in situ primary production. Biofilms from Nant Waen were often found to contain higher extracellular activities per cell than the more eutrophic River Clywedog biofilms, which might represent the enhanced ability of an oligotrophic biofilm to accumulate extracellular enzymes. In contrast, light and darkgrown River Clywedog biofilms were not enzymatically distinct, inferring a less important role for biofilm phototrophs. Some evidence was found for increased reliance on allochthonous substrates in the River Clywedog for biofilm maintenance.