南京地区734例甲真菌病临床及致病菌分析CSCD

甲真菌病是由皮肤癣菌、酵母菌和非皮肤癣菌性霉菌,侵犯甲板和/或甲床所致的病变。其中由皮肤癣菌引起的甲真菌病又称为甲癣。甲真菌病的发病率占自然人群的2%~18%[1]。在真菌镜检的基础上再做真菌培养,明确病原菌的种类,将为药物选择带来较明确的方向。     

甲癣的病原学研究进展

甲真菌病是由皮肤癣菌、酵母菌及霉菌引起的甲板和甲下组织感染,皮肤癣菌是主要致病菌,其所致的甲真菌病称为甲癣.皮肤癣菌分为3个属:毛癣菌属、小孢子菌属和表皮癣菌属.随着医学真菌学基础知识的普及和真菌学诊疗水平的提高,越来越多的皮肤癣菌在甲中分离,临床上对甲癣致病真菌的正确鉴定对于制定治疗方案、评价预后以及流行病学监测等都有重要的指导意义.该文对国内外现有文献报道的甲癣的致病菌进行综述.     

安康地区1000例甲真菌病病原菌分析

甲真菌病是由皮肤癣菌、酵母和霉菌侵犯甲板和（或）甲下组织引起的病变,而甲癣是特指皮肤癣菌所致的甲感染。安康地区位于秦岭以南的大巴山区,汉江穿流而过,气候温暖潮湿多雨,是真菌性皮肤病发病率较高的地区,为了解安康地区甲真菌病的病原菌种类和构成情况,我们筛选了安康地区9县1区提供的1000例甲真菌病镜检阳性患者,采用统一多点培养法进行致病菌调查,现将结果报告如下。     

甲真菌病的中西医治疗进展

<正>1甲真菌病的病因引起甲真菌病的真菌多为皮肤癣菌、霉菌及酵母菌等。由皮肤癣菌引起的甲真菌病又称为甲癣。皮肤癣菌主要分为毛癣菌属和小孢子菌属和表皮癣菌属,以毛癣菌属最常见^[1]。2甲真菌病的中医认识2.1 病因病机中医称之为“灰指/趾甲”,认为“肝其华在爪”,甲之华乃肝之气所生,甲之病与肝密切相关,但对其病因病机各家认识不一。单敏洁等^[2]认为此病是虫淫侵蚀肌肤、甲板所致;杨文喜^[3]认为本病发病责之脾肾阳虚,腠理不密,     

光动力疗法治疗甲真菌病的临床研究进展CSCD

甲真菌病(onychomycosis)是由皮肤癣菌、酵母菌及非皮肤癣菌性丝状真菌侵犯甲板/床引起的一种常见皮肤病。流行病学调查显示,甲真菌病的发病率占自然人群的2%~18%,全国多中心流行病学调查皮肤科门诊就诊足病患者中甲真菌病患者的比例为15.7%[1]。目前,甲真菌病的系统治疗主要依靠口服抗真菌药物如特比萘芬、伊曲康唑和氟康唑等,但这些药物在治疗中仍存在一些问题,包括服药周期较长、患者依从性差、药物不良反应和相互作用风险,以及有可能导致耐药等[2-3]。     

甲真菌病治疗现状

甲真菌病是较常见的甲疾病,致病菌有皮肤癣菌、酵母菌和非皮肤癣菌性丝状真菌.常用治疗方法包括局部外用药治疗、系统口服药治疗,近来新型口服抗真菌药的研发以及局部治疗新技术的应用都将成为甲真菌病治疗的补充以及新的发展方向.该文就近年来甲真菌病的治疗现状进行综述.     

PCR快速诊断甲真菌病的初步探讨

甲真菌病是皮肤科的常见病和多发病,致病菌包括皮肤癣菌、酵母菌(主要是念珠菌)和非皮肤癣菌的霉菌.系统用药是治疗甲真菌病的主要方法,其疗程较长,费用较高,加之药物潜在的不良反应,因此,正确诊断对甲真菌病的治疗具有重要意义.     

皮肤癣菌表型及分子生物学鉴定

皮肤癣菌（Dermatophytes）是浅部真菌病的主要致病菌种,是一群浅在寄生性真菌,侵犯皮肤、毛发和指（趾）甲,寄生或腐生于表皮角质、毛发和甲板的角蛋白组织中。在生物分类学上,皮肤癣菌的有性时代属于子囊菌亚门,其无性阶段属于半知菌亚门、丝孢菌纲、丝孢菌目、丛梗孢科,根据大分生孢子的特征可将皮肤癣菌的3个属加以区分。     

KOH试管法与玻片法在甲真菌检查中的效果比较

<正>甲真菌病是最常见的皮肤科疾病之一,发病率约占临床甲病的一半以上,病原菌包括皮肤癣菌、酵母菌和其他非皮肤癣菌性丝状真菌等,国内甲真菌病病原菌中皮肤癣菌占65%～70%,酵母菌占10%～30%。甲真菌病常表现为甲板增厚、分离、变色等临床症状,其临床表现有时不易与白甲症、黄甲综合征、甲银屑病、甲扁平苔藓等指(趾)甲疾病鉴别^[1-5],因此,病原学检查是诊断和鉴别诊断甲真菌病的关键依据。     

致病真菌对甲侵袭性的体外初步研究

目的观察不同致病真菌在体外对甲板的侵袭能力。方法将分离自甲真菌病患者的致病真菌包括白念珠菌、红色毛癣菌和短帚霉,接种到沙堡培养基中,同时将灭菌甲板埋植入接种处。第28d时,取出甲板,进行病理切片,观察真菌对甲板的侵袭能力。结果病理显示接种于红色毛癣菌及短帚霉的甲板内可见菌丝生长,而接种于白念珠菌的甲板内无菌丝生长。结论皮肤癣菌和霉菌可以在甲板内侵袭生长,而白念珠菌对甲板无侵袭能力。     

Pathogenic Dermatophytes Survive in Nail Lesions During Oral Terbinafine Treatment for Tinea Unguium

Tinea unguium caused by dermatophyte species are usually treated with oral antimycotic, terbinafine (TBF). To understand the mechanisms of improvement and recalcitrance of tinea unguium by oral TBF treatment, a method of quantifying dermatophyte viability in the nail was developed, and the viability of dermatophytes was analyzed in toenail lesions of 14 patients with KOH-positive tinea unguium treated with oral TBF 125 mg/day for up to 16 weeks. Mycological tests, including KOH examination and fungal culture, and targeted quantitative real-time PCR for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, including rRNA, were demonstrated at the initial visit and after 8 and 16 weeks of treatment. Assays in eight patients showed that average ITS DNA amount significantly decreased, to 44% at 8 weeks and 36% at 16 weeks compared with 100% at initial visit. No significant difference was observed between at 8 and 16 weeks, despite the TBF concentration in the nail supposedly more than 10-fold higher than the minimum fungicidal concentration for dermatophytes. This finding suggests the pathogenic dermatophytes in nail lesions could survive in a dormant form, such as arthroconidia, during oral TBF treatment. Both antimycotic activity and nail growth are important factors in treatment of tinea unguium.     

Tinea Unguium: Diagnosis and Treatment in Practice

Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophytes, yeasts or non-dermatophyte molds; when caused by dermatophytes, it is called tinea unguium. The main etiological agents are Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. The most frequent types are distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis. Diagnosis usually requires mycological laboratory confirmation. Dermoscopy can be helpful and also biopsy is an excellent diagnostic method in uncommon cases or when mycological test is negative. Treatment must be chosen according to clinical type, number of affected nails and severity. The goal for antifungal therapy is the clearing of clinical signs or mycological cure.     

New Antifungal Agents and New Formulations Against Dermatophytes

A variety of oral and topical antifungal agents are available for the treatment of superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. This review builds on the antifungal therapy update published in this journal for the first special issue on Dermatophytosis (Gupta and Cooper 2008;166:353–67). Since 2008, there have not been additions to the oral antifungal armamentarium, with terbinafine, itraconazole, and fluconazole still in widespread use, albeit for generally more severe or recalcitrant infections. Griseofulvin is used in the treatment of tinea capitis. Oral ketoconazole has fallen out of favor in many jurisdictions due to risks of hepatotoxicity. Topical antifungals, applied once or twice daily, are the primary treatment for tinea pedis, tinea corporis/tinea cruris, and mild cases of tinea unguium. Newer topical antifungal agents introduced include the azoles, efinaconazole, luliconazole, and sertaconazole, and the oxaborole, tavaborole. Research is focused on developing formulations of existing topical antifungals that utilize novel delivery systems in order to enhance treatment efficacy and compliance.     

Terbinafine hydrochloride loaded liposome film formulation for treatment of onychomycosis: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of nail unit that is caused by dermatophytes. Oral Terbinafine hydrochloride (TBF-HCl) is being used for the treatment of onychomycosis since 24 years. The side effects caused by the systemic application and limitations of topical administration of this drug regarding the diffusion through nail lead to the development of a new formulation based on, TBF-HCl-loaded liposome. The newly obtained film formulations were prepared and characterized via several parameters, such as physical appearance, drug content, thickness, bioadhesive properties and tensile strength. In vitro and ex vivo permeation studies were performed to select an optimum film formulation for antifungal activity to show the efficiency of formulations regarding the treatment of onychomycosis. The in vitro release percentages of drug were found 71.6?±?3.28, 54.4?±?4.26, 56.1?±?7.48 and 46.0?±?2.43 for liposome loaded pullulan films (LI-P, LII-P) and liposome loaded Eudragit films (LI-E, LII-E), respectively. The accumulated drug in the nail plates were found 31.16?±?4.22, 24.81?±?5.35, 8.17?±?1.81 and 8.92?±?3.37 for LI-P, LII-P, LI-E and LII-E, respectively, which within therapeutic range for all film formulations. The accumulated drug in the nail plate was found within therapeutic range for all film formulations. The efficacy of the selected TBF-HCl-loaded liposome film formulation was compared with TBF-HCl-loaded liposome, ethosome, liposome poloxamer gel and ethosome chitosan gel formulations. It was found that TBF-HCl-loaded liposome film formulation had better antifungal activity on fungal nails which make this liposome film formulation promising for ungual therapy of fungal nail infection.     

Tinea unguium in the north-west of Iran (1996-2004)

Tinea unguium is a common mycosis in many part of the world including Iran. The prevalence of this mycosis varied depending on time, health level and geographical location. To stabilise the etiological, epidemiological and risk factors of tinea unguium in North-west Iran, a study of patients with suspected dermatophyte infections of their nails was carried out between 1996 and 2004. During this study 590 (354 females and 236 males) patients with clinical presentation of fungal infection in fingernails, toenails or in the both sites, were investigated using direct microscopy and culture of clinical samples. Tinea unguium was documented in 41 cases (7%) and among positive cases, 16 cases (39% total positive cases) were female and 25 cases (61% total positive cases) were male. Seventeen patients (41% total positive cases) had tinea unguium in their finger nails and 24 patients (59% total positive cases) had infection in their toe nails. According to the isolated etiologic agent, 66% (19 cases) of tinea unguium infections were caused by zoophilic drematophytes, 31% (9 cases) were caused by anthropophilic drematophytes and 3% (1 case) were caused by geophilic dermatophytes. With regard of sex, tinea unguium did not show a significant difference. The highest prevalence of tinea unguium was found in patients between 11 and 40 years of age. In conclusion the current results identified the etiological agents and epidemiological aspects of tinea unguium in North-west Iran. Tinea unguium in this region is associated with animal husbandry and direct or indirect contact with their products (wool, leather).     

Update in Antifungal Therapy of Dermatophytosis

Treatment of dermatophyte infection involves primarily oral and/or topical formulations of azoles or allylamines, particularly itraconazole and terbinafine. Topical medications applied once or twice daily are the primary treatment indicated for tinea corporis/cruris, and tinea pedis/manuum. Use of oral antifungals may be practical where the tinea involvement is extensive or chronic, or where application of a topical is not feasible. For tinea unguium (onychomycosis) and tinea capitis, oral therapies are the primary treatments provided. Recently, topical amorolfine and ciclopirox formulations have been approved for use in milder onychomycosis cases, and their role in the treatment of the different clinical forms of onychomycosis is currently being defined. Relapse of infection remains a problem, particularly with tinea pedis/unguium. Appropriate follow-up duration and education of patients on proper foot hygiene are also important components in providing effective therapy.     

Identification, antifungal susceptibility and scanning electron microscopy of a keratinolytic strain of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: a primary causative agent of onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is a dermatological problem of high prevalence that mainly affects the hallux toenail. Onychomycosis caused by the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was identified using colony morphology, light microscopy, urease and carbohydrate metabolism in a 57-year-old immunocompetent patient from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy of nail fragments, processed by a noncoating method, led to the observation with fine detail of the structures of both nail and fungus involved in the infection. Yeasts were mainly found inside grooves in the nail. Budding yeasts presented a spiral pattern of growth and blastoconidia were found in the nail groove region. Keratinase assays and keratin enzymography revealed that this isolate was highly capable of degrading keratin. Antifungal susceptibility tests showed that the fungus was susceptible to low concentrations of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine and resistant to high concentrations of fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine. These findings showed data for the first time concerning the interaction of R. mucilaginosa in toenail infection and suggest that this emerging yeast should also be considered an opportunistic primary causative agent of onychomycosis.     

Epidemiology of Onychomycosis in Chinese Mainland: A 30-year Retrospective Study

Mycopathologia - Onychomycosis was a common nail disease caused by dermatophytes, yeasts or molds. The prevalence of onychomycosis varied in different counties and it was necessary to understand...