乳杆菌胞外多糖合成基因簇及构效关系

肠道菌群稳态对维护人体的健康具有至关重要的作用。作为肠道天然微生物群“守卫兵”,益生菌参与改善体内微生态平衡。乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)是一种肠道益生菌的代表,其合成的胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide, EPS)既可通过增益肠道内其他益生菌的生长来优化肠道微生态,还具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降胆固醇、降血压和增强机体免疫力等益生功能。本文对近年来乳杆菌胞外多糖的遗传、生物学活性、构效关系等方面的研究进展,进行综述和展望。     

低聚半乳糖对肠道益生菌产胞外多糖作用的研究

旨在研究低聚半乳糖对肠道益生菌产胞外多糖的作用。以低聚半乳糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和乳糖4种碳源作比较,分别从碳源的利用、胞外多糖的产量和种类及其对有害菌的黏附作用进行研究。结果显示,低聚半乳糖不仅能促进长双歧杆菌和植物乳杆菌的增殖,而且有利于胞外多糖的产生,其含量分别为208.78μg/m L和192.78μg/m L,产生的胞外多糖种类较其他3种碳源更多,对肠道有害菌大肠杆菌具有明显黏附作用。结果证明,与其他3种碳源相比,低聚半乳糖能促进植物乳杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌生成更多的胞外多糖。     

益生元及其作用概述

益生元及其作用概述重庆医科大学检验系微生物教研室重庆６３００４６蒋虹胡宏人肠道细菌大致分为两大类,一类是对人类有益的,如双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等;一类是对人无益或有害的,如一些肠杆菌和梭菌等。增加体内双歧杆菌的数量与活性的方法有两种,应用益生菌和益生元。１...     

益生芽胞杆菌肠道微生态学研究进展

芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂的一种重要来源细菌,在维护人和动物肠道健康、促进微生态平衡方面起着重要的作用。但是对于益生芽胞杆菌的作用机制却知之甚少。近年来,人们对芽胞杆菌在肠道微生物调控方面做了大量的基础研究,随着芽胞杆菌肠道分子微生态学研究的不断深入,人们发现芽胞杆菌的芽孢能够在体内迅速萌发增殖,从而起到免疫促进、改善肠道菌群以及相关的代谢酶活性等生理作用。本文从芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的分布与定植、芽胞杆菌在胃肠道中的增殖以及芽胞杆菌与肠道菌群之间的关系等三个方面综述了益生芽胞杆菌对肠道微生态的调控作用的最新研究进展,为指导芽胞杆菌作为微生态制剂机制研究和应用提供一定的理论参考。     

双歧杆菌的免疫调节作用研究现状与展望

自1899年法国巴斯德研究院的TISSIER发现双歧杆菌以来,人们对双歧杆菌进行了广泛的研究,各方面的研究结果证实：双歧杆菌是人体中很重要的益生菌,是健康人肠道内定植且数量占优势的一种细菌,具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗感染、抗衰老、降血脂、营养保健等一系列特殊生理功能。但双歧杆菌的免疫调节作用一直以来都是研究的热点,双歧杆菌通过竞争作用机制粘附到肠黏膜上皮,其菌体成分或其分泌至菌体外的可溶性物质如生物素、抗菌物质和菌体外多糖（EPS）等能通过M细胞进入集合淋巴结,激活T细胞和B细胞,从而调节和增强机体的免疫能力。近几年来各国学者在此领域取得了丰硕的成果,现将该方面的研究现状综述如下。     

罗伊乳杆菌LE16益生特性的研究

目的研究罗伊乳杆菌LE16的益生特性。方法通过体外和动物实验,评价罗伊乳杆菌LE16的益生特性。结果该菌株对p H 2.5的强酸和0.3%高胆盐环境均有良好的耐受性。对引起肠道感染的几种病原菌均有不同程度的拮抗,尤其对枯草芽胞杆菌、伤寒沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌及蜡样芽胞杆菌的抑制作用最强。对肠道菌群正常和失调的小鼠均具有调节功能。结论罗伊乳杆菌LE16具有良好的益生性能,可作为益生菌菌株开发应用于食品和保健食品中。     

地衣芽胞杆菌活菌制剂的临床应用进展

整肠生是应用二十多年的地衣芽胞杆菌活菌制剂,已有大量的研究报道其临床有效性和安全性。地衣芽胞杆菌大量分泌种类丰富的消化酶,通过抑制肠道有害菌生长和促进有益菌增殖调节肠道菌群,并产生杆菌肽、地衣素和乙酸等生物活性物质发挥益生作用。本文总结了益生菌的益生特点,并重点分析了芽胞杆菌的益生特点,归纳了整肠生的作用机制与临床研究现状,揭示了其在肝脏疾病、溃疡性结肠炎、肠易激综合征、幽门螺旋杆菌感染以及病毒感染等疾病中的治疗作用,并对整肠生未来的临床应用方向进行了展望。     

几种常用益生元不同配伍对 三株益生菌体外生长的调节作用

目的探讨几种常用益生元经过不同配伍组合后对3种常用益生菌体外生长的调节作用。方法使用基础培养基分别培养3株益生菌,观察不同益生元配伍组合对3株益生菌的体外调节作用。依据不同的益生元组分配伍以及浓度制作含不同益生元组分的基础培养基体外培养3株益生菌,分别在培养的0、6、12、18和24h取样进行平板活菌计数同时观察菌体形态。配置不同浓度的含葡萄糖基础培养基作为对照,研究不同益生元组分配伍组合对3株益生菌体外生长的调节作用。结果低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖(组合2-0.5%)配伍以及低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、低聚木糖(组合4-1.0%)配伍相较于相同糖浓度的葡萄糖基础培养基对嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM活菌计数有促进作用(P0.05)。低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、低聚木糖(组合4-0.5%)配伍相较于相同糖浓度的葡萄糖基础培养基对乳双歧杆菌HN019活菌计数有促进作用(P0.05)。低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、低聚异麦芽糖(组合2-1.0%)配伍以及低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖、水苏糖(组合3-0.5%)配伍相较于相同糖浓度的葡萄糖基础培养基对乳双歧杆菌Bi-07活菌计数有促进作用(P0.05)。结论低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖和低聚木糖组合对嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌HN019的增殖具有促进作用。低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖和低聚异麦芽糖组合对嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和乳双歧杆菌Bi-07的增殖具有促进作用。低聚半乳糖、低聚果糖和水苏糖组合对乳双歧杆菌Bi-07的增殖具有促进作用。     

益生元与肠道微生态

益生元是一种非消化的成分,通过选择性的刺激肠道中一种或少数种益生菌的增长和/或活性而对宿主有利.具有抵抗致病菌侵入的天然功能.目前广泛研究的有果糖和半乳糖,体内与体外试验均表明不被正常人酶类所消化,在大肠中容易发酵,粪便内未能检出这种糖的成分.通过大肠细菌对益生元的发酵产生的短链脂肪酸是刺激双歧杆菌和乳杆菌增长的重要因素.应用现代技术获得了人肠道微生物细菌群的组成与种类的多样性.本文综述有关益生元的研究状况,强调益生元选择性刺激的机制和对人生理功能的影响.     

平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖对多种肠道益生菌的影响

目的探究平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖对多种肠道益生菌生长的影响。方法采用发酵工程技术获得平菇菌丝发酵液并提取平菇菌丝分泌的粗多糖。将平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖分别以浓度10.0%、5.0%、2.5%以及0%的空白对照对青春双歧杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、乳杆菌MZ900、嗜酸乳杆菌生长的影响进行观察。结果在含平菇菌丝粗多糖10.0%以下的菌液范围内随着平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖含量的增加,4种肠道益生菌的生长成正相关增长。结论平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖对4种肠道益生菌有增菌效果。研究结果为平菇菌丝发酵液粗多糖有保护人类肠道功能的作用提供理论依据,以及为后续研究提供建议。     

N-glycan Utilization by Bifidobacterium Gut Symbionts Involves a Specialist β-Mannosidase

Bifidobacteria represent one of the first colonizers of human gut microbiota, providing to this ecosystem better health and nutrition. To maintain a mutualistic relationship, they have enzymes to degrade and use complex carbohydrates non-digestible by their hosts. To succeed in the densely populated gut environment, they evolved molecular strategies that remain poorly understood. Herein, we report a novel mechanism found in probiotic Bifidobacteria for the depolymerization of the ubiquitous 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-(β-d-mannopyranosyl)-d-glucopyranose (Man-β-1,4-GlcNAc), a disaccharide that composes the universal core of eukaryotic N-glycans. In contrast to Bacteroidetes, these Bifidobacteria have a specialist and strain-specific β-mannosidase that contains three distinctive structural elements conferring high selectivity for Man-β-1,4-GlcNAc: a lid that undergoes conformational changes upon substrate binding, a tryptophan residue swapped between the two dimeric subunits to accommodate the GlcNAc moiety, and a Rossmann fold subdomain strategically located near to the active site pocket. These key structural elements for Man-β-1,4-GlcNAc specificity are highly conserved in Bifidobacterium species adapted to the gut of a wide range of social animals, including bee, pig, rabbit, and human. Together, our findings uncover an unprecedented molecular strategy employed by Bifidobacteria to selectively uptake carbohydrates from N-glycans in social hosts.     

Aroma Components of Fresh Sugar Cane Juice

To study the behavior of Bifidobacterium toward oxygen, oxygen uptake was investigated in detail. The cells of Bifidobacterial strains absorbed considerable amounts of oxygen. The exogenous oxygen uptake activity changed depending upon the period of incubation. Bifidobacterial cells also had high endogenous oxygen uptake, which was, in B. longum strains, as high as about 80% of the exogenous oxygen uptake activity. Bifidobacterial cells accumulated considerable amounts of polysaccharide, which was associated with cellular growth. By incubating the cultivated cells in a glucose-free medium, the endogenous oxygen uptake activity was decreased with a decrease of intracellular polysaccharide. Therefore it was postulated that the high endogenous oxygen uptake activity of Bifidobacterium was owing to the metabolism of intracellular polysaccharide. The enzymatic activity, which was involved in the mechanism of oxygen uptake, was also investigated.     

Role of extracellular matrix components in the formation of biofilms and their contribution to the biocontrol activity of Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1606

Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1606 (PcPCL1606) displays plant-colonizing features and exhibits antagonistic traits against soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi. Biofilm formation could be relevant for the PcPCL1606 lifestyle, and in this study the role of some putative extracellular matrix components (EMC; Fap-like fibre, alginate and Psl-like polysaccharides) in the biofilm architecture and biocontrol activity of this bacterium were determined. EMC such as the Fap-like fibre and alginate polysaccharide play secondary roles in biofilm formation in PcPCL1606, because they are not fundamental to its biofilm architecture in flow cell chamber, but synergistically they have shown to favour bacterial competition during biofilm formation. Conversely, studies on Psl-like polysaccharide have revealed that it may contain mannose, and that it is strongly involved in the PcPCL1606 biofilm architecture and niche competition. Furthermore, the Fap-like fibre and Psl-like exopolysaccharide play roles in early surface attachment and contribute to biocontrol activity against the white root rot disease caused by Rosellinia necatrix in avocado plants. These results constitute the first report regarding the study of the extracellular matrix of the PcPCL1606 strain and highlight the importance of a putative Fap-like fibre and Psl-like exopolysaccharide produced by PcPCL1606 in the biofilm formation process and interactions with the host plant root.     

Isolation and evaluation of probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from poultry intestine

The gut is a source of lactic acid bacteria with remarkable functional and technologies properties as well as a potential source of probiotics. In the present study, 13 strains of Lactobacillus were isolated from poultry intestine and identified according to their 16S rDNA sequences, as well as the evaluation of their probiotic potential. The probiotic properties were tested in aspects of antibiotic susceptibility, antimicrobial activity, exopolysaccharide production, lysozyme tolerance, gut condition tolerance (low pH, bile salt tolerance) and adhesion to human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2). Most isolates were resistance to streptomycin (10 μg/mL), gentamicin (10 μg/mL), kanamycin (30 μg/mL), penicillin (10 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (30 μg/mL). Isolates shows strong abilities to adhere to Caco-2 cell in the range of (76 to 85%). Isolates SHA101 to SHA113 showed high survival rate under gastrointestinal tract condition (>80%), indicating their potential in application of probiotics. The results of these tests indicate that the lactic acid bacteria isolated from poultry intestine have potential use as probiotic in various products.     

Epithelial Adhesion Mediated by Pilin SpaC Is Required for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-Induced Cellular Responses

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is a widely used probiotic, and the strain''s salutary effects on the intestine have been extensively documented. We previously reported that strain GG can modulate inflammatory signaling, as well as epithelial migration and proliferation, by activating NADPH oxidase 1-catalyzed generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, how strain GG induces these responses is unknown. Here, we report that strain GG''s probiotic benefits are dependent on the bacterial-epithelial interaction mediated by the SpaC pilin subunit. By comparing strain GG to an isogenic mutant that lacks SpaC (strain GGΩspaC), we establish that SpaC is necessary for strain GG to adhere to gut mucosa, that SpaC contributes to strain GG-induced epithelial generation of ROS, and that SpaC plays a role in strain GG''s capacity to stimulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling in enterocytes. In addition, we show that SpaC is required for strain GG-mediated stimulation of cell proliferation and protection against radiologically inflicted intestinal injury. The identification of a critical surface protein required for strain GG to mediate its probiotic influence advances our understanding of the molecular basis for the symbiotic relationship between some commensal bacteria of the gut lumen and enterocytes. Further insights into this relationship are critical for the development of novel approaches to treat intestinal diseases.     

Effect of bile on the lipid composition and surface properties of bifidobacteria

AIM: The changes produced on the bacterial surface of Bifidobacteria cells when they are grown in bile were compared with those provoked by bile added to bacteria grown in the absence of bile. METHODS AND RESULTS: The adhesive properties, the zeta potential and the lipid composition of Bifidobacterial strains, isolated from human faeces and grown in MRS medium, were determined. Bacteria grown in MRS with bile showed a loss of adherence and autoaggregation in correlation with a decrease in the surface hydrophobicity in comparison to those grown in MRS without bile, concomitant with the absence of two glycolipids, the increase of sugar content and minor changes in fatty acid composition. The surface changes caused by bile shock on bacteria grown in bile-free medium were much less pronounced and, in addition, no effect on the lipid composition was apparent. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of the results indicates that bile action on surface properties is related to metabolic changes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Long-term exposure of bacteria to bile may cause metabolic changes affecting their adhesive properties irreversibly. This may be taken as a criterion to define the probiotic properties of different strains.     

Proteomics,human gut microbiota and probiotics

The various bacterial communities associated with humans have many functions and the gut microbiota has a major role in the host. Bacterial imbalance in the gut, known as dysbiosis, has therefore been linked to several diseases. Probiotics, that is, microbial strains that have beneficial effects on the host, are thought to benefit this intestinal ecosystem. Hence, knowledge of the gut microbiota composition and an understanding of its functionalities are of interest. Recently, efforts have focused on developing new high-throughput techniques for studying microbial cells and complex communities. Among them, proteomics is increasingly being used. The purpose of this article is to focus on the recent development of this technology and its usefulness in analyzing the human gut ecosystem and probiotic strains.     

Characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by a Pseudomonas strain grown on glycerol

A new extracellular charged polysaccharide composed mainly by galactose, with lower amounts of mannose, glucose and rhamnose, was produced by the cultivation of Pseudomonas oleovorans NRRL B-14682 using glycerol as the sole carbon source. Thermal and solid-state NMR analysis showed that this polymer is essentially amorphous, with a glass transition temperature of 155.7 degrees C. The exopolysaccharide aqueous solutions have viscoelastic properties similar to that of Guar gum, but with affinity to salts as a result of its polyelectrolyte character. In addition, the exopolysaccharide has demonstrated good flocculating and emulsifying properties and film-forming capacity. These properties make this polymer a good alternative to more expensive natural polysaccharides, such as Guar gum, in several applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, paper and petroleum industries.     

Proteomics, human gut microbiota and probiotics

The various bacterial communities associated with humans have many functions and the gut microbiota has a major role in the host. Bacterial imbalance in the gut, known as dysbiosis, has therefore been linked to several diseases. Probiotics, that is, microbial strains that have beneficial effects on the host, are thought to benefit this intestinal ecosystem. Hence, knowledge of the gut microbiota composition and an understanding of its functionalities are of interest. Recently, efforts have focused on developing new high-throughput techniques for studying microbial cells and complex communities. Among them, proteomics is increasingly being used. The purpose of this article is to focus on the recent development of this technology and its usefulness in analyzing the human gut ecosystem and probiotic strains.