冠状动脉粥样硬化患者肠道菌群与嘌呤碱基分解代谢的相关性

目的 研究冠状动脉粥样硬化患者肠道菌群结构与嘌呤碱基分解代谢的相关性。方法 选取2016年12月至2019年4月我院收治的92例冠状动脉粥样硬化患者为研究对象,测定患者嘌呤碱基代谢物含量并按照不同嘌呤碱基代谢物水平分为I组（22例,代谢物水平≤430 μmol/L）、II组（24例,代谢物水平431~480 μmol/L）、III组（22例,代谢物水平481~530 μmol/L）、IV组（24例,代谢物水平＞530 μmol/L）。选取同期到我院体检的30例健康者为对照组。采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测两组对象肠道菌群数量,采用OTU聚类分析肠道菌群多样性。肠道菌群结构与嘌呤碱基分解代谢的相关性分析采用Pearson分析。结果 I~IV组患者嘌呤碱基代谢物水平、肠道菌群总量依次升高,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,同时各组冠状动脉脉粥样硬化患者嘌呤碱基代谢物水平、肠道菌群总量均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。IV组患者肠道大肠埃希菌数量高于I组、II组、III组及对照组（均P＜0.05）。IV组患者肠道幽门螺杆菌、产气杆菌数量高于I组、II组及对照组,而肠道乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量低于I组、II组及对照组（均P＜0.05）。III组患者肠道幽门螺杆菌、产气杆菌数量高于I组,而乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量低于I组（均P＜0.05）。III组患者肠道幽门螺杆菌、乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量均低于对照组（均P＜0.05）。II组患者肠道产气芽胞杆菌数量高于对照组,而乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量低于对照组（均P＜0.05）。IV组、III组患者肠道菌群OTU指数均高于对照组、I组和II组,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,说明IV组、III组患者肠道菌群丰富度指数较高,菌群种类较多。Pearson分析显示嘌呤碱基水平与大肠埃希菌、幽门螺杆菌、产气芽胞杆菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌呈现正相关性（P＜0.05）。结论 冠状动脉粥样硬化患者嘌呤碱基水平可能影响肠道菌群结构。     

凝结芽胞杆菌BC01对白羽肉鸡生产性能、免疫器官指数及肠道大肠埃希菌的影响

为研究在饲料中添加凝结芽胞杆菌BC01对白羽肉鸡生产性能、免疫器官指数及肠道大肠埃希菌的影响,将240只白羽肉鸡随机分为4组,试验组1、试验组2、试验组3在饲料中添加凝结芽胞杆菌BC01的终浓度分别为1×10~8、2×10~8、3×10~8 cfu/kg,对照组日粮中不添加任何微生态制剂,饲养6周。结果显示,日粮中添加凝结芽胞杆菌BC01可显著提高肉鸡平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低料重比(P0.05),降低死淘率(P0.05),胸腺指数、法氏囊指数均显著高于对照组(P0.05),降低肠道中的大肠埃希菌数量。结果表明,日粮中添加凝结芽胞杆菌BC01,对肉鸡的生长性能有一定的促进作用,提高饲料转化率,提升肉鸡的免疫力,提高肉鸡饲养的经济价值。凝结芽胞杆菌BC01的最佳添加浓度为每公斤饲料添加2×10~8 cfu/kg。     

急性心力衰竭患者血清miRNA-21、MYO、CK-MB与心功能和预后的关系

摘要 目的：探讨急性心力衰竭患者血清miRNA-21、肌红蛋白（MYO）、心肌肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）与心功能和预后的关系。方法：选择2018年2月至2019年2月于我院接诊的95例急性心力衰竭患者为研究对象（病例组）,另选择同期在我院进行检查的80例健康人为对照组,分析两组患者血清miRNA-21、MYO、CK-MB、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心房内径（LAD）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEd）水平变化情况及和预后相关性。结果：病例组患者血清miRNA-21、MYO、CK-MB水平显著高于对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;病例组患者LAD、LVEd水平显著高于对照组,LVEF水平显著低于对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;II级患者血清miRNA-21、MYO、CK-MB水平显著低于III级、IV级患者,III级患者血清miRNA-21、MYO、CK-MB水平显著低于IV级患者,差异显著（P＜0.05）;预后良好组患者血清miRNA-21、MYO、CK-MB水平显著低于预后不良组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;Spearman相关分析显示,血清miRNA-21、MYO及CK-MB和LVEF之间均呈负相关,血清miRNA-21、MYO及CK-MB和LAD、LVEd之间均呈正相关,（P＜0.05）;Logistic 回归分析结果显示,血清miRNA-21、MYO及CK-MB及LVEF、LAD、LVEd为急性心力衰竭患者预后的影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论：急性心力衰竭患者血清miRNA-21、MYO、CK-MB的表达升高,其与心功能和预后密切相关。     

基于OPG-RANK-RANKL系统研究饲粮不同钙水平对生长期WHBE兔骨代谢的影响

目的利用护骨素-核因子κB受体活化子-核因子κB受体活化子配体(OPG-RANK-RANKL)系统,探讨饲粮不同钙水平对生长期WHBE兔骨代谢影响。方法选择21只雄性断奶WHBE兔,随机分为3组(I、II、III组),分别饲以钙水平为0.95%,1.10%和1.30%,其他营养水平基本一致的饲粮。实验期42 d。实验结束,测定兔血清钙(Ca)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)和骨源性碱性酶(BALP)含量;分别运用荧光定量PCR法和免疫组织化学法对WHBE兔骨组织进行OPG-RANK-RANKL的基因转录和蛋白表达分析。最后以RANKL/OPG比值为指标,评估WHBE兔骨代谢与饲粮钙水平间的相关性。结果实验结果表明,I、II、III组在血清Ca、PTH含量和BALP活力上差异无显著性(P0.05)。WHBE兔骨组织RANKL mRNA表达水平和RANKL/OPG mRNA比值均以II组最低,与I、III组差异有显著性(P0.05)。钙水平对WHBE兔骨组织OPG-RANK-RANKL蛋白表达影响显著(P0.01),II组和III组OPG蛋白表达阳性指数均极显著高于I组(P0.01);而II组兔骨组织RANK蛋白表达阳性指数则极显著低于I组和III组(P0.01),RANKL/OPG的蛋白表达阳性指数比值以II组最低,与I组差异有显著性(P0.01)。此外,WHBE兔骨组织RANKL/OPG mRNA比值和的蛋白表达阳性指数比值均与饲粮钙水平间存在显著的二次曲线相关(R~2=0.4068,0.8433,P0.05,P0.001)。结论生长期WHBE兔的骨代谢与饲粮钙水平间呈显著相关性,当饲粮钙含量为1.10%时,生长期WHBE兔可获得较理想的骨代谢水平。     

基于三维超声心动图对比分析扩张型心肌病与二尖瓣关闭不全左室构型和收缩功能的研究

摘要 目的：基于三维超声心动图对比分析扩张型心肌病（DCM）与二尖瓣关闭不全（MI）左室构型和收缩功能的研究。方法：收集我院2018年1月至2021年7月就诊患有左心室（LV）扩张的患者100例,其中DCM患者57例,MI患者43例。LV大小大致相仿,DCM组（43±5）mm/m²,MI组（42±5）mm/m²。另选取同时期50例健康受试者作为对照组。所有患者均进行常规超声心动图及三维超声心动图检查,测量指标主要包括左室大小（LVID）、左室后壁厚度（PWT）、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左室舒张末期室间间隔厚度（IVS）、左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、收缩末期容积（LVESV）、相对室壁厚度（RWT）、LV质量指数（LVMI）、三维左室射血分数（3D-LVEF）、三维舒张末期血流速度（3D-EDV）、二维或三维超声心动图球形指数（2D-SI/3D-SI）。结果：DCM组和MI组LVEDD均大于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。DCM组比MI组患者心功能分级III/IV和心力衰竭的发生率更高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。DCM组和MI组患者的LVEDD、LVEDD指数、LVEDV、LVEDV指数、3D-EDV、3D-EDV指数均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;但DCM组和MI组对比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。DCM组和MI组患者的LV长度、LV长度指数、LVMI均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;且MI组高于DCM组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。DCM组和MI组患者的LVESV、LVESV指数、2D-SI、3D-SI均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;且DCM组高于MI组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。DCM组3D-LVEF、RWT均低于对照组和MI组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。ROC分析显示,3D-SI在评估左室扩大患者的左室重构方面优于其他变量,3D-SI的ROC曲线下面积为0.875,95%CI为0.816-0.920,3D-SI>0.62对于DCM和MI区分左室构型的特异性（81.66%）和敏感性（92.09%）较高。DCM和MI患者的3D-LVEF和3D-SI均呈线性负相关（r=-0.719,P=0.000;r=-0.682,P=0.000）。DCM和MI患者3D-SI检测心力衰竭的ROC曲线下面积均大于3D-LVEF的ROC曲线下面积,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。结论：与MI患者相比,尽管LV大小大致相仿,但DCM患者的左室几何形状更接近球形,且收缩功能更差。收缩功能与3D-SI显著相关,3D-SI较好地描述了左室重构,可能是LV扩张患者心力衰竭的较强指标。     

海藻粉和抗菌肽对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数和肠道菌群的影响

为探讨海藻粉和抗菌肽不同添加水平对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数和肠道菌群的影响。选取1日龄体重相近的AA肉鸡504羽,随机分为7个处理,每处理6个重复,每重复12羽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(1.0%、3.0%、5.0%)的海藻粉和抗菌肽(300 mg/kg、600 mg/kg)。试验分前期(1~21 d)和后期(22~42 d)共42 d。结果表明:(1)添加不同水平的海藻粉对前期、后期和全期肉鸡的料重比有显著影响(P0.05);对21日龄肉鸡的脾脏指数和胸腺指数及对42日龄肉鸡的法氏囊指数差异显著(P0.05);降低了21日龄和42日龄肉鸡盲肠大肠杆菌的数量(P0.05),增加了盲肠乳酸菌的数量(P0.05)。(2)添加不同水平的抗菌肽对后期和全期肉鸡的料重比有显著差异(P0.05);对21日龄肉鸡的脾脏指数和胸腺指数及对42日龄肉鸡的法氏囊指数差异显著(P0.05);降低了21日龄和42日龄肉鸡盲肠大肠杆菌的数量(P0.05),增加了盲肠乳酸菌的数量(P0.05)。(3)海藻粉和抗菌肽交互作用对前期、后期和全期肉鸡的料重比有明显影响(P0.05);对21日龄肉鸡的脾脏指数和胸腺指数及对42日龄肉鸡的法氏囊指数差异显著(P0.05);降低了21日龄和42日龄肉鸡盲肠大肠杆菌的数量(P0.05),增加了盲肠乳酸菌的数量(P0.05)。本研究得出以下结论,海藻粉和抗菌肽能促进肉鸡生长,提高肉鸡免疫器官指数和改善肠道菌群,且二者间存在协同效应,添加5%的海藻粉和300 mg/kg抗菌肽综合效果最佳。     

孕激素暴露致食蚊鱼形态雄性化的生物学效应

目的：研究不同浓度孕酮（ PRO）暴露对雌性食蚊鱼（ Gambusia affinis）的形态雄性化生物学效应。方法将性未成熟的雌性食蚊鱼个体分别静水暴露于0.5、5、50和500 nmol/L不同浓度的PRO实验组中,并设置对照组和平行组。持续暴露42 d后观察与测定食蚊鱼的体长、体重、臀鳍第3鳍条和第14,15,16椎肋骨形态雄性化变化等指标,同时观察卵巢发育状况。结果食蚊鱼暴露42 d后,与对照组相比,50和500 nmol/L实验组食蚊鱼的体长（ BL）有极显著减少（分别P＜0.01）;无论是低浓度组还是高浓度组,暴露实验后体重（ BW）都有显著性或极显著下降（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;PRO暴露对食蚊鱼身体健康指数（CF）的影响,只有在5 nmol/L浓度时差异有显著性（P＜0.05）;500 nmol/L浓度处理后,第3臀鳍条分节数（FJ）、长度（FL）和最宽处宽度（FW）差异有显著性（P＜0.05）,表明形态雄性化变化明显;其他浓度组则无明显区别（P＞0.05）;500 nmol/L PRO实验组中,雌性食蚊鱼的第14,15,16椎肋骨的L值、D值和L：D值都出现极显著性差异（分别P＜0.01）,表明形态雄性化变化明显;组织切片观察揭示,暴露组食蚊鱼卵巢中的卵母细胞发育受到不同程度的抑制,II、III时相卵母细胞胞核发生肿胀现象。结论孕激素暴露诱导雌性食蚊鱼形态雄性化的生物效应十分明显。     

不同病变类型子宫内膜异位症对卵巢储备功能及辅助生殖技术结果的影响

摘要 目的：探究不同病变类型子宫内膜异位症（Endometriosis,EMs）对卵巢储备功能及辅助生殖技术结果的影响。方法：选择2018年1月-2021年1月于承德医学院附属医院妇产科就诊的EMs合并不孕症患者188例作为研究对象,纳入实验组,另随机选择同期单纯男性因素不孕妇女160例作为对照。对符合临床标准的患者行IVF-ET治疗,计算其胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率、活产率,对患者血清抗苗勒氏管激素（AWH）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、窦卵泡素（AFC）水平进行检测。结果：r-AFS III期、IV期AWH水平显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=7.00、11.86,P均<0.05）;II期、III期、IV期AFC计数显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（t=4.50、8.49、9.06,P均<0.05）。r-AFS分期III期、IV期患者种植率、临床妊娠率、活产率显著低于对照组（x²=4.04、4.72、10.46、8.80、11.32、12.21,P均<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,r-AFS分期III期、IV期是IVF-ET不良结局的主要危险因素,具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：III/IV期EMs可在一定程度上降低妇女的卵巢储备功能,同时降低了IVF-ET过程中的种植率及临床妊娠率,从而对其妊娠结局产生不良的影响。     

在低蛋白质饲料中补充必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和免疫指标的影响

为了研究在低蛋白质饲料中补充晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和免疫指标的影响,根据鱼体的必需氨基酸组成模式设计了7种等能的试验饲料。其中4种饲料（45CP、40CP、35CP和30CP）的粗蛋白质水平分别为45%、40%、35%和30%,另3种饲料（40AA、35AA和30AA）是在低蛋白质饲料（40CP、35CP和30CP）的基础上添加必需氨基酸,使它们的必需氨基酸含量与45CP（对照组）相一致。用上述饲料对初始体重为（10.13 0.01） g的大口黑鲈进行了89d的饲养试验。饲养试验在室内循环水养殖系统中进行,每种饲料设3个重复,每重复放养30尾鱼。方差分析显示:试验鱼的生长性能、饲料效率、全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白质含量、成活率以及免疫指标均随着饲料蛋白质含量的降低而显著降低（P0.05）。添加必需氨基酸的35AA和30AA的饲料效率和蛋白质保留率分别显著高于对应的未添加必需氨基酸的35CP和30CP组（P0.05）,但仍显著低于45CP组（P0.05）。40AA的试验鱼血清溶菌酶活性和血清补体活性与45CP组差异不显著（P0.05）。35AA和30AA组的头肾白细胞呼吸爆发活性显著高于35CP和30CP组（P0.05）。30AA组的全鱼粗蛋白质含量以及肥满度显著高于30CP（P0.05）。各组试验鱼的水分和灰分均无显著差异（P0.05）。回归分析显示:在低蛋白质饲料中补充晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈幼鱼的生长、饲料效率和蛋白质保留率所产生的影响与其引起增加了的饲料蛋白质水平而不是饲料的必需氨基酸水平正相关。研究表明,在低蛋白质饲料中补充的晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成和免疫指标产生的有益作用不及等量的以蛋白质为来源的必需氨基酸。       

双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊对进展期胃癌术后化疗患者化疗副作用及肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨口服双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊（BTVC）对进展期胃癌术后化疗患者的化疗副作用及肠道菌群影响。方法 选取铜陵市人民医院2016年2月至2017年1月收治的根治性胃癌术后首次化疗患者为研究对象,随机分成奥沙利铂+替吉奥联合化疗方案组32例（对照组）,奥沙利铂+卡培他滨+BTVC联合治疗组26例（观察组）。检测两组患者肠道菌群变化及记录患者不良反应情况。结果 治疗后对照组中白细胞＜3×109/L、粒细胞＜2×109/L、血红蛋白＜110 g/L、血小板＜100×109/L、肝功能损害、周围神经炎、恶心/呕吐、腹泻及Ⅲ/Ⅳ级不良反应发生例数均多于观察组（P＜0.05）。治疗前两组患者肠道各菌群数量差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后对照组患者乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量及杆/球比明显少于观察组（P＜0.01）,而肠球菌、大肠埃希菌数量明显多于观察组（P＜0.01）。治疗后对照组患者乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量及杆/球比明显少于治疗前（P＜0.01）,而肠球菌、大肠埃希菌数量多于治疗前（P＜0.05）。治疗后观察组患者乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量及杆/球比多于治疗前（P＜0.05）;而肠球菌、大肠埃希菌数量与治疗前差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 BTVC对胃癌术后化疗副作用有预防作用,并可调节患者肠道菌群。     

复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响

目的观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。方法选择长白二元杂交断奶仔猪90头进行实验,断奶日龄为35 d。共分为5个组,每组设3个重复,每个重复随机选取健康仔猪6头。实验组一:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,罗伊乳杆菌),实验组二:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,干酪乳杆菌),实验组三:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,嗜酸乳杆菌),实验组四:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌,双歧杆菌,罗伊乳杆菌,干酪乳杆菌,嗜酸乳杆菌),对照组:饲喂基础日粮。其中复合制剂中益生菌活菌数为109CFU/g。饲养30 d后观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。结果在日增重、饲料效率及血清溶菌酶方面,实验组一和二显著高于对照组(P0.05);在腹泻率方面,实验组均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论在仔猪日粮中添加复合活菌制剂可提高每头断奶仔猪平均日增重及饲料效率,降低腹泻的发病率,且增高仔猪血清溶菌酶含量,提高仔猪的免疫机能,从而提高经济效益。     

Suppressive Effects of Dietary High Fluorine on the Intestinal Development in Broilers

Fluoride (F) is a well-recognized hazardous substance. Ingested F initially acts locally on the intestines. The small intestine plays a critical role in the digestion, absorption, and defense. In this study, therefore, we investigated the effects of fluorine on the intestinal development by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and histochemistry. A total of 280 one-day-old avian broilers were randomly divided into four groups and fed on a corn-soybean basal diet as control diet (fluorine, 22.6 mg/kg) or the same basal diet supplemented with 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg fluorine (high fluorine groups I, II, and III) in the form of sodium fluoride for 42 days. The results showed that the intestinal gross, histological, and ultrastructural changes were observed in the high fluorine groups II and III. Meanwhile, the intestinal length, weight, viscera index, villus height, crypt depth, villus height to crypt depth ratio, diameter, muscle layer thickness, and goblet cell numbers were significantly lower (p?<?0.01 or p?<?0.05), and the intestinal diameter to villus height ratio was markedly higher (p?<?0.01 or p?<?0.05) in the high fluorine groups II and III than those in control group. In conclusion, dietary fluorine in the range of 800–1,200 mg/kg obviously altered the aforementioned parameters of the intestines, implying that the intestinal development was suppressed and the intestinal functions, such as digestion, absorption, defense, or osmoregulation were impaired in broilers.     

Dietary High Vanadium Causes Oxidative Damage-Induced Renal and Hepatic Toxicity in Broilers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the renal and hepatic oxidative damage and toxicity caused by dietary high vanadium in broilers. A total of 420 one-day-old avian broilers were divided into six groups and fed on a corn–soybean basal diet as control diet (vanadium 0.073 mg/kg), and five high vanadium diets (vanadium 5 mg/kg, high vanadium group I; 15 mg/kg, high vanadium group II; 30 mg/kg, high vanadium group III; 45 mg/kg, high vanadium group IV; and 60 mg/kg, high vanadium group V) throughout the experimental period of 42 days. The results showed that the renal and hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, ability to inhibit hydroxy radical, and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, and vanadium contents were not significantly changed in high vanadium group I and II when compared with those of the control groups. However, the SOD and GSH-Px activities, ability to inhibit hydroxy radical, and GSH content were significantly decreased, and the MDA and vanadium contents were markedly increased in high vanadium groups III, IV, and V. At the same time, the lesions were also observed in the kidney and liver of high vanadium groups III, IV, and V. The renal tubular epithelial cells showed granular degeneration and vacuolar degeneration, and hepatocytes showed granular degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, and fatty degeneration. It was concluded that dietary vanadium in the range of 30–60 mg/kg could cause oxidative damage and vanadium accumulation, which induced renal and hepatic toxicity and lesions. The renal and hepatic function was finally impaired in boilers.     

Vitamin E deficiency accentuates adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy and cell surface changes

Free radicals have been suggested to play a role in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Adriamycin-induced myocardial effects were examined in rats maintained on a vitamin E deficient diet. Animals were divided into four groups: I, control; II, adriamycin-treated; III, vitamin E deficient diet; IV, vitamin E deficient diet plus adriamycin treatment. Adriamycin-treated animals (groups II and IV) were given six injections (i.p.) over two weeks for producing a cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg. Animals in groups III and IV were placed on vitamin E deficient diet starting two weeks prior to the first injection of adriamycin or vehicle. Myocardial tissue analysis were performed on animals sacrificed 1 week after the last injection. Mortality was significantly higher in group IV which also showed doubling of myocardial malondialdehyde content relative to the non-adriamycin-treated vitamin E deficient group (III). Myocardial cell damage in group IV was characterized by separation of the external lamina, subsarcolemmal changes, mitochondrial swelling and myofibril dropout. Group II hearts showed only a mild dilation of the sarcotubules and swelling of the mitochondria. Total sialic acid content of the sarcolemma in groups II, III and IV was 55, 90 and 24% of the control values in group I. These data show a characteristic sarcolemmal injury produced by adriamycin in hearts of animals with reduced antioxidant capacity which is probably mediated by increased free radical activity as well as lipid peroxidation.     

Increased Apoptotic Lymphocyte Population in the Spleen of Young Chickens Fed on Diets High in Molybdenum

The experiment was conducted with the objective of examining the effects of high molybdenum (Mo) on the apoptosis of splenic lymphocytes in broilers by the methods of experimental pathology and flow cytometry (FCM). Three hundred 1-day-old avian broilers were divided into four groups of 75 each and were fed on control diet (Mo 13 mg/kg) and high Mo diets (Mo 500 mg/kg, high Mo group I; Mo 1,000 mg/kg, high Mo group II; and Mo 1,500 mg/kg, high Mo group III) for 42 days. The results showed that the relative weight of spleen was decreased, and lymphocytes were histopathologically decreased in high Mo groups II and III. Ultrastructurally, the apoptotic cells showed typical condensed nuclei with dark-round, petal-like, and horseshoe-like shapes. The mitochondria were swelled, and the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were dilated in high Mo groups II and III. The statistical analyses by FCM indicated that the percentage of cellular apoptosis was higher in high Mo groups II and III than in control group. Also, the TUNEL staining was consistent with the results of FCM. It was concluded that dietary molybdenum in 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg caused splenic lesions and lymphocyte apoptosis, which could inhibit the development of spleen and could impair immune function in broilers.     

Intestinal IgA+ Cell Numbers as well as IgA, IgG, and IgM Contents Correlate with Mucosal Humoral Immunity of Broilers During Supplementation with High Fluorine in the Diets

Fluoride (F), a well-recognized harmful substance, is easily absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The intestinal mucosal immune system is equipped with unique innate and adaptive defense mechanisms that provide a first line of protection against infectious agents. Meanwhile, immunoglobulins are the major secretory products of the adaptive immune system and their levels can be a strong indicator of a disease or condition. In this study, therefore, we investigated the effects of high dietary fluorine on the numbers of immunoglobulin A-positive (IgA⁺) cells in the lamina propria of intestines (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) by immunohistochemistry as well as on the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the mucosa of intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 280 1-day-old healthy avian broilers were randomly divided into four groups and fed on a corn–soybean basal diet as control diet (fluorine 22.6 mg/kg) or the same basal diet supplemented with 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg fluorine (high fluorine groups I, II, and III) in the form of sodium fluoride (NaF) for 42 days. The experimental data showed that the numbers of IgA⁺ cells as well as the IgA, IgG, and IgM contents were significantly decreased (P?<?0.01 or P?<?0.05) in the high fluorine groups II and III when compared with those of the control group. It was concluded that dietary fluorine in the range of 800–1,200 mg/kg significantly reduced the numbers of the IgA⁺ cells and the contents of aforementioned immunoglobulins in the intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of broilers, which could finally impact the mucosal humoral immune function in the intestines by a way that reduces the lymphocyte population and/or lymphocyte activation.     

金针菇菇脚对肉鸡肠道菌群的影响

目的 研究金针菇菇脚（Flammulina velutipes stembase,FVS）对肉鸡生长性能、肠道发育及肠道菌群的影响。方法 选取4 550只1日龄爱拔益加（AA）肉鸡,随机分为5组：空白组（基础日粮）、2% FVS组（基础日粮+2% FVS）、4% FVS组（基础日粮+4% FVS）、6% FVS组（基础日粮+6% FVS）和6% FVS阶段组（基础日粮+试验第1、3、5周饲喂含有6%FVS的日粮,于试验2、4、6周饲喂基础日粮）。试验为期42 d。结果 FVS组肉鸡平均日增重量均显著高于空白组（P<0.05）。6% FVS组和6% FVS阶段组肉鸡平均日采食量显著高于空白组（P<0.05）。FVS组肉鸡料重比均显著低于空白组（P<0.05）。与空白组相比,日龄21 d时,2% FVS组肉鸡回肠和盲肠重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;4% FVS组十二指肠长度和盲肠重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;6% FVS阶段组十二指肠长度及重量、空肠长度及重量和回肠重量均显著增加（P<0.05）。与空白组相比,日龄42 d时,2% FVS组肉鸡十二指肠长度和重量及盲肠重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;4% FVS组十二指肠长度和重量、回肠长度和盲肠长度及重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;6% FVS组十二指肠长度和盲肠长度及重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;6% FVS阶段组十二指肠重量、空肠重量和回肠长度及重量均显著增加（P<0.05）。与空白组相比,日龄21 d时6% FVS阶段组肉鸡盲肠菌群DNA条带数显著增加;日龄42 d时FVS组肉鸡盲肠菌群DNA条带数均显著增加。日龄21 d和42 d时肉鸡盲肠菌群共性条带中均含有扭链胃球菌（Ruminococcus torques）,而FVS组含有大量的产酸菌。结论 日粮中添加FVS可提高肉鸡生长能力、促进肠道发育、增加肠道菌群多样性。     

The Association Between Cytokines and Intestinal Mucosal Immunity Among Broilers Fed on Diets Supplemented with Fluorine

Fluorine (F) bioaccumulation has been reported in the organs and tissues of organisms, including intestine. The intestinal mucosa is very important to the immune development. Meanwhile, cytokines are present in the normal intestinal mucosal and play an important role in the immune function. Thus, changes of the cytokine contents are related to the state of intestinal mucosal immunity. In this study, we investigated the changes in contents of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced by dietary high F in the mucosa of different parts of intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 280 one-day-old healthy avian broilers were randomly divided into four groups and fed on a corn–soybean basal diet as control diet (F 22.6 mg/kg) or the same basal diet supplemented with 400, 800, and 1,200 mg?F/kg (high F groups I, II, and III) in the form of sodium fluoride for 42 days. The experimental data showed that the contents of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the intestinal mucosa were significantly decreased in the high F groups II and III when compared with those of the control group from 14 to 42 days of age. It was concluded that dietary F in the range of 800–1,200 mg/kg significantly reduced the contents of aforementioned cytokines in the intestinal mucosa of broilers, which could impact the function of intestinal mucosal immunity through the pathways that decreased the lymphocyte population and/or lymphocyte activation.     

The effect of estradiol valerate on follicular dynamics and superovulatory response in cows with Syncro-Mate-B implants

Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of estradiol valerate on follicular dynamics and superovulatory response in cows with Syncro-Mate-B (SMB)implants. In Experiment 1, 5 mg estradiol valerate (E(2)), injected at the same time as superstimulation treatments were initiated, resulted in fewer corpora lutea (CL), ova/embryos collected and fertilized ova (P<0.05) than if E(2) was administered with the SMB implant 7 days earlier. In Experiment 2, 31 beef cows and 26 Holstein cows were placed in one of four treatment groups. Group I (control) cows were superstimulated on Day 9 (estrus=Day 0). On Day 2, cows in Groups II, III, and IV received SMB and cows in Group III received E(2). On Day 9, cows in Group IV received E(2), and all cows were superstimulated with Folltropin. The number of CL did not differ (P>0.19) among groups. However, there were more follicles < 10 mm and fewer fertilized ova and transferable embryos (P<0.02) in Group IV cows. Ovarian ultrasonography revealed that the diameter of the largest follicle in Group III cows declined from Day 2 to Day 7 and subsequently increased until Day 13. In contrast, Groups I, II and IV were characterized by apparently linear growth between Days 2 and 13. Differences (P<0.05) were detected between Days 5 and 9. Mean diameter of the largest follicle was smaller for cows in Group III than for the remaining groups on Day 9. It was concluded that SMB did not adversely affect superovulatory response and that E(2) administration resulted in atresia of the antral follicles in the cows with SMB implants.