食用酵素的研究进展

根据《酵素产品分类导则》,食用酵素是指以动物、植物和食用菌等为原料,经微生物发酵制得的含有特定生物活性成分的可食用的酵素产品。笔者综述了食用酵素的主要发酵微生物、生产方式、产品形态、主要功能及安全性,并对我国食用酵素的相关标准进行了介绍,最后分析了我国食用酵素产业存在的问题及其发展前景。     

“酵素”和酶的辨异——论酶和“酵素”制品的保健功能

本文就酶和“酵素”对人体的保健功能作了阐述.酶食品补充剂的健康效应主要是通过促进消化作用,改善肠道环境,节省体内酶量来预防不良生活习惯致病的发生.而“酵素”则是蔬果植物的发酵物,其保健功能来自植物原料经发酵后所生成的营养素,植物类功能性化学成分,黄酮、SOD等抗氧化剂以及“酵素”中的益生菌,酶类外添加的其它功能成分等.因此“酵素”不等于酶,这种以“酵素”来称谓这种发酵制品是否恰当值得商榷.     

微生物发酵生产莽草酸及其树脂分离性能的探讨

莽草酸是一种具有较高药用价值的化合物,在医药、食品、工业等领域具有重要作用。莽草酸的生产方法很多,包括植物提取法、化学合成法、微生物发酵法等,从植物中提取时使用中草药植物八角茴香,化学合成时以环戊二烯和苯醌为原料,微生物发酵生产时以大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等微生物为工程菌。本文就莽草酸的微生物发酵生产方法做简单介绍,阐述了莽草酸树脂分离性能等的研究,并对莽草酸未来发展应用做出展望。     

龙胆酵素的发酵工艺优化及其生化功效研究

以龙胆草为发酵底物,龙胆苦苷为评价指标,采用正交实验优化龙胆酵素的发酵工艺,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析龙胆酵素中龙胆苦苷含量,并评估其生化功效.结果表明,最优龙胆酵素发酵工艺为菌株组合酿酒酵母加植物乳杆菌1:1、接种量10％、发酵温度30℃、发酵时间72 h.在此优化工艺条件下,发酵液龙胆苦苷含量达到(1823±2...     

公布了利用重组植物生产海藻糖的成果

美国Calgene公司将微生物的使葡萄糖转换戍海藻糖的基因导入植物,生产海藻糖获得成功。在荷兰阿姆斯特丹召开的植物分子生物学会议上发表了这项成果。6月中旬与种苗企业D.J.van der Have公司合作利用重组植物生产在香料、色素、质地等稳定剂方面需要的海藻糖,有微生物发酵生产和利用重组植物生产海藻糖的技术。     

第二届亚洲青年生化工程学者（YABEC‘96）研讨会概况

概要介绍第二届亚洲青年生化工程学者研讨会,会议内容涉及生物分离,微生物发酵,植物细胞培养,动物细胞培养与组织工程、生物催化以及环境生物工程等,基本上显示了亚洲生化工程界的研究主流和最新进展。     

芫荽酵素液的制备及其去腥功效研究

以芫荽茎叶为主要原料,利用复合生物菌种发酵制备芫荽酵素液,对酵素液外观、糖度、酸度以及多酚、黄酮等含量进行了测定,并对其去除水产品中腥味的能力进行了检测.结果显示,芫荽酵素液与未经发酵的原液相比,其活性成分多酚含量提高了33.8％,黄酮提高了41.3％;除腥试验结果表明,芫荽酵素液除腥的最优工艺条件为:酵素液添加量8％...     

三种酵素的抗氧化活性与微生物多样性的相关性研究

酵素含有多种微生物,为了探明不同酵素的微生物群落构成及抗氧化活性,本研究以火龙果酵素、蓝莓酵素、桑葚酵素为样品,测定其pH值和总酚含量,以DPPH自由基、羟自由基清除能力为指标分析其抗氧化活性,通过高通量测序分析其细菌和真菌群落结构组成。结果表明,三种酵素中蓝莓酵素的总酚含量和抗氧化活性最高,pH值最低。三种酵素共获得2 122个细菌OTU和2 592个真菌OTU,α-多样性分析发现样品中的细菌群落多样性均高于真菌群落多样性。三种酵素的优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota),其中慢生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)和汉逊酵母属(Hanseniaspora)等菌属的丰度较高且差异较大。微生物群落构成与pH值、总酚含量、羟自由基清除能力、DPPH自由基清除能力具有一定的相关性。本研究结果可为功能性酵素产品的研发优化提供理论参考。     

哈尔滨工业大学生物工程中心

正哈尔滨工业大学生物工程中心主要从事微生物基因工程、微生物发酵工程、微生物基因组学、微生物转录组学、微生物代谢组学等方面的研究工作。该中心的研究对象主要集中在对植物病原菌进行生物防治的真菌和与生物质资源化相关的真菌和细菌。对植物病原菌进行生物防治的真菌研究方面,经过20多年的努力,完成了苯并咪唑类杀菌剂抗药性     

植物细胞培养生产重组蛋白

用植物细胞培养生产重组蛋白,集合了微生物发酵的快速性、动物细胞培养产物的多样性和完整植株培养系统的安全性,近年来引起了广泛的关注。虽然还未有用植物细胞培养来进行重组蛋白的商业生产,但是它的生产原则较规范,下游处理过程较简单,具有潜在商业生产的可行性。     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的研究进展

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)是甲硫氨酸和三磷酸腺苷相结合的代谢物,广泛存在于动植物和微生物体内,参与40多种生化反应,主要作为三种代谢途径(转甲基、转硫基、转氨丙基)的前体,临床上被广泛用于治疗肝病、抑郁症、关节炎等。SAM的制备方法主要有化学合成法、酶促合成法、发酵法三种。化学合成的SAM是消旋体,需进行光学拆分,且存在产率低、原料L-高半胱氨酸价格昂贵和环境污染等问题。酶促合成法合成的SAM纯度高,但原料ATP成本太高。发酵法已成为目前生产SAM最常用的方法,欧洲利用发酵法生产SAM已实现了产业化,但国内的起步较晚,目前还处于实验室研究阶段。因此,应加强发酵法生产SAM的产业化关键技术研究。     

酿酒酵母发酵与自然发酵过程中霍山石斛酵素的代谢物及抗氧化变化*

为实现霍山石斛的全质利用和高值化利用,以接种酿酒酵母发酵与自然发酵两种工艺制备霍山石斛酵素,研究不同工艺发酵过程中代谢物(有机酸、总酚、总糖等)和抗氧化活性(OH·清除率、ABTS·清除率、还原力)的变化趋势,并结合多元统计分析,建立综合评价指标。结果表明,酿酒酵母发酵组的酵母菌数量高于自然发酵组;自然发酵组检测到的4种有机酸的含量均高于酿酒酵母发酵组,其中乳酸和乙酸含量均呈上升趋势;酿酒酵母发酵组的草酸含量明显下降,而自然发酵组的草酸含量没有明显变化。酿酒酵母发酵组与自然发酵组的总酚含量分别下降了24.02%、24.98%;总糖含量分别下降了64.21%、22.89%;pH值分别下降了0.12和0.24,总酸含量分别增加了62.98%、70.98%;糖酸比分别降低了80.13%、59.47%,酿酒酵母生产的酵素口感以酸甜为主,自然发酵的酵素口感以甜为主。在抗氧化方面,酿酒酵母发酵组显著高于自然发酵组,OH·清除能力分别提高了42.57%和40.67%;ABTS·清除能力分别提高了55.36%和30.06%;还原力无显著变化。相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明乳酸、乙酸等有机酸具有一定的抗氧化性。酵母菌发酵第 14 d的综合评价指标达到阶段高点,酵母菌生长数量在14 d后趋于稳定,进入生长稳定期,可作为最佳发酵节点。综上结果表明酿酒酵母发酵相较于自然发酵霍山石斛提高了抗氧化活性,丰富了酵素口感,缩短了发酵时间,酵素品质较好。     

工业微生物：创新与突破专刊序言(2021)

工业微生物及其产品广泛用于工业、农业、医药等诸多领域,相关产业在国民经济中具有举足轻重的地位。高效的菌株是提高生产效率的核心,而先进发酵技术和仪器平台对充分开发菌株代谢潜能也很重要。近年来,工业微生物领域的研究取得了快速进展,人工智能、高效基因组编辑技术和合成生物学技术逐渐广泛使用,相关产业应用也在不断扩展。为进一步促进工业微生物在生物制造等领域的应用,《生物工程学报》特组织出版专刊,从微生物菌株的多样性和生理代谢、菌株改造技术、发酵过程优化和放大,高通量微液滴培养装备开发以及工业微生物应用等方面,分别阐述目前的研究进展,并展望未来的发展趋势,为促进工业微生物及生物制造等产业的发展奠定基础。     

Mathematical modeling of growth and alkaloid production in Claviceps purpurea batch fermentation

An new systematic approach for describing Claviceps purpurea growth and ergot alkaloid production during batch fermentation is presented. The model is based on microbial life, as the main characteristic for microbial development during fermentation process. The aging process of the microorganism is represented by life function, defined in microbial life space. The life space is defined as a measure in which the observer follows the development of a biosystem through physiological and morphological changes of a microorganism. As a consequence of such approach the relativistic theory is recognized. To validate the model developed, a test on growth and alkaloid synthesis data from an industrial batch fermentation was performed. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Natural fermentation of plant tissues as environmental remediation materials to improve soil and enhance plant resistance to cadmium stress

Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a serious threat to various ecosystems, and phytoremediation is an alternate method for developing the soil health. To better utilize phytoremediation for Cd-contaminated soil remediation, the ginkgo leaves, pine needles, and Eucommia bark were mixed and naturally fermented to obtain Ginkgo biloba–Pinus massoniana–Eucommia ulmoides (GPE) Jiaosu and Jiaosu residue, whose effects on Broussonetia papyrifera planted in Cd-contaminated soil were evaluated. The results showed that the contents of the protein, phenolic, vitamin E, and alcohol of GPE Jiaosu were 4400 ± 0.46, 0.22 ± 0.01, 0.88 ± 0.24, and 4.63 ± 0.25 μL/mL, accordingly, with fine antioxidant activity. The soil pH, electrical conductivity content, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and Cd concentration were all significantly (p < 0.05) modified. The chlorophyll content of B. papyrifera was increased by using Jiaosu residue in 12 hours, while the promotion effect of Jiaosu appeared in the later stage (60 days). The Cd tolerance physiological indexes such as malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzymes' activity were all regulated. Applying the Jiaosu residue, the Cd in stems was decreased by 72.61% under 1000 mg/kg Cd treatment. These results suggested that GPE Jiaosu and Jiaosu residue can improve the properties of Cd-contaminated soil, promote the Cd tolerance of B. papyrifera, and affect the Cd migration. The current study provides a new bioremediation method using the Jiaosu and Jiaosu residue as Cd environmental remediation materials in a recyclable pathway, which is a circular and healthy development concept that integrates economic, ecological, and social significance.     

提高微生物脂肪酶产量、活性和稳定性的方法研究

微生物脂肪酶是一类广泛应用于诸多工业领域的生物催化剂。提高微生物脂肪酶的产量、活性和稳定性,增强产品的市场竞争力,一直是微生物脂肪酶研究的重点和热点。本文从产脂肪酶菌株的改造、脂肪酶基因的改良、脂肪酶发酵工程和脂肪酶后期处理等四个方面概述了提高微生物脂肪酶产量、活性和稳定性的方法,以期为微生物脂肪酶的规模化工业生产提供方法性指导。     

微生物发酵法生产L-色氨酸的代谢工程研究

L-色氨酸作为人体内的一种必需氨基酸,广泛应用于医药、食品与饲料等行业.工业上采用的色氨酸生产方法有化学合成法、转化法及微生物发酵法.近年来,随着代谢工程在色氨酸菌种选育中的成功运用,微生物发酵法逐渐成为主要的色氨酸生产方法.系统综述了微生物发酵法生产色氨酸所涉及的代谢工程策略,包括生物合成色氨酸的代谢调控机制以及途径...     

工业生物发酵过程模拟：进展与发展趋势

工业生物发酵是工业生物技术规模化生产必需的基本操作单元。对微生物细胞及其反应器进行数学模拟将有助于加深对发酵过程的理解,也将为新的合成生物构建提供解决策略。文中对工业发酵系统的特点、数学模拟的发展历史、数学模型的分类和特点、用途等作了深入阐述,并展望了全发酵系统模拟的发展趋势。     

Scale-up of upstream and downstream operations for the production of glucosamine using microbial fermentation

Glucosamine is used to treat osteoarthritis or as a nutritional supplement. The synthesis, isolation, and purification of glucosamine play a crucial role in its industrial application. This work presents the production of glucosamine from microbial fermentation, and discusses the production problems at both the upstream and downstream operations when the fermentation process is scaled up. The cost evaluation of process design was used to analyze the feasibility of using microbial fermentation for the production of glucosamine. The calculated result shows that the cost of the production of glucosamine should be designed to be approximately between US$200 and 300/kg for the project to be viable.     

High tolerance to glycerol and high production of 1,3‐propanediol in batch fermentations by microbial consortium from marine sludge

1,3‐Propanediol (1,3‐PD) is a versatile bulk chemical and widely used as a monomer to synthesis polymers, such as polyesters, polyethers and polyurethanes. 1,3‐PD can be produced by microbial fermentation with the advantages of the environmental protection and sustainable development. Low substrate tolerance and wide by‐product profile limit microbial production of 1,3‐PD by Klebsiella pneumonia on industrial scale. In this study, microbial consortia were investigated to overcome some disadvantages of pure fermentation by single strain. Microbial consortium named DL38 from marine sludge gave the best performance. Its bacterial community composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon high‐throughput sequencing and showed that Enterobacteriaceae was the most abundant family. Compared with three K. pneumonia strains isolated from DL38, the microbial consortium could grow well at an initial glycerol concentration of 200 g/L to produce 81.40 g/L of 1,3‐PD with a yield of 0.63 mol/mol. This initial glycerol concentration is twice the highest concentration by single isolated strain and more than the critical value (188 g/L) extrapolated from the fermentation kinetics for K. pneumonia. On the other hand, a small amount of by‐products were produced in batch fermentation of microbial consortium DL38,  especially no 2,3‐butanediol detected. The mixed culture of strain W3, Y5 and Y1 improved the tolerance to glycerol and changed the metabolite profile of single strain W3. The batch fermentation with the natural proportion (W3: Y5: Y1 = 208: 82: 17) was superior to that with other proportions and single strain. This study showed that microbial consortium DL38 possessed excellent substrate tolerance, narrow by‐product profile and attractive potential for industrial production of 1,3‐PD.