海洋浮游介形类的多样性和生态学研究进展

海洋浮游介形类(ostracods)是一类分布较广的小型甲壳动物, 大多数是典型的有机碎屑摄食者, 本身又是中深层鱼类的饵料, 在海洋碳循环中起重要作用。目前海洋浮游介形类研究主要集中在海洋表层, 大约还有200—400 种的海洋浮游介形类未被发现, 尤其是栖息于深海的种类。今后介形类分类学研究的重要趋势之一是深海种类的发现。我国介形类研究起步晚, 积累少, 应加强我国不同海域深海介形类及其与环境关系的深入研究。文章综述了海洋浮游介形类的多样性和生态学等方面的研究进展, 重点概述了海腺萤科分类的发展, 比较分析了不同海域介形类的物种多样性和分布特征, 总结了浮游介形类的生态作用及其影响因素, 概括了我国海洋浮游介形类的研究现状, 以期为海洋生物多样性、海洋生物地球化学循环以及深海生态学等方面的研究提供基础依据。     

新医改背景下我国分级诊疗实践及问题分析

分级诊疗是医改的重中之重,将为健康中国和基本医疗卫生制度建设提供坚实的体系基础和制度保障。系统总结了我国现阶段各地分级诊疗的实践,分析存在的主要问题,在此基础上提出相应的对策建议,为我国有序推进分级诊疗建设、深化医改提供参考依据。     

粪便菌群移植的研究与应用

粪便菌群移植早在半个世纪前就有报道应用于临床治疗,但一直没有受到人们的重视。过去的几年间,粪便菌群移植又在针对Clostridium difficile(艰难梭状芽胞杆菌)感染的治疗中逐渐兴起,并且有非常良好的治疗效果,对Clostridium difficile感染性肠炎的病症完全消失。因此,越来越多的患者开始尝试粪便菌群移植的治疗方法,以代替传统的药物治疗方法。肠道菌群的研究逐渐深入我们意识到,肠道菌群已经不仅仅是人体肠道共生微生物而已,而是可以视为人体一个独立且密不可分的人体器官,承担着免疫系统与代谢系统中重要的生理活动。这些关于肠道菌群的研究对粪便菌群移植有着强有力的推动。许多疾病的发病根源,尤其是与微生物紊乱有直接联系的代谢疾病,都可以从微生物与人体的互作模式中寻找答案。本课题综述了国内外近年来粪便菌群移植在人体疾病研究中的应用研究。     

中西医结合治疗蝮蛇咬伤1986例总结

目的总结1984～2003年间治疗蝮蛇咬伤1986例。方法根据常州市卫生局、常州市科委立项的《中西医结合治疗蝮蛇咬伤及诊疗规范的临床研究》课题项目要求,经全面系统研究制定提出了蝮蛇咬伤的诊断依据。病情分型标准。中西医结合治疗方法。疗效评估等诊疗规范。结果以规范化诊治蝮蛇咬伤,提高了诊断率与治愈率。结论保障了人民身体健康。促进发展中国的蛇伤防治事业。     

新模式肿瘤纳米诊疗一体化

纳米诊疗一体化是恶性肿瘤精准治疗的重要研究方向之一。通过纳米载体实现的可视化药物递送和治疗监控,在肿瘤诊断和治疗过程中具有独特优势。本文归纳了近年来纳米诊疗一体化发展的新模式及其研究现状,旨在为推动纳米诊疗一体化的进一步应用提供参考。     

斜纹夜幼虫对食物中重金属Ni2+的积累与排泄

为明确食物中重金属离子在昆虫体内的分布和转移情况,本文采用等离子体原子发射光谱仪检测了植食性昆虫斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius连续3个世代6龄幼虫对食物中过量Ni²⁺的排泄和积累情况。结果表明：大部分Ni²⁺可通过粪便排出体外;沉积在体内的Ni²⁺主要积累在中肠,部分Ni²⁺可通过中肠上皮细胞基底膜进入血淋巴,经由血淋巴的转运作用积累在脂肪体和表皮等组织中。6龄幼虫不同组织中所积累Ni²⁺的含量为中肠>脂肪体>表皮,且不同组织和粪便中的Ni²⁺都随饲料中Ni²⁺浓度的增加而增加,并存在显著的剂量-反应关系。研究结果可为进一步研究过量Ni²⁺对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的生长发育和繁殖的影响,以及斜纹夜蛾幼虫不同组织对Ni²⁺的解毒能力等提供一定依据。     

药用紫草醌类化合物及其药理活性研究进展

紫草是我国传统中药,收载于《中国药典》,有凉血,活血,解毒透疹之功效。紫草的化学成分分为脂溶性和水溶性两大部分,其中脂溶性的醌类化合物为其主要活性成分,包括紫草素类及其二聚体、紫草呋喃类、苯醌类及苯酚类等混源萜类化合物。研究表明药用紫草醌类化合物具有广泛的药理活性,如抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎等活性,近年来,尤其在抗肿瘤药物的研究和开发中,该类化合物已经受到国内外学者的极大关注。为了更好的研究和开发这类天然产物,该文综述了近年来药用紫草的醌类化合物和药理活性进展并讨论了这些化合物的研究前景,为药用紫草的深入研究和开发利用提供依据。     

长期耕耘,多点开花

杨钟健在古脊椎动物学中最早接触的是小哺乳动物,他研究了中国北方的啮齿类化石,从而在1927年获得博士学位,并发表了国人古脊椎动物学研究的第一部专著.他早期主要研究新生代哺乳动物化石,后来研究重心转向中生代的四足类,尤其是恐龙为代表的主龙类.他是中国许多中生代类群的第一个研究者,在主龙型类、兽孔类方面做出了突出的贡献.     

纳豆异黄酮及其预防治疗骨质疏松症的研究

该文综述了近年对纳豆异黄酮类的特性及其预防和治疗骨质疏松症作用的研究动态,为研究和开发纳豆及纳豆异黄酮类保健功能食品提供依据。     

“带状疱疹优秀病例征文”病例征集通知

<正>带状疱疹是一种急性病毒性感染性皮肤病,并可导致严重的神经痛等各种并发症。如何凭借最佳治疗策略达到缩短病程,预防感染、降低并发症等目的,需要临床医师不断积累临床经验并优化治疗方法。因此,《中国真菌学杂志》计划于2015~2016年在全国范围内开展"带状疱疹优秀病例征文"。项目以真实病例为蓝本,通过病例征集为临床医师制定个体化治疗方案提供借鉴,为优化治疗方案提供循证医学证据。促进和推动我国临床医生在该领域的学术水平和诊疗水平。     

Stroke therapy in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): prospects for drug discovery and development.

Brain injuries resulting from stroke are a major and increasing public health problem in both developed and developing countries worldwide. China's extensive experience in the use of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) in stroke therapy indicates that TCM preparations are effective, with few or no side-effects. There are more than 100 traditional medicines in use for stroke therapy in China. Some of their therapeutic effects in stroke have been confirmed by recent clinical studies. A large number of compounds have been isolated from TCMs and most of these resources have not yet been characterized for pharmacological purposes. Here, this article explains how TCM provides an extensive and knowledge-rich foundation for implementing a strategically focused pharmacological research program aimed at the development of new drugs.     

Platelet proteomics and its advanced application for research of blood stasis syndrome and activated blood circulation herbs of Chinese medicine

The development of novel and efficient antiplatelet agents that have few adverse effects and methods that improve antiplatelet resistance has long been the focus of international research on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Recent advances in platelet proteomics have provided a technology platform for high-quality research of platelet pathophysiology and the development of new antiplatelet drugs. The study of blood stasis syndrome (BSS) and activated blood circulation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the most active fields where the integration of TCM and western medicine in China has been successful. Activated blood circulation herbs (ABC herbs) of Chinese medicine are often used in the treatment of BSS. Most ABC herbs have antiplatelet and anti-atherosclerosis activity, but knowledge about their targets is lacking. Coronary heart disease (CHD), BSS, and platelet activation are closely related. By screening and identifying activated platelet proteins that are differentially expressed in BSS of CHD, platelet proteomics has helped researchers interpret the antiplatelet mechanism of action of ABC herbs and provided many potential biomarkers for BSS that could be used to evaluate the clinical curative effect of new antiplatelet drugs. In this article the progress of platelet proteomics and its advanced application for research of BSS and ABC herbs of Chinese medicine are reviewed.     

综述:中药治疗阿尔茨海默病的作用特点

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种多因素相关的复杂性疾病,目前临床治疗效果不佳．仅针对单靶点或单致病途径的药物不易取得好的疗效．另一个重要原因是干预时机太晚,当诊断出痴呆时患者脑内已有大量神经元死亡．因此,应当针对多靶点、多途径治疗,同时将治疗时机提前到痴呆发生前,才有可能在AD的药物干预领域实现新的突破．本文综述了作者近十多年来在中药治疗AD方面的研究工作,包括中药新复方参乌胶囊、中药提取物何首乌二苯乙烯苷、山茱萸环烯醚萜苷、淫羊藿黄酮和淫羊藿苷对多种拟AD动物模型和细胞模型的影响及其作用机制．这些中药的特点是作用在AD复杂发病机制的多靶点和多途径,尤其是具有神经保护和神经营养/再生作用,且对线粒体和突触具有明显的保护作用,可望用于AD的早期干预或轻度认知障碍期(MCI)的治疗,从而阻止或延缓痴呆的发生与进程．     

中药网络药理学研究中的生物信息学方法

为了更有效地治疗癌症、心血管疾病、免疫系统疾病等复杂疾病,基于分子网络的多靶点药物发现理念逐渐成为一种新的趋势,而中药整体、辨证、协同的用药观再一次引起了药物发现领域的极大兴趣。中药在治疗复杂慢性疾病方面有确切的疗效和较小的毒副作用。中药网络药理学从分子网络调控的水平上阐明中药的作用机制,为多靶点药物发现提供有益的启示和借鉴,并有可能从临床有效的中药反向开发现代多组分、多靶点新药。针对基于生物分子网络的中药药理学研究路线中的4 个步骤,介绍近年来中药网络药理学研究中相关的生物信息学方法。     

Herbogenomics: from traditional Chinese medicine to novel therapeutics

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of development and application and has demonstrated on evidence basis its efficacy in the treatment of many diseases affecting multiple organ systems. In particular, TCM is effective in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes. However, the value of TCM has not been fully recognized worldwide due to the lack of definitive information of active ingredients in almost any TCM preparation. Novel functional genomics and proteomics approaches provide alternate perspectives on the mechanism of action of TCM. The target molecules on which TCM either activates or inactivates can be identified by functional genomics and proteomics, thus the affected critical signaling pathway cascades leading to effective recovery of chronic diseases can be studied. Several TCM preparations have been available for the treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, even advanced liver cirrhosis that has been shown to be irreversible and has no US-FDA approved therapy. In the TCM-treated livers with fibrosis and cirrhosis, some critical molecules that are significantly involved in the recovery can be identified through functional genomics and proteomics studies. These molecules become novel targets for drug discovery and development and candidates for the development of gene therapy. Gene therapy developed based on this strategy for the treatment of advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in animal models has obtained promising results. This process thus establishes a herbogenomics approach to understand mechanisms of action of TCM and to identify effective molecular targets for the discovery and development of novel therapeutics.     

儿科抗癫痫药物应用研究进展

儿童癫痫为小儿神经科的常见疾病,临床表现以抽搐为主。近年来,随着医疗技术的发展,以及人们对儿童癫痫的重视,国内外文献对儿科癫痫的治疗报道越来越多,目前,药物治疗仍然是抗癫痫的首选方法,除了运用新型抗癫痫药物外,也有采用中药治疗癫痫的报道,现就近年来儿童癫痫的药物治疗研究作一综述。     

Nature brings new avenues to the therapy of central nervous system diseases——an overview of possible treatments derived from natural products

Natural products(NPs), including traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), have been long and widely used in the prevention and treatment of central nervous system(CNS) diseases by virtue of their abundant sources, diverse structures, and novel activities.In this review article, we intend to summarize and discuss the situation or status of the clinical employments or trials of the NPs and their derivatives with CNS activities. NPs that have been extensively studied in preclinical research in recent years are also included. The compounds presented in this review are classified according to their indications and followed by details such as natural sources, possible biological mechanisms, and development status, while a considerable proportion of them are found in TCM. In addition, some drug combinations with synergistic effects are also mentioned. According to their impressive therapeutic effects and novel chemical structures, NPs are not only effective therapeutic remedies in clinic, but also lead compounds for structural modification, which indicate that nature brings new avenues to the therapy of CNS diseases.     

Screening from the world's largest TCM database for inhibiting DNA repair protein XRCC4

Human XRCC4 protein is a key component of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway related to the diseases of stroke and cancer. Cancer cells being treated with the drugs that interfere with DSBs repair mechanism have shown increased radiosensitivity to ionising radiation. Therefore, the development of novel radiosensitiser for radiation therapy becomes important for cancer treatment. We screened from the world's largest traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) database and found potential TCM molecules that can dock at XRCC4 functional site. Among the selected potential TCM compounds, we specifically investigated the top-ranked molecules: glycyrrhizic acid and macedonoside C. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations on these compounds show similar location with high predicted binding affinity. Both compounds form continuous interaction with Lys188 and Arg192 of chain C and Lys187 and Lys190 of chain D. All these protein residues are required to form key hydrophobic interactions with other components participating in DNA repair. We suggested both glycyrrhizic acid and macedonoside C as potential lead compounds for inhibiting XRCC4.     

Pregnancy diagnosis in sows: direct ELISA for estrone in feces and its prospects for an on-farm test, in comparison to ultrasonography

The usefulness of fecal estrone (E1) measurement as a tool for pregnancy diagnosis was investigated. Concentrations of E1 were measured in feces from pregnant and nonpregnant sows by a direct ELISA without extraction. Highly significant differences in E1 concentrations were found in feces from nonpregnant and pregnant sows (P = 0.016 to < 0.001). Pregnancy diagnosis on Days 26 to 32 after insemination, based both on fecal E1 concentrations as measured by ELISA and ultrasonography using a 5.0 MHz linear-array transducer, was performed in a group of 496 gilts and sows. The fecal E1 test had a sensitivity (correct diagnosis of pregnancy) of 96.5% and a specificity (correct diagnosis of nonpregnancy) of 93.6%, using 3.65 ng E1/g feces as a cut-off value. For ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis the test sensitivity and specificity were 99.3 and 92.5%, respectively. Although an increase of fecal E1 concentrations was noticed for increasing litter sizes, the results indicated that these concentrations could not be used to predict litter size. It is concluded that the distribution of fecal E1 concentrations in both nonpregnant and pregnant sows offers a suitable basis for the development of a simple, sow-side pregnancy test.     

罕见病基因治疗与孤儿药

孤儿药因面向的罕见病患者群小、市场需求低、研发成本高、缺乏政策支持等,其发展面临困境。随着精准医疗概念的提出,基 因治疗因能够从根本出发,给患者提供 “一劳永逸”的治疗,备受关注。基因治疗以单基因罕见病的治疗作为极佳切入点,为孤儿药的 研发带来了新的希望。概述基因治疗针对的疾病对象、实施策略和属性以及基因药物的结构及基因治疗的载体,以血友病的基因治疗为 例回顾罕见病基因治疗的发展,并分析罕见病基因治疗药物研发现状。